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Botelho BJS, Brito WRDS, Pereira Neto GDS, Gonçalves JSS, Oliveira BMS, de Oliveira CMC, de Lima ACR, Lima SS, Pinheiro PDNQ, Freitas FB, Guerreiro JF, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR, Cayres Vallinoto IMV. Molecular and Phylogenetic Evidence of Interfamilial Transmission of HTLV-1 in the Afro-Descendant Community of São José de Icatú in the Brazilian Amazon. Viruses 2024; 16:1290. [PMID: 39205264 PMCID: PMC11360191 DOI: 10.3390/v16081290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 in quilombola communities in the state of Pará and investigate the possible sociodemographic risk factors associated with the infection, as well as to trace the occurrence of the familial transmission of the virus. A total of 310 individuals living in eight quilombos located in the state of Pará (northern Brazil) were investigated for the presence of anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and positive samples were confirmed using Western blot and/or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Participants answered a questionnaire about sociodemographic aspects and risk factors for infection. Anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies were detected in two individuals (one man and one woman), for an overall seroprevalence of 0.65%. Both individuals belonged to the community of São José de Icatú. The search for intrafamilial infection identified two other infected women, which increased the general prevalence of HTLV-1 among the Icatú to 6.25% (4/64). Western blot and qPCR confirmed their HTLV-1 infection, and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the isolates were of the cosmopolitan subtype and transcontinental subgroup. Epidemiological investigation of the cases revealed that the three women, at some point in their lives, had a relationship with the infected male individual. HTLV-1 is transmitted silently between individuals in the community of São José de Icatú with a present or past family relationship, stressing the need for screening and laboratory diagnosis to prevent further dissemination of the virus and surveillance of disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno José Sarmento Botelho
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
| | - Wandrey Roberto dos Santos Brito
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Gabriel dos Santos Pereira Neto
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Janete Silvana Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Bruna Maria Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
| | - Camille Marcela Camarinha de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
| | - Aline Cecy Rocha de Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
| | | | | | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Human and Medical Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Izaura M. Vieira Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (B.J.S.B.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (G.d.S.P.N.); (J.S.S.G.); (B.M.S.O.); (C.M.C.d.O.); (A.C.R.d.L.); (S.S.L.); (R.I.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
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Okita MT, de Matos MA, de Freitas NR, Silva ÁMDCE, Marques JMDS, Marinho TA, de Matos MAD, Martins RMB. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 infection among prisoners of a major penitentiary complex of Goiás State, Central-West Brazil. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1379237. [PMID: 38706549 PMCID: PMC11069305 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1379237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies on human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) infection are scarce in incarcerated population. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among prisoners of the major penitentiary complex of Goiás State, Central-West Brazil, comparing it with available data from other Brazilian regions. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 910 prisoners of the major penitentiary complex in the State of Goiás, Central-West Brazil. All participants were interviewed, and their serum samples were tested for anti-HTLV-1/2 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I + II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK). Seropositive samples were submitted for confirmation by a line immunoassay (INNO-LIA HTLV I/II, Fujirebio, Europe N.V., Belgium). Results The majority of participants were males (83.1%), between 25 and 39 years old (56.1%; mean age: 31.98 years), self-reported brown ethnicity (56.2%) and reported 9 years or less of formal education (41.4%). Most reported using non-injectable illicit drugs and various sexual behaviors that present risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The prevalence of anti-HTLV-1/2 was 0.33% (95% CI: 0.07-0.96), HTLV-1 (0.22%) and HTLV-2 (0.11%). The two HTLV-1 seropositive prisoners reported high-risk sexual behaviors, and the HTLV-2 seropositive individual was breastfed during childhood (> 6 months) by her mother and three other women. Conclusion These data revealed a relatively low seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 in prisoners in Central-West Brazil, and evidence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 circulation in the major penitentiary complex of Goiás State. Given the prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors, there is a crucial need to intensify education and health programs in prisons to effectively control and prevent HTLV-1/2 and other STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tiemi Okita
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Thaís Augusto Marinho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Dash SR, Kundu A, Kundu CN. The role of viruses in cancer progression versus cancer treatment: A dual paradigm. Life Sci 2024; 341:122506. [PMID: 38373620 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Most human malignancies are attributed to exposure to infectious organisms such as viruses. Certain infections that can induce cancer can evade the immune system, leading to persistent inflammation that facilitates uncontrolled cell growth. Moreover, these pathogens can increase the likelihood of oncogenic transformation, leading to cancer development. Despite significant advancements in medicine, oncological research continues to seek innovative treatment techniques in light of the constraints imposed by traditional therapeutic agents. Virus-based therapy is a novel treatment method that has garnered significant interest due to its broad range of applications. Virotherapy employs oncolytic viruses that are genetically modified to target tumor cells specifically, undergo replication inside them and destroy the malignant cells. Additionally, this therapeutic approach elicits an anticancer response by boosting the patient's immune system. In addition, viruses are commonly employed as targeted delivery vectors for the precise transportation of various genes, medicinal compounds and immune-stimulating substances. Furthermore, virotherapy offers more excellent anticancer activity in combination with established treatment modalities such as immune therapy, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This review presents a concise overview of the roles played by infectious agents, such as viruses in cancer progression. In addition, we have thoroughly summarized the advancements in utilizing viruses for their oncolytic properties in conjunction with established cancer treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiation and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somya Ranjan Dash
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Anushka Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India.
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Ayerdi O, Benito R, Ortega D, Aguilera A, Montiel N, Pintos I, Díaz de Santiago A, Baza B, Soriano V, de Mendoza C. HTLV infection in persons with sexually transmitted diseases in Spain. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277793. [PMID: 38143748 PMCID: PMC10740202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease, despite estimates of 10 million people infected worldwide and producing life-threatening illnesses in 10% of carriers. Sexual transmission is the main route of contagion. However, HTLV-1 is not listed among sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods Serum from all consecutive individuals who had attended six STI clinics across Spain during the last 12 months were tested for HTLV antibodies using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Reactive samples were confirmed by immunoblot. Results A total of 2,524 samples were examined. The majority (1,936; 76.7%) belonged to men, of whom 676 (34.9%) were men who have sex with men (MSM) receiving HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Although native Spaniards predominated (1,470; 58.2%), up to 593 (23.5%) came from Latin America and 139 (5.5%) were African. A total of 26 individuals were initially EIA reactive and immunoblot confirmed 5 as HTLV-1 and 7 as HTLV-2. All but one HTLV-1+ case came from Latin America. Three were men and two were women. Among Latin Americans, the HTLV-1 seroprevalence was 0.67%. In contrast, all seven HTLV-2+ were native Spaniards and former injection drug users, and all but one were HIV+. Conclusion The rate of HTLV infection among individuals with STIs in Spain is 0.5%, which is greater than in the general population. These results support the introduction of universal HTLV screening in persons who attend clinics for STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Ayerdi
- Sexually transmitted Infections Clinic, Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Benito
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Ortega
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Aguilera
- Microbiology Department, University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Natalia Montiel
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ilduara Pintos
- Internal Medicine Laboratory, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital and Research Foundation-IDIPHISA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Díaz de Santiago
- Internal Medicine Laboratory, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital and Research Foundation-IDIPHISA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Baza
- Sexually transmitted Infections Clinic, Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Soriano
- Public Health Unit, UNIR Health Sciences School and Medical Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen de Mendoza
- Internal Medicine Laboratory, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital and Research Foundation-IDIPHISA, Madrid, Spain
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Marinho TA, Magalhães LS, dos Santos KC, Martins TLS, Silva GRDCE, Silva ÁMDCE, Carneiro MADS, Caetano KAA, Teles SA, Martins RMB. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 infection among immigrants and refugees in Central Brazil, an emerging vulnerable population. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1265100. [PMID: 37869208 PMCID: PMC10588471 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1265100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Migratory flows play a significant role in the spread of human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 (HTLV-1/2). In the last decade, a substantial migration of individuals occurred from Haiti and Venezuela to Brazil. However, data on the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among these international migrants in Brazil are scarce. This study describes the prevalence of this infection among immigrants and refugees in Central Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 537 international migrants in the State of Goiás, Central Brazil. Participants were interviewed, and blood samples were collected. Serological screening for anti-HTLV-1/2 was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I + II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK), and seropositive samples were submitted for confirmation by a line immunoassay (INNO-LIA HTLV I/II, Fujirebio, Europe N.V., Belgium). Results The majority of participants were males (54.4%), between 18 and 50 years old (78%; mean age: 29.1 years), self-declared black (55.1%), reported 1 to 12 years of formal education (70.9%), and were either Venezuelans (47.9%) or Haitians (39.7%). Additionally, 50.1% were immigrants, 49% were refugees, and five were Brazilian children (0.9%) born to Haitian immigrant parents. The overall prevalence of anti-HTLV-1/2 was 0.95% (95% CI: 0.31-2.28), with HTLV-1 at 0.19% and HTLV-2 at 0.76%. All seropositive individuals (n = 5) were refugees from Venezuela, resulting in a rate of 2.26% for anti-HTLV-1/2, HTLV-1 (0.45%) and HTLV-2 (1.81%) among Venezuelan refugees. Of the demographic and behavioral characteristics evaluated, unprotected sexual intercourse and having more than one sexual partner (≥2) in the previous 12 months were associated with HTLV-1/2 seropositivity among Venezuelans. Conclusion This study revealed, despite the low seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 among international migrants in Central Brazil, evidence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections in Venezuelan refugees. In addition, their characteristics highlight that specific social and health programs should be implemented for these emergent and socially vulnerable migrant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Augusto Marinho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Nunes da Silva A, Araújo THA, Boa-Sorte N, Farias G, Galvão-Barroso AK, de Carvalho A, Vicente AC, Galvão-Castro B, Rios Grassi MF. Epidemiological and molecular evidence of intrafamilial transmission through sexual and vertical routes in Bahia, the state with the highest prevalence of HTLV-1 in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011005. [PMID: 37769013 PMCID: PMC10593241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Familial clustering of HTLV-1 and related diseases has been reported in Brazil. However, intrafamilial transmission of HTLV-1 based on molecular analysis has been studied only in a few communities of Japanese immigrants and African-Brazilians. OBJECTIVE To investigate the familial clustering of HTLV-1 infection and to determine the likely routes of transmission through epidemiological and genetic analyzes. METHODS Medical records of 1,759 HTLV-1+ patients from de the Center for HTLV in Salvador, Brazil, were evaluated to identify first-degree relatives previously tested for HTLV-1. Familial clustering was assumed if more than one member of the same family was HTLV-1+. LTR regions of HTLV-1 sequences were analyzed for the presence of intrafamilial polymorphisms. Family pedigrees were constructed and analyzed to infer the likely transmission routes of HTLV-1. RESULTS In 154 patients at least one other family member had tested positive for HTLV-1 (a total of 182 first-degree relatives). Of the 91 couples (182 individuals), 51.6% were breastfed, and 67.4% reported never using a condom. Of the 42 mother-child pairs, 23.8% had a child aged 13 years or younger; all mothers reported breastfeeding their babies. Pedigrees of families with 4 or more members suggests that vertical transmission is a likely mode of transmission in three families. Three families may have had both vertical and sexual transmission routes for HTLV-1. The genetic signatures of the LTR region of 8 families revealed 3 families with evidence of vertical transmission, another 3 families (spouses) with sexual transmission, and one family with both transmission routes. HTLV-1 sequences belonged to Cosmopolitan subtype HTLV-1a Transcontinental subgroup A. CONCLUSION Sexual and vertical transmission routes contribute to the intrafamilial spread of HTLV-1 in the state of Bahia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ney Boa-Sorte
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Giovanne Farias
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Bernardo Galvão-Castro
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brasil
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brasil
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brasil
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de Mendoza C, Carrizo P, Sauleda S, Richart A, Rando A, Miró E, Benito R, Ayerdi O, Encinas B, Aguilera A, Reina G, Rojo S, González R, Fernández-Ruiz M, Liendo P, Montiel N, Roc L, Treviño A, Pozuelo MJ, Soriano V. The slowdown of new infections by human retroviruses has reached a plateau in Spain. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28779. [PMID: 37212269 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The 2022 annual meeting of the HTLV & HIV-2 Spanish Network was held in Madrid on December 14. We summarize here the main information presented and discussed at the workshop and review time trends for human retroviral infections in Spain. As transmissible agents, infections by human retroviruses are of obligatory declaration. Until the end of 2022, the Spanish national registry had recorded 451 cases of HTLV-1, 821 of HTLV-2, and 416 of HIV-2. For HIV-1, estimates are of 150 000 people currently living with HIV-1 and 60 000 cumulative deaths due to AIDS. During year 2022, new diagnoses in Spain were of 22 for HTLV-1, 6 for HTLV-2, and 7 for HIV-2. The last updated figures for HIV-1 are from 2021 and counted 2786 new diagnoses. The slowdown in yearly infections for HIV-1 in Spain points out that new strategies are needed to achieve the United Nations 95-95-95 targets by 2025. For the remaining neglected human retroviral infections, their control might be pushed throughout four interventions: (1) expanding testing; (2) improving education and interventions aimed to reduce risk behaviors; (3) facilitating access to antiretrovirals as treatment and prevention, including further development of long-acting formulations; and (4) increasing vaccine research efforts. Spain is a 47 million population country in South Europe with strong migration flows from HTLV-1 endemic regions in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. At this time universal HTLV screening has been implemented only in the transplantation setting, following the report of 5 cases of HTLV-associated myelopathy shortly after transplantation of organs from HTLV-1 positive donors. There are four target populations for expanding testing and unveiling asymptomatic carriers responsible for silent HTLV-1 transmissions: (1) migrants; (2) individuals with sexually transmitted infections; (3) pregnant women; and (4) blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen de Mendoza
- Puerta de Hierro University Hospital & Research Foundation-IDIPHISA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Carrizo
- Puerta de Hierro University Hospital & Research Foundation-IDIPHISA, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Elisenda Miró
- Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Benito
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Begoña Encinas
- Puerta de Hierro University Hospital & Research Foundation-IDIPHISA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Rojo
- Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre & Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Montiel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Ana Treviño
- UNIR Health Sciences School & Medical Center, Madrid, Spain
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Madureira MWS, Queiroz MAF, Lima SS, Pereira LMS, da Costa CA, de Sousa MS, Feitosa RNM, Monteiro JC, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR, Rangel da Silva ANM. The FOXP3-924 A/G Single Nucleotide Polymorphism May Be Associated with Predictive Factors for Human T Lymphotropic Virus 1 Associated Myelopathy. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:136-143. [PMID: 36745398 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with inflammatory diseases, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), and host genetic factors may be involved in disease evolution. The forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor is linked to homeostasis of the immune system, and the presence of polymorphisms in the promoter region of the FOXP3 gene should reflect its expression levels and consequent activation of regulatory T cells, which may contribute to severe inflammatory disorders, such as HAM. This study evaluated the rs2232365 polymorphism (-924 A/G) located in the promoter region of the FOXP3 gene and its association with HAM. Forty DNA samples from asymptomatic carriers and 25 samples from HAM patients were used, in addition to 130 control samples. The polymorphism was genotyped by conducting real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (quantitative PCR [qPCR]) on extracted DNA. The proviral loads (PVLs) and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts were determined by qPCR and FACSCalibur flow cytometry, respectively. The PVLs, CD4+ T lymphocyte concentrations, and tumor necrosis factor-α dosages were considered predictive factors of the clinical profiles of HTLV-1 infection, all of which had higher levels in the HAM group. Carriers of the GG genotype for the polymorphism rs2232365 had high PVLs and CD4+ T lymphocyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max W S Madureira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice F Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra S Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leonn M S Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos A da Costa
- Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maísa S de Sousa
- Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rosimar N M Feitosa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline C Monteiro
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio C R Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Valcarcel B, Enriquez-Vera D, De-la-Cruz-Ku G, Chambergo-Michilot D, Calderón-Huaycochea H, Malpica L. Epidemiological Features and Outcomes of HTLV-1 Carriers Diagnosed With Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study in an Endemic Country. JCO Glob Oncol 2023; 9:e2200369. [PMID: 36921240 PMCID: PMC10497290 DOI: 10.1200/go.22.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an endemic virus in Latin America that is directly linked to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Previous studies have suggested an oncogenic role of HTLV-1 in non-ATL neoplasms and have found higher mortality in HTLV-1 carriers without ATL. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, HTLV-1 carriers were identified through screening at a tertiary cancer center between 2006 and 2019. We compared the overall survival (OS) outcomes of patients with ATL with those with other solid or hematologic malignancies by sex stratification. RESULTS We identified 1,934 HTLV-1 carriers diagnosed with cancer. The median age at diagnosis was 62 (range 20-114) years, 76% were female, 60% had no or elementary school education, and 50% were born in the Andean highlands. The most common non-ATL neoplasm was cervical cancer (50%) among females and non-ATL non-Hodgkin lymphoma (26%) among males. With a median follow-up of 66 months, the 5-year OS of HTLV-1 carriers with non-ATL neoplasms (26%-47% for females and 22%-34% for males) was inferior to those reported in the general population. As expected, patients with ATL had a worse prognosis (5-year OS: 10% for females and 8% for males). CONCLUSION HTLV-1 carriers with cancer were middle age and from underprivileged settings, suggesting an undetected transmission among vulnerable populations, especially females. Survival estimates of HTLV-1 carriers with non-ATL neoplasms were lower than the regional outcomes. Future research should ascertain how the biology of HTLV-1 and health care disparities affect the outcomes of HTLV-1 carriers, as well as determine the burden of HTLV-1 infection in the cancer population to recommend screening in the outpatient setting of endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Valcarcel
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Daniel Enriquez-Vera
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Perú
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Chorrillos, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | | | - Luis Malpica
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Bragazzi NL, Kong JD, Wu J. Is monkeypox a new, emerging sexually transmitted disease? A rapid review of the literature. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28145. [PMID: 36101012 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox, a milder disease compared to smallpox, is caused by a virus initially discovered and described in 1958 by the prominent Danish virologist von Magnus, who was investigating an infectious outbreak affecting monkey colonies. Currently, officially starting from May 2022, an outbreak of monkeypox is ongoing, with 51 000 cases being notified as of September 1, 2022-51 408 confirmed, 28 suspected, and 12 fatalities, for a grand total of 51 448 cases. More than 100 countries and territories are affected, from all the six World Health Organization regions. There are some striking features, that make this outbreak rather unusual when compared with previous outbreaks, including a shift on average age and the most affected age group, affected sex/gender, risk factors, clinical course, presentation, and the transmission route. Initially predominantly zoonotic, with an animal-to-human transmission, throughout the last decades, human-to-human transmission has become more and more sustained and effective. In particular, clusters of monkeypox have been described among men having sex with men, some of which have been epidemiologically linked to international travel to nonendemic countries and participation in mass gathering events/festivals, like the "Maspalomas (Gran Canaria) 2022 pride." This review will specifically focus on the "emerging" transmission route of the monkeypox virus, that is to say, the sexual transmission route, which, although not confirmed yet, seems highly likely in the diffusion of the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jude Dzevela Kong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abreu IN, Lima CNC, Sacuena ERP, Lopes FT, da Silva Torres MK, dos Santos BC, de Oliveira Freitas V, de Figueiredo LGCP, Pereira KAS, de Lima ACR, Brito WRDS, Botelho BJS, Gonçalves JSS, Lima SS, Vallinoto IMVC, Guerreiro JF, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. HTLV-1/2 in Indigenous Peoples of the Brazilian Amazon: Seroprevalence, Molecular Characterization and Sociobehavioral Factors Related to Risk of Infection. Viruses 2022; 15:22. [PMID: 36680063 PMCID: PMC9861695 DOI: 10.3390/v15010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1/2 infection is endemic in Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Its origin is attributed to the migratory flow of Amerindian ancestral peoples. The present study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection in Indigenous peoples of the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 3350 Indigenous people belonging to 15 communities were investigated. The investigation was performed using serological (ELISA), molecular (qPCR) and confirmatory (Western blot and/or Inno-Lia) tests to detect and differentiate the infection. The seroprevalence was 8.3% for HTLV-1/2 infection, with 0.1% of individuals seropositive for HTLV-1 and 8.1% for HTLV-2. The prevalence of infection was statistically higher in women (10.1%) than in men (6.5%) (p = 0.0002). This female predominance was observed in all age groups; in females the prevalence was significant from 41 years old (p < 0.0001) and in males from 51 years old (p < 0.0001). Here, we present a prevalence of HTLV-1/2 among Indigenous peoples of the Brazilian Amazon. The endemic infection in these groups must reflect the different epidemiological profiles observed in these peoples, such as sexual transmission through rejection of condom use, breastfeeding, especially in cases of cross-breastfeeding, and the high rate of pregnancy in the villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Nogueira Abreu
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Carlos Neandro Cordeiro Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Keise Adrielle Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Aline Cecy Rocha de Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Wandrey Roberto dos Santos Brito
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Janete Silvana Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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