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Jain S, Dempsey K, Clezy K, Mitchell BG, Kiernan MA. Sustainability and novel technologies to improve environmental cleaning in healthcare - Implications and considerations. Infect Dis Health 2024:S2468-0451(24)00047-6. [PMID: 39147677 DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Along with emerging technologies electrolysed water (EW) systems have been proposed for cleaning and/or disinfection in clinical areas. There is evidence for the use of EW in food-handling and the dairy industry however there is lack of evidence for EW as an effective cleaning and disinfecting agent in a clinical setting. Existing publications mostly are either laboratory based or from non-clinical settings. This is in direct contrast to other approaches used in healthcare cleaning. The aim of this paper is to provide infection prevention and control professionals with a risk assessment checklist using an evaluation of electrolysed water as an example of the analysis and consideration required prior to the introduction of any new technology and, in particular, the inclusion of sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jain
- Healthcare Associated Infection Program, Clinical Excellence Commission, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - K Dempsey
- Healthcare Associated Infection Program, Clinical Excellence Commission, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Clezy
- Healthcare Associated Infection Program, Clinical Excellence Commission, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B G Mitchell
- School of Nursing, Avondale University, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia; Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Melbourne Victoria; Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford Hospital, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M A Kiernan
- School of Nursing, Avondale University, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia; Richard Wells Research Centre, University of West London, UK
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2
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Zayed N, Munjaković H, Aktan MK, Simoens K, Bernaerts K, Boon N, Braem A, Pamuk F, Saghi M, Van Holm W, Fidler A, Gašperšič R, Teughels W. Electrolyzed Saline Targets Biofilm Periodontal Pathogens In Vitro. J Dent Res 2024; 103:243-252. [PMID: 38185942 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231216660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Preventing the development and recurrence of periodontal diseases often includes antimicrobial mouthrinses to control the growth of the periodontal pathogens. Most antimicrobials are nonselective, targeting the symbiotic oral species as well as the dysbiosis-inducing ones. This affects the overall microbial composition and metabolic activity and consequently the host-microbe interactions, which can be detrimental (associated with inflammation) or beneficial (health-associated). Consequently, guiding the antimicrobial effect for modulating the microbial composition to a health-associated one should be considered. For such an approach, this study investigated electrolyzed saline as a novel rinse. Electrolyzed saline was prepared from sterile saline using a portable electrolysis device. Multispecies oral homeostatic and dysbiotic biofilms were grown on hydroxyapatite discs and rinsed daily with electrolyzed saline (EOS). Corresponding positive (NaOCl) and negative (phosphate-buffered saline) controls were included. After 3 rinses, biofilms were analyzed with viability quantitative polymerase chain reaction and scanning electron microscopy. Supernatants of rinsed biofilms were used for metabolic activity analysis (high-performance liquid chromatography) through measuring organic acid content. In addition, human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) were exposed to EOS to test biocompatibility (cytotoxicity and inflammation induction) and also to rinsed biofilms to assess their immunogenicity after rinsing. Rinsing the dysbiotic biofilms with EOS could reduce the counts of the pathobionts (>3 log10 Geq/mm2 reduction) and avert biofilm dysbiosis (≤1% pathobiont abundance), leading to the dominance of commensal species (≥99%), which altered both biofilm metabolism and interleukin 8 (IL-8) induction in HOKs. EOS had no harmful effects on homeostatic biofilms. The scanning electron micrographs confirmed the same. In addition, tested concentrations of EOS did not have any cytotoxic effects and did not induce IL-8 production in HOKs. EOS showed promising results for diverting dysbiosis in in vitro rinsed biofilms and controlling key periopathogens, with no toxic effects on commensal species or human cells. This novel rinsing should be considered for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zayed
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - H Munjaković
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M K Aktan
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Simoens
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Bernaerts
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - A Braem
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Pamuk
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Saghi
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Van Holm
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - A Fidler
- Department of Endodontic and Restorative Dentistry, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - R Gašperšič
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - W Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Gessi A, Formaglio P, Semeraro B, Summa D, Tamisari E, Tamburini E. Electrolyzed Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl) Aqueous Solution as Low-Impact and Eco-Friendly Agent for Floor Cleaning and Sanitation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6712. [PMID: 37754572 PMCID: PMC10530460 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20186712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the use of disinfectants has been becoming a diffused and sometimes indiscriminate practice of paramount importance to limit the spreading of infections. The control of microbial contamination has now been concentrated on the use of traditional agents (i.e., hypochlorite, ozone). However, their prolonged use can cause potential treats, for both human health and environment. Currently, low-impact but effective biocides that are prepared in a way that avoids waste, with a very low toxicity, and safe and easy to handle and store are strongly needed. In this study, produced electrochemically activated hypochlorous (HOCl) acid solutions are investigated and proposed, integrated in a scrubbing machine for floor cleaning treatment. Such an innovative machine has been used for floor cleaning and sanitation in order to evaluate the microbial charge and organic dirt removal capacity of HOCl in comparison with a machine charged with traditional Ecolabel standard detergent. The potential damage on floor materials has also been investigated by means of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis has been carried out for evaluating the sustainability of the use of the HOCl-based and detergent-based machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gessi
- ENEA Research Center, SSPT-MET-DISPREV, Via Martiri di Montesole, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Paolo Formaglio
- GATEGREEN Srl, Via Armari 9, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.F.); (B.S.)
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Bruno Semeraro
- GATEGREEN Srl, Via Armari 9, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.F.); (B.S.)
| | - Daniela Summa
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Elena Tamisari
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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Hamilton AN, Chandran S, Baker CA, Gibson KE. Surface Inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate with Hypochlorous Acid is Impacted by Surface Type, Contact Time, Inoculum Matrix, and Concentration. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:116-122. [PMID: 36680664 PMCID: PMC9862229 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indirect contact with contaminated surfaces is a potential transmission route for COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate convenient and inexpensive surface sanitization methods, such as HOCl, against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, Phi6 (~ 7 log PFU/mL), was prepared in artificial saliva and tripartite matrices, spot inoculated on coupons of either stainless steel or vinyl, and allowed to dry. The coupons were sprayed with either 500 ppm or 1000 ppm HOCl, and remained on the surface for 0 s (control), 5 s, 30 s, or 60 s. Samples were enumerated via the double agar overlay assay. Statistical analysis was completed in R using a generalized linear model with Quasipoisson error approximations. Time, concentration, surface type, and inoculum matrix were all significant contributors to log reduction at P = 0.05. Significant three-way interactions were observed for 1000 ppm, vinyl, and 60 s (P = 0.03) and 1000 ppm, tripartite, and 60 s (P = 0.0121). A significant two-way interaction between vinyl and 60 s was also observed (P = 0.0168). Overall, increased HOCl concentration and exposure time led to increased Phi6 reduction. Notably, the highest estimated mean log reduction was 3.31 (95% CI 3.14, 3.49) for stainless steel at 60 s and 1000 ppm HOCl in artificial saliva, indicating that this method of sanitization may not adequately reduce enveloped viruses to below infective thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson N Hamilton
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Sahaana Chandran
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Christopher A Baker
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA.
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Benedusi M, Tamburini E, Sicurella M, Summa D, Ferrara F, Marconi P, Cervellati F, Costa S, Valacchi G. The Lesson Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Can an Active Chemical Be Effective, Safe, Harmless-for-Humans and Low-Cost at a Time? Evidence on Aerosolized Hypochlorous Acid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13163. [PMID: 36293740 PMCID: PMC9602504 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the importance of disinfectants as tools to prevent and fight against coronavirus spreading. An ideal disinfectant and sanitizer must be nontoxic to surface contact, noncorrosive, effective, and relatively inexpensive as it is hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The present work intended to evaluate, on different surfaces, the bactericidal and virucidal effectiveness of nebulized HOCl and test its safety usage in 2D and 3D skin and lung models. Our data showed that HOCl at the dose of 300 ppm did not affect cellular and tissue viability, not their morphology. The HOCl bactericidal properties varies with the surface analyzed: 69% for semi-porous, 96-99.9% for flat and porous. This discrepancy was not noticed for the virucidal properties. Overall, this study showed that nebulized HOCl can prevent virus and bacteria growth without affecting lung and skin tissues, making this compound a perfect candidate to sanitize indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascia Benedusi
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariaconcetta Sicurella
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Summa
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Cervellati
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Costa
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Takeda Y, Jamsransuren D, Makita Y, Kaneko A, Matsuda S, Ogawa H, Oh H. Inactivation Activities of Ozonated Water, Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water and Ethanol against SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2021; 26:5465. [PMID: 34576934 PMCID: PMC8471879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the SARS-CoV-2-inactivation activity and virucidal mechanisms of ozonated water (OW) with those of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and 70% ethanol (EtOH). SARS-CoV-2-inactivation activity was evaluated in a virus solution containing 1%, 20% or 40% fetal bovine serum (FBS) with OW, SAEW or EtOH at a virus-to-test solution ratio of 1:9, 1:19 or 1:99 for a reaction time of 20 s. EtOH showed the strongest virucidal activity, followed by SAEW and OW. Even though EtOH potently inactivated the virus despite the 40% FBS concentration, virus inactivation by OW and SAEW decreased in proportion to the increase in FBS concentration. Nevertheless, OW and SAEW showed potent virucidal activity with 40% FBS at a virus-to-test solution ratio of 1:99. Real-time PCR targeting the viral genome revealed that cycle threshold values in the OW and SAEW groups were significantly higher than those in the control group, suggesting that OW and SAEW disrupted the viral genome. Western blotting analysis targeting the recombinant viral spike protein S1 subunit showed a change in the specific band into a ladder upon treatment with OW and SAEW. OW and SAEW may cause conformational changes in the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takeda
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (D.J.); (S.M.); (H.O.)
| | - Dulamjav Jamsransuren
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (D.J.); (S.M.); (H.O.)
| | - Yoshimasa Makita
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha Hanazono Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan;
| | - Akihiro Kaneko
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ikegami General Hospital, 6-1-19 Ikegami Ootaku, Tokyo 146-8531, Japan;
| | - Sachiko Matsuda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (D.J.); (S.M.); (H.O.)
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (D.J.); (S.M.); (H.O.)
| | - Hourei Oh
- Center of Innovation in Dental Education, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha Hanazono Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
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