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Lai H, Levitt BB. Cellular and molecular effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:519-529. [PMID: 37021652 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The way that living cells respond to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF), including static/extremely-low frequency and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, fits the pattern of 'cellular stress response' - a mechanism manifest at the cellular level intended to preserve the entire organism. It is a set pattern of cellular and molecular responses to environmental stressors, such as heat, ionizing radiation, oxidation, etc. It is triggered by cellular macromolecular damage (in proteins, lipids, and DNA) with the goal of repairing and returning cell functions to homeostasis. The pattern is independent of the type of stressor encountered. It involves cell cycle arrest, induction of specific molecular mechanisms for repair, damage removal, cell proliferation, and cell death if damage is too great. This response could be triggered by EMF-induced alternation in oxidative processes in cells. The concept that biological response to EMF is a 'cellular stress response' explains many observed effects of EMF, such as nonlinear dose- and time-dependency, increased and decreased risks of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, enhanced nerve regeneration, and bone healing. These responses could be either detrimental or beneficial to health, depending on the duration and intensity of the exposure, as well as specific aspects of the living organism being exposed. A corollary to electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome (EHS) could be an inappropriate response of the hippocampus/limbic system to EMF, involving glucocorticoids on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B Blake Levitt
- National Association of Science Writers, Berkeley, CA CA 94707, USA
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2
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Gholamian-Hamadan M, Behzad M, Molaei S, Zarei Ghane Z, Talebi-Ghane E, Zamani A. Effect of 50-Hz magnetic fields on the expression of activation-induced deaminase, B-cell lymphoma 6 and serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-21. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1456-1462. [PMID: 36745859 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2177767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations showed different effects of magnetic fields (MFs) on the immune system. During humoral immune responses, genes of activation-induced deaminase (AID) and B-cell lymphoma-6 (Bcl-6) are expressed and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-21 are produced. These factors play significant roles in class switching, affinity maturation of antibodies and activations of B cells germinal centers (GCs). Therefore, this study investigated the effect of 50-Hz MFs exposure with different densities on these factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty rats were divided into four exposures and control groups. The treatment groups were exposed to magnetic flux densities of 1, 100, 500, and 2000 μT (50 Hz, 2 h/d for 60 d). To activation of the immune system, all the animals were immunized with human serum albumin on days 31, 44, and 58 of exposure. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to assay the expression levels of AID and Bcl-6 genes in the spleen. The serum levels of IL-6 and IL-21 were also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the pre-and post-immunization phases. RESULTS AID expression was significantly declined at 1μT magnetic flux density, while no change was observed in the expression of Bcl-6. Serum IL-6 was increased only in the 500 μT group at the post-immunization phase. CONCLUSIONS It seems exposure to 50-Hz MFs at 1 μT density, suppresses AID and may cause a decline in class switching and affinity maturation of Abs. On the other hand, exposure to 500 μT, may activate them. These findings demonstrate the various potential effects of MFs on the humoral immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdi Behzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Setare Molaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Zarei Ghane
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Talebi-Ghane
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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3
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Playing with Biophysics: How a Symphony of Different Electromagnetic Fields Acts to Reduce the Inflammation in Diabetic Derived Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021754. [PMID: 36675268 PMCID: PMC9861282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several factors, such as ischemia, infection and skin injury impair the wound healing process. One common pathway in all these processes is related to the reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose production plays a vital role in wound healing. In this view, several strategies have been developed to stimulate the activation of the antioxidative system, thereby reducing the damage related to oxidative stress and improving wound healing. For this purpose, complex magnetic fields (CMFs) are used in this work on fibroblast and monocyte cultures derived from diabetic patients in order to evaluate their influence on the ROS production and related wound healing properties. Biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, mitochondrial ROS production and gene expression have been evaluated. The results confirm the complete biocompatibility of the treatment and the lack of side effects on cell physiology following the ISO standard indication. Moreover, the results confirm that the CMF treatment induced a reduction in the ROS production, an increase in the macrophage M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype through the activation of miRNA 5591, a reduction in inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6, an increase in anti-inflammatory ones, such as IL-10 and IL-12 and an increase in the markers related to improved wound healing such as collagen type I and integrins. In conclusion, our findings encourage the use of CMFs for the treatment of diabetic foot.
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Wyszkowska J, Pritchard C. Open Questions on the Electromagnetic Field Contribution to the Risk of Neurodegenerative Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16150. [PMID: 36498223 PMCID: PMC9738318 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the current state of knowledge about the possible contributory influence of the electromagnetic field on the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Up-to-date literature indicates both favourable and adverse effects of electromagnetic exposure on human health, making it difficult to come to valid and unambiguous conclusions. The epidemiological data analysis from the World Health Organization statistics shows a substantial rise in neurological mortality compared with rises in total populations in developed countries over a mere 15-year period. The largest of the analysed countries produced odds ratios of >100%. The contribution of electromagnetic exposure to the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is still undoubtedly open to discussion, and it requires further in-depth research to assess the action mechanism of electromagnetic fields in neurodegenerative diseases. The limitations of research published hitherto and the problem of drawing unequivocal conclusions are also in focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wyszkowska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Colin Pritchard
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth Gateway, 106 St. Pauls Rd, Bournemouth BH88AJ, UK
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5
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Forcing the Antitumor Effects of HSPs Using a Modulated Electric Field. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111838. [PMID: 35681533 PMCID: PMC9180583 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) is a “double-edged sword” with regards to tumors. The location and interactions of HSPs determine their pro- or antitumor activity. The present review includes an overview of the relevant functions of HSPs, which could improve their antitumor activity. Promoting the antitumor processes could assist in the local and systemic management of cancer. We explore the possibility of achieving this by manipulating the electromagnetic interactions within the tumor microenvironment. An appropriate electric field may select and affect the cancer cells using the electric heterogeneity of the tumor tissue. This review describes the method proposed to effect such changes: amplitude-modulated radiofrequency (amRF) applied with a 13.56 MHz carrier frequency. We summarize the preclinical investigations of the amRF on the HSPs in malignant cells. The preclinical studies show the promotion of the expression of HSP70 on the plasma membrane, participating in the immunogenic cell death (ICD) pathway. The sequence of guided molecular changes triggers innate and adaptive immune reactions. The amRF promotes the secretion of HSP70 also in the extracellular matrix. The extracellular HSP70 accompanied by free HMGB1 and membrane-expressed calreticulin (CRT) form damage-associated molecular patterns encouraging the dendritic cells’ maturing for antigen presentation. The process promotes killer T-cells. Clinical results demonstrate the potential of this immune process to trigger a systemic effect. We conclude that the properly applied amRF promotes antitumor HSP activity, and in situ, it could support the tumor-specific immune effects produced locally but acting systemically for disseminated cells and metastatic lesions.
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6
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Lai H. Neurological effects of static and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields. Electromagn Biol Med 2022; 41:201-221. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2022.2064489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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7
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Shaev IA, Novikov VV, Yablokova EV, Fesenko EE. A Brief Review of the Current State of Research on the Biological Effects of Weak Magnetic Fields. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350922020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Huang Y, Xie H, Pan P, Qu Q, Xia Q, Gao X, Zhang S, Jiang Q. Heat stress promotes lipid accumulation by inhibiting the AMPK-PGC-1α signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:563-574. [PMID: 33743152 PMCID: PMC8065074 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) results in health problems in animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effect and the underlying mechanism of HS on the proliferation and differentiation process of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated at 37 °C or 41.5 °C. HS up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression level of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Furthermore, the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were significantly inhibited after HS treatment for 2 days. A large number of accumulated lipid droplets were observed under the microscope after HS treatment for 8 days. Notably, the result of oil red O staining showed that the number of lipid droplets increased significantly and the differentiation ability of the cells was enhanced after HS. Moreover, after 2 and 8 d of differentiation, HS increased the transcription levels of fat synthesis genes including peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ (PPARγ), fatty acid binding protein 2 (AP2), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (CEBPα) genes, while decreasing the transcription levels of lipid decomposition genes including ATGL and HSL genes. In addition, HS reduced the expression of AMPK and PGC-1α, as well as the dephosphorylation of AMPK. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) can eliminate HS induced lipogenesis by activating AMPK. These results indicated that HS inhibited the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and promoted lipid accumulation by inhibiting the AMPK-PGC-1α signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. This work lays a theoretical foundation for improving the effect of HS on meat quality of livestock and provides a new direction for the prevention of obesity caused by HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongyue Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiuhong Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qin Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Sanbao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qinyang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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9
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Zeni O, Romeo S, Sannino A, Palumbo R, Scarfì MR. Evidence of bystander effect induced by radiofrequency radiation in a human neuroblastoma cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110935. [PMID: 33647301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies we demonstrated that radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) is able to reduce DNA damage induced by a subsequent treatment with genotoxic agents, resembling the adaptive response, a phenomenon well known in radiobiology. In this study we report on the capability of the culture medium from SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to 1950 MHz to elicit, in recipient non-exposed cells, a reduction of menadione-induced DNA damage (P < 0.05; comet assay), indicating the capability of non-ionizing radiation to elicit a bystander effect. A comparable reduction was also detected in cultures directly exposed to the same EMF conditions (P < 0.05), confirming the adaptive response. In the same exposure conditions, we also evidenced an increase of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) in culture medium of cells exposed to RF with respect to sham exposed ones (P < 0.05; western blot analysis), while no differences were detected in the intracellular content of hsp70. On the whole, our results evidence a protective effect of RF against menadione-induced DNA damage in directly and non-directly exposed cells, and suggest hsp70 pathway to be investigated as one of the potential candidate underpinning the interaction between RF exposure and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zeni
- CNR-Institute for the Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Romeo
- CNR-Institute for the Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Sannino
- CNR-Institute for the Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Palumbo
- CNR-Institute for Biostructures and Bioimaging, Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- CNR-Institute for the Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy.
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10
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Klimek A, Rogalska J. Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field as a Stress Factor-Really Detrimental?-Insight into Literature from the Last Decade. Brain Sci 2021; 11:174. [PMID: 33572550 PMCID: PMC7912337 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) and its consequences on human health have become the subject of important and recurrent public debate. ELF-MF evokes cell/organism responses that are characteristic to a general stress reaction, thus it can be regarded as a stress factor. Exposure to ELF-MF "turns on" different intracellular mechanisms into both directions: compensatory or deleterious ones. ELF-MF can provoke morphological and physiological changes in stress-related systems, mainly nervous, hormonal, and immunological ones. This review summarizes the ELF-MF-mediated changes at various levels of the organism organization. Special attention is placed on the review of literature from the last decade. Most studies on ELF-MF effects concentrate on its negative influence, e.g., impairment of behavior towards depressive and anxiety disorders; however, in the last decade there was an increase in the number of research studies showing stimulating impact of ELF-MF on neuroplasticity and neurorehabilitation. In the face of numerous studies on the ELF-MF action, it is necessary to systematize the knowledge for a better understanding of the phenomenon, in order to reduce the risk associated with the exposure to this factor and to recognize the possibility of using it as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
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11
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Karateev AE, Lila AM, Vertkin AL, Alekseeva LI, Gerasimenko MY, Arkov VV, Smirnova SN, Sukhareva ML, Tsykunov MB. Efficiency and safety of magnetotherapy in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Expert council (3 june 2020, Moscow). RHEUMATOLOGY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.47360/1995-4484-2020-734-742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. M. Lila
- V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | - A. L. Vertkin
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | - M. Yu. Gerasimenko
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | - V. V. Arkov
- Moscow Centre for Research and Practice in Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine of Moscow Healthcare Department
| | - S. N. Smirnova
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (“MONIKI”)
| | | | - M. B. Tsykunov
- N.N. Priorov Central Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
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12
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Molaei S, Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Gholamian-Hamadan M, Zaerieghane Z, Zamani A. Effect of 50-Hz Magnetic Fields on Serum IL-1β and IL-23 and Expression of BLIMP-1, XBP-1, and IRF-4. Inflammation 2020; 42:1800-1807. [PMID: 31286334 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigations demonstrated that magnetic fields (MFs) change cytokine production and expression of some immune system genes. This alteration can affect the immune system function and may lead to some diseases. Therefore, this study investigated two important inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-1β and IL-23 at two phases of pre- and post-immunization of the immune system. In addition, the expressions of three important genes in the humoral immunity, i.e., B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (BLIMP-1), X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1), and interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF-4) were evaluated at post-immunization phase. Eighty adult male rats were divided into four experimental groups and a control. The experimental groups were exposed to 50 -Hz MFs with magnetic flux densities of 1, 100, 500, and 2000 μT, 2 h/day for 2 months. The animals were injected by human serum albumin (100 μg/rat) on days 31, 44, and 58 of exposure. The cytokine levels in serum were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expression of genes was evaluated with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Serum IL-1β was decreased at pre-immunization phase after exposure to 1 and 100 μT of 50-Hz MFs. In contrast, serum IL-23 was increased at post-immunization phase in 100 μT group. No change was observed in serum IL-1β and IL-23 in each group at pre-immunization phase compared with post-immunization. Furthermore, exposure to 100 μT downregulated expression of BLIMP-1, XBP-1, and IRF-4. In conclusion, exposure to 50-Hz MFs may decrease inflammation at short time and increase it at longer time exposures. In addition, 50-Hz MF exposure may decrease the humoral immune responses. It seems that 50-Hz MFs cause more alteration in immune system function at lower densities (100 μT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Setare Molaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran
| | - Mahdi Alahgholi-Hajibehzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Gholamian-Hamadan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran
| | - Zohre Zaerieghane
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran.
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Lai H. Exposure to Static and Extremely-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Cellular Free Radicals. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 38:231-248. [PMID: 31450976 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1656645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes studies on changes in cellular free radical activities from exposure to static and extremely-low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF), particularly magnetic fields. Changes in free radical activities, including levels of cellular reactive oxygen (ROS)/nitrogen (RNS) species and endogenous antioxidant enzymes and compounds that maintain physiological free radical concentrations in cells, is one of the most consistent effects of EMF exposure. These changes have been reported to affect many physiological functions such as DNA damage; immune response; inflammatory response; cell proliferation and differentiation; wound healing; neural electrical activities; and behavior. An important consideration is the effects of EMF-induced changes in free radicals on cell proliferation and differentiation. These cellular processes could affect cancer development and proper growth and development in organisms. On the other hand, they could cause selective killing of cancer cells, for instance, via the generation of the highly cytotoxic hydroxyl free radical by the Fenton Reaction. This provides a possibility of using these electromagnetic fields as a non-invasive and low side-effect cancer therapy. Static- and ELF-EMF probably play important roles in the evolution of living organisms. They are cues used in many critical survival functions, such as foraging, migration, and reproduction. Living organisms can detect and respond immediately to low environmental levels of these fields. Free radical processes are involved in some of these mechanisms. At this time, there is no credible hypothesis or mechanism that can adequately explain all the observed effects of static- and ELF-EMF on free radical processes. We are actually at the impasse that there are more questions than answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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14
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Van Huizen AV, Morton JM, Kinsey LJ, Von Kannon DG, Saad MA, Birkholz TR, Czajka JM, Cyrus J, Barnes FS, Beane WS. Weak magnetic fields alter stem cell-mediated growth. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau7201. [PMID: 30729158 PMCID: PMC6353618 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are constantly exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in the form of natural geomagnetic fields and EMFs emitted from technology. While strong magnetic fields are known to change chemical reaction rates and free radical concentrations, the debate remains about whether static weak magnetic fields (WMFs; <1 mT) also produce biological effects. Using the planarian regeneration model, we show that WMFs altered stem cell proliferation and subsequent differentiation via changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downstream heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression. These data reveal that on the basis of field strength, WMF exposure can increase or decrease new tissue formation in vivo, suggesting WMFs as a potential therapeutic tool to manipulate mitotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna V. Van Huizen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Jacob M. Morton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Luke J. Kinsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Donald G. Von Kannon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Marwa A. Saad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Taylor R. Birkholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Jordan M. Czajka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Julian Cyrus
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Frank S. Barnes
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wendy S. Beane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
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15
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Maliszewska J, Marciniak P, Kletkiewicz H, Wyszkowska J, Nowakowska A, Rogalska J. Electromagnetic field exposure (50 Hz) impairs response to noxious heat in American cockroach. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2018; 204:605-611. [PMID: 29721708 PMCID: PMC5966488 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-018-1264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF) induces physiological changes in organism that are observed at different levels—from biochemical processes to behavior. In this study, we evaluated the effect of EMF exposure (50 Hz, 7 mT) on cockroach’s response to noxious heat, measured as the latency to escape from high ambient temperature. We also measured the levels of lipid peroxidation and glutathione content as markers of oxidative balance in cockroaches exposed to EMF. Our results showed that exposure to EMF for 24, 72 h and 7 days significantly increases the latency to escape from noxious heat. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly after 24-h EMF exposure and remained elevated up to 7 days of exposure. Glutathione levels significantly declined in cockroaches exposed to EMF for 7 days. These results demonstrate that EMF exposure is a considerable stress factor that affects oxidative state and heat perception in American cockroach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Maliszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | | | - Hanna Kletkiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Wyszkowska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Nowakowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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