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Wani K, Kumar B, Al-Daghri NM, Sabico S. Trends and characteristics of the metabolically healthy obese phenotype in an Arab population. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1371359. [PMID: 39145170 PMCID: PMC11322095 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1371359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) phenotype represents a complex and distinctive trait, the trends and characteristics of which remain unknown in the Saudi Arabian adult population. The present study aims to fill that gap. A combined total of 10,220 Saudi adults from 2 independent cohorts [2008-2019, N = 7,896 (2,903 males and 4,993 females), and 2021-2023, N = 2,324 (830 males and 1,494 females)] aged 19-70 years old was screened, of whom 9,631 (3,428 males and 6,203 females) were included. Anthropometric data were measured, and fasting blood samples were collected to assess glucose, lipids, adipocytokines and inflammatory markers using routine methods and commercially available assays. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2. Screening for MHO was done using the empiric definition proposed by Zembic and colleagues and the by the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATPIII). Of the 3,949 (41.0%) participants with obesity, 33.4% (95% confidence interval, CI, 32-35) were considered MHO using the empiric definition, and 32.8% (95% CI, 31-34) using NCEP-ATPIII. The overall age and gender adjusted prevalence of MHO in the Saudi adult population was 31.6% (95% CI, 30-33) and 30.1% (29-31) by the two definitions, respectively. Females had a higher age-adjusted prevalence of MHO than males (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.1-1.4, p = 0.009) as per the ATPIII criteria. MHO prevalence substantially increased over time from 2008 to 2023 (p < 0.001) for both definitions. Circulating leptin levels and insulin resistance were significantly higher in the MUO group than the MHO group independent of the definition used, suggesting the presence of a more severe form of leptin resistance in the MUO group which may explain the worse cardiometabolic profile as compared to the MHO group. In summary, the study highlights the first time the characteristics and trends of the MHO phenotype among Saudi Arabian adults. The pluripotent effects of leptin and its resistance may be central to MHO's progression, or lack thereof, to the MUO phenotype, and this needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser Wani
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Balvir Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sales I, Bawazeer G, Shahba AAW, Alkofide H. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Diabetes Self-Management in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:521. [PMID: 38470632 PMCID: PMC10930377 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare worldwide, potentially impacting disease management. The objective of this study was to assess the self-management behaviors of Saudi patients with diabetes during and after the COVID pandemic period using the Arabic version of the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ). A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients aged ≥18 years diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had at least one ambulatory clinic visit in each of the specified time frames (Pre-COVID-19: 1 January 2019-21 March 2020; COVID-19 Time frame: 22 March 2020 to 30 April 2021) utilizing the DSMQ questionnaire, with an additional three questions specifically related to their diabetes care during the COVID pandemic. A total of 341 patients participated in the study. The study results revealed that the surveyed patients showed moderately high self-care activities post-COVID-19. Total DSMQ scores were significantly higher in patients aged >60 years versus younger groups (p < 0.05). Scores were significantly lower in patients diagnosed for 1-5 years versus longer durations (p < 0.05). Patients on insulin had higher glucose management sub-scores than oral medication users (p < 0.05). Overall, DSMQ scores were higher than the pre-pandemic Saudi population and Turkish post-pandemic findings. DSMQ results suggest that, while COVID-19 negatively impacted some self-management domains, the Saudi patients surveyed in this study upheld relatively good diabetes control during the pandemic. Further research is warranted on specific barriers to optimize diabetes care during public health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sales
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (G.B.); (H.A.)
| | - Ghada Bawazeer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (G.B.); (H.A.)
| | | | - Hadeel Alkofide
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (G.B.); (H.A.)
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Khan AS, Alnefaie BT, Al-Ali DS, Alhajji ZY, Almusallam SA, Alghannam FN. The impact of coronavirus crisis on human interpersonal relationships among AlAhsa population. Ann Afr Med 2024; 23:76-81. [PMID: 38358175 PMCID: PMC10922172 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_184_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Home quarantine during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic was a clear cause of loss of communication and a lot of conflicts between individuals, which had adverse consequences on people's relationships. Objective This study aims to assess the effect of lockdown on interpersonal relationships in AlAhsa community. Methods A. cross-sectional study was conducted during 2020-2021 with 306 participants in AlAhsa, the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected using an online survey to explore the effect of lockdown on interpersonal relationships. Results The study demonstrates that (61.8%) of the participants reported that their relationships were affected during lockdown, (61.4%) of them were affected negatively, with a higher rate among the unemployed and students (73.1%) and (64.8%), respectively. About 38.6% of the individuals were positively affected. Conclusion Most of the participants identified that quarantine affected their interpersonal relationships negatively, which were impacted variably by different demographical statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sattar Khan
- Assistant Professor, Family and Community Department, College of Medicine and General Surgery, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan Taher Alnefaie
- Medical Student, College of Medicine and General Surgery, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danah Sami Al-Ali
- Medical Student, College of Medicine and General Surgery, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Yousif Alhajji
- Medical Student, College of Medicine and General Surgery, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saja Ali Almusallam
- Medical Student, College of Medicine and General Surgery, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadak Noori Alghannam
- Medical Student, College of Medicine and General Surgery, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
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Alghamdi A, Wani K, Alnaami AM, Al-Daghri NM. Dose Intervals and Time since Final Dose on Changes in Metabolic Indices after COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1746. [PMID: 38140151 PMCID: PMC10748310 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development and implementation of COVID-19 vaccines merit understanding its effects on metabolic indices. This retrospective longitudinal study investigated the influence of first-to-second-dose intervals and time since the final dose on the metabolic indices of individuals receiving COVID-19 vaccinations. A total of 318 Saudi subjects (59.7% females) aged 12-60 years received COVID-19 vaccines via the national vaccination program. We collected the anthropometric data and fasting blood samples at specific time points before vaccination and after the final vaccination dose, and biochemical metabolic indices, including glucose and lipid profile, were measured. We also collected the dates of vaccination and COVID-19 history during the study period. The participants were stratified into groups based on first-to-second-dose intervals and time since the final dose to compare pre-and post-vaccination changes in metabolic indices between the groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed no differences in pre- to post-vaccination metabolic status between groups based on first-to-second-dose intervals in either adolescents or adults. However, shorter intervals (≤6 months) between the final dose and follow-up were associated with a decrease in total cardiometabolic components, especially triglyceride levels (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: (0.22-0.68), p < 0.001) than longer intervals (>6 months) in adults. In conclusion, time duration since final dose was associated with pre- to post-vaccination changes in metabolic indices, especially triglyceride levels, indicating that post-vaccination improvements wane over time. Further research is needed to validate the observed relationship, as it may contribute to optimizing vaccine effectiveness and safety in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alghamdi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaiser Wani
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Alnaami
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Tang TS, Vesco AT, Fraser EG. Disruptions in Lifestyle Habits and Access to Social Support in the Time of COVID-19: Associations With Diabetes Distress and Depression Among Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Living in British Columbia. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:497-502. [PMID: 37116655 PMCID: PMC10132832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we examined rates of diabetes distress and depressive symptoms in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) during the COVID-19 lockdown and its association with disruptions in lifestyle habits and access to social support. METHODS This cross-sectional investigation included a convenience sample of 60 adults with T1D who completed a survey assessing diabetes distress (Type 1 Diabetes Distress Scale), depressive symptoms (Personal Health Questionnaire-9), and disruptions in lifestyle habits (sleep patterns, dietary patterns, exercise routine) and access to support from family/friends. Linear regression analyses examined COVID-19 disruption variables as predictors of diabetes distress and depressive severity. RESULTS Seventy-three percent and 38% of participants reported elevated diabetes distress and depressive symptoms, respectively. Greater eating disruption predicted higher depressive symptom severity (β=1.33, p=0.045) and eating distress (β=0.28, p=0.045). Greater social support disruption predicted higher eating distress (β=0.36, p=0.019). CONCLUSIONS Findings revealed high rates of diabetes distress and depressive symptoms in this T1D sample during the COVID-19 lockdown. Moreover, disruptions in some lifestyle habits and access to social support were associated with worse mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia S Tang
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Anthony T Vesco
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Ellen G Fraser
- The Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Alkhaldi G, Aljohani N, Hussain SD, Alfawaz HA, Hameidi A, Saadawy GM, Elsaid MA, Alharbi M, Sabico S, Al-Daghri NM. General Public's Knowledge of Diabetes and Physical Activity in Saudi Arabia over Time: The Need to Refresh Awareness Campaigns. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030286. [PMID: 36766861 PMCID: PMC9913913 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health issue in Saudi Arabia. Prevention of DM and its complications requires an understanding of the disease and modifiable behaviors (e.g., physical activity-PA). The purpose of this study was to examine the trends in knowledge of the general population regarding DM to better understand the shortcomings in the current awareness programs. This article presents a cross-sectional series study where a survey was distributed to a total of 3493 participants over four years, from 2017 till 2020, to assess general knowledge about DM, including information about PA. The mean percentage of correct responses of DM general knowledge was 63.8 ± 19.0 in 2017, which decreased to 61.3 ± 18.7 in 2020 with a significant beta coefficient of -0.8 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001). Participants' awareness about PA remained constantly high for four years: the mean percentage of correct responses was 82.1 ± 23.6 in 2017 and 82.0 ± 23.1 in 2020, and the beta coefficient was -0.5 ± 0.3 (p = 0.147). Furthermore, stratification by demographics showed that the majority of the subgroups (age, sex, educational status, marital status, having relative with DM, nationality) reported a significant declining trend in general DM knowledge. In addition, some of the subgroups also showed a declining trend in PA awareness. Future prevention efforts should assess the community's DM knowledge regularly to tailor awareness efforts to the population segments that need heightened educational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadah Alkhaldi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naji Aljohani
- Obesity Endocrine and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Danish Hussain
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Alfawaz
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Gamal M. Saadawy
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Elsaid
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alharbi
- Diabetes Centres and Units Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-114675939; Fax: +966-114675931
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