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Mongin D, Bürgisser N, Laurie G, Schimmel G, Vu DL, Cullati S, Courvoisier DS. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 prior infection and mRNA vaccination on contagiousness and susceptibility to infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5452. [PMID: 37673865 PMCID: PMC10482859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunity conferred by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and infections reduces the transmission of the virus. To answer how the effect of immunity is shared between a reduction of infectiousness and an increased protection against infection, we examined >50,000 positive cases and >110,000 contacts from Geneva, Switzerland (June 2020 to March 2022). We assessed the association between secondary attack rate (i.e. proportion of new cases among contacts) and immunity from natural infection and/or vaccination, stratifying per four SARS-CoV-2 variants and adjusting for index cases and contacts' socio-demographic characteristics and the propensity of the contacts to be tested. Here we show that immunity protected contacts from infection, rather than reducing infectiousness of index cases. Natural infection conferred the strongest immunity. Hybrid immunity did not surpass recent infection. Although of smaller amplitude, the reduction in infectiousness due to vaccination was less affected by time and by the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants than the susceptibility to infection. These findings support the role of vaccine in reducing infectiousness and underscore the complementary role of interventions reducing SARS-CoV-2 propagation, such as mask use or indoor ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Mongin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nils Bürgisser
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- General internal medicine division, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Laurie
- Division of General cantonal physician, Geneva Directorate of Health, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Schimmel
- Division of General cantonal physician, Geneva Directorate of Health, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Diem-Lan Vu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of General cantonal physician, Geneva Directorate of Health, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Cullati
- Division Quality of care, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Sophie Courvoisier
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division Quality of care, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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da Silva MF, Dos Santos UR, Ferreira FB, Albuquerque GR, Mariano APM, Fehlberg HF, Santos de Santana ÍT, Dos Santos PR, Santos LC, Silva de Jesus LL, Piton KA, Costa BS, Gomes BSM, Porto VM, Oliveira EDS, Oliveira CL, Fontana R, Maciel BM, Silva MDM, Marin LJ, Gadelha SR. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Cities from the Southern Region of Bahia State, Brazil: Analysis of Variables Associated in Both Individual and Community Level. Viruses 2023; 15:1583. [PMID: 37515269 PMCID: PMC10383252 DOI: 10.3390/v15071583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), challenged public health systems worldwide. Individuals in low-income countries/regions are still at individual and community risk concerning inequality, sanitation, and economic conditions. Besides, during the pandemic, the transmission in municipalities and communities in the countryside and less developed regions kept viral spread and required structured and strengthened clinical and laboratory surveillance. Here, we present an observational, analytic, cross-sectional study conducted using secondary data from the Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular (LAFEM)-Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), to evaluate individual and community factors associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection in outpatients from different cities from Southern Region of Bahia State, in Brazil. The data were collected between June 2021 and May 2022. The SARS-CoV-2 positivity by RT-qPCR was correlated with low socio-economic indicators, including the Human development index (HDIc) and Average worker salary (AWSc). Besides, in general, females were less likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 0.752; CI 95% 0.663-0.853; p < 0.0001), while brown individuals had more positivity for infection (p < 0.0001). In addition, those who had clinical symptoms were more likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 6.000; CI 95% 4.932-7.299; p < 0.0001). Although dry cough, headache, and fever were the most frequent, loss of taste (OR = 5.574; CI 95% 4.334-7.186) and loss of smell (OR = 6.327; CI 95% 4.899-8.144) presented higher odds ratio to be positive to SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR. Nonetheless, the distribution of these characteristics was not homogenous among the different cities, especially for age and gender. The dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 positivity differed between cities and the total population and reinforces the hypothesis that control strategies for prevention needed to be developed based on both individual and community risk levels to mitigate harm to individuals and the health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murillo Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Barbosa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - George Rego Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Melo Mariano
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Hllytchaikra Ferraz Fehlberg
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | | | - Pérola Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Luciano Cardoso Santos
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Laine Lopes Silva de Jesus
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Karoline Almeida Piton
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Santos Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Sena Moreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Moreira Porto
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Emanuelly da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Cibele Luz Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Renato Fontana
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Bianca Mendes Maciel
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Mylene de Melo Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Lauro Juliano Marin
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Sandra Rocha Gadelha
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil
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3
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Zaballa ME, Perez-Saez J, de Mestral C, Pullen N, Lamour J, Turelli P, Raclot C, Baysson H, Pennacchio F, Villers J, Duc J, Richard V, Dumont R, Semaani C, Loizeau AJ, Graindorge C, Lorthe E, Balavoine JF, Pittet D, Schibler M, Vuilleumier N, Chappuis F, Kherad O, Azman AS, Posfay-Barbe KM, Kaiser L, Trono D, Stringhini S, Guessous I. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and cross-variant neutralization capacity after the Omicron BA.2 wave in Geneva, Switzerland: a population-based study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023; 24:100547. [PMID: 36474728 PMCID: PMC9714630 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background More than two years into the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the population has developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from infection and/or vaccination. However, public health decision-making is hindered by the lack of up-to-date and precise characterization of the immune landscape in the population. Here, we estimated anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence and cross-variant neutralization capacity after Omicron became dominant in Geneva, Switzerland. Methods We conducted a population-based serosurvey between April 29 and June 9, 2022, recruiting children and adults of all ages from age-stratified random samples of the general population of Geneva, Switzerland. We tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using commercial immunoassays targeting either the spike (S) or nucleocapsid (N) protein, and for antibody neutralization capacity against different SARS-CoV-2 variants using a cell-free Spike trimer-ACE2 binding-based surrogate neutralization assay. We estimated seroprevalence and neutralization capacity using a Bayesian modeling framework accounting for the demographics, vaccination, and infection statuses of the Geneva population. Findings Among the 2521 individuals included in the analysis, the estimated total antibodies seroprevalence was 93.8% (95% CrI 93.1-94.5), including 72.4% (70.0-74.7) for infection-induced antibodies. Estimates of neutralizing antibodies in a representative subsample (N = 1160) ranged from 79.5% (77.1-81.8) against the Alpha variant to 46.7% (43.0-50.4) against the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 subvariants. Despite having high seroprevalence of infection-induced antibodies (76.7% [69.7-83.0] for ages 0-5 years, 90.5% [86.5-94.1] for ages 6-11 years), children aged <12 years had substantially lower neutralizing activity than older participants, particularly against Omicron subvariants. Overall, vaccination was associated with higher neutralizing activity against pre-Omicron variants. Vaccine booster alongside recent infection was associated with higher neutralizing activity against Omicron subvariants. Interpretation While most of the Geneva population has developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies through vaccination and/or infection, less than half has neutralizing activity against the currently circulating Omicron BA.5 subvariant. Hybrid immunity obtained through booster vaccination and infection confers the greatest neutralization capacity, including against Omicron. Funding General Directorate of Health in Geneva canton, Private Foundation of the Geneva University Hospitals, European Commission ("CoVICIS" grant), and a private foundation advised by CARIGEST SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Eugenia Zaballa
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Javier Perez-Saez
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carlos de Mestral
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,University Centre for General Medicine and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nick Pullen
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Lamour
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Priscilla Turelli
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlène Raclot
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Baysson
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Villers
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Duc
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Richard
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roxane Dumont
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire Semaani
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Jutta Loizeau
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clément Graindorge
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elsa Lorthe
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Didier Pittet
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Infection Control Program and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Schibler
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Chappuis
- Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Omar Kherad
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Division of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew S. Azman
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Klara M. Posfay-Barbe
- Department of Woman, Child, and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology & Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier Trono
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,University Centre for General Medicine and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Corresponding author. Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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