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Singh Negi S, Sharma N, Mehmet Baskonus H. Dual-strain dynamics of COVID-19 variants in India: Modeling, analysis, and implications for pandemic control. Gene 2024; 926:148586. [PMID: 38782223 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a detailed compartmental model developed to understand the complex dynamics of COVID-19 transmission, focusing on the Delta and Omicron variants in India. The model tracks disease progression through different population compartments, considering factors like vaccination, time-dependent transmission, economic burden and COVID-19 death rates, loss of vaccine-induced immunity, and the transition of asymptomatic cases to recovery. The model is validated against established epidemiological knowledge and real-world data, emphasizing dynamic parameterization and accurate representation of immunity dynamics. The basic reproduction number for both variants is calculated, and sensitivity analysis for various parameters is conducted. Time-dependent parameters are estimated using the discrete inverse method. The study also explores the economic burden, impact of different types of masks, vaccine efficacy, and vaccine-induced immunity through numerical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Singh Negi
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand 246174, India.
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand 246174, India.
| | - Haci Mehmet Baskonus
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Harran University, 63190 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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Feng H, Chen J, Sun J, Jiang Y. Impacts of COVID-19 vaccine boosters on clinical outcomes associated with the Omicron variant in China: A cross-sectional survey. Vaccine X 2024; 19:100508. [PMID: 38903607 PMCID: PMC11187233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine boosters during China's Omicron wave. Methods In January 2023, we surveyed Shenzhen, China residents via online questionnaires to investigate their COVID-19 symptoms and vaccination history. The outcomes of interest included fever, other COVID-19-related symptoms, severity of symptoms, whether early onset (before December 23, 2022) and duration. Respondents were categorized as no booster, one booster 6mo ago, one booster within 6mo, or two boosters based on dose count and vaccination timing. We used multivariable logistic regressions and Tobit models to assess COVID-19 vaccine booster impacts. Results Compared to the no booster group, two booster recipients had a lower fever risk (OR = 0.35, 95 %CI = 0.16-0.76) but not lower risks of COVID-19-related symptoms (OR = 0.74, 95 %CI = 0.26-2.06) and self-reported severe symptoms (OR = 0.47, 95 %CI = 0.19-1.15). Nor did the two booster recipients had a shorter illness duration (marginal effect = -0.79 days, 95 %CI = -1.65-0.07) and a lower risk of symptom onset delay (OR = 0.48, 95 %CI = 0.19-1.23). Compared to the no booster group, both one booster within six months (OR = 2.17, 95 %CI = 1.34-3.52) and one booster six months ago (OR = 1.30, 95 %CI = 0.92-1.82) did not reduce the risks of fever and symptoms (one booster within six months: OR = 1.57, 95 %CI = 0.84-2.90; one booster six months ago: OR = 1.23, 95 %CI = 0.79-1.93). Regardless of timing, one booster did not reduce illness duration (within six months: marginal effect = 0.25 days, 95 %CI = -0.20-0.70; six months ago: marginal effect = 0.27 days, 95 %CI = -0.08-0.62). However, receiving one booster within six months delayed symptom onset (OR = 0.54, 95 %CI = 0.34-0.86), while one booster six months ago did not (OR = 1.03, 95 %CI = 0.74-1.44). Conclusions Receiving two booster doses reduced the onset of fever during the Omicron outbreak in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiatong Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yawen Jiang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Fisman DN, Amoako A, Simmons A, Tuite AR. Impact of immune evasion, waning and boosting on dynamics of population mixing between a vaccinated majority and unvaccinated minority. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297093. [PMID: 38574059 PMCID: PMC10994315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that when vaccines prevent infection, the dynamics of mixing between vaccinated and unvaccinated sub-populations is such that use of imperfect vaccines markedly decreases risk for vaccinated people, and for the population overall. Risks to vaccinated people accrue disproportionately from contact with unvaccinated people. In the context of the emergence of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 and evolving understanding of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, we updated our analysis to evaluate whether our earlier conclusions remained valid. METHODS We modified a previously published Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) compartmental model of SARS-CoV-2 with two connected sub-populations: vaccinated and unvaccinated, with non-random mixing between groups. Our expanded model incorporates diminished vaccine efficacy for preventing infection with the emergence of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants, waning immunity, the impact of prior immune experience on infectivity, "hybrid" effects of infection in previously vaccinated individuals, and booster vaccination. We evaluated the dynamics of an epidemic within each subgroup and in the overall population over a 10-year time horizon. RESULTS Even with vaccine efficacy as low as 20%, and in the presence of waning immunity, the incidence of COVID-19 in the vaccinated subpopulation was lower than that among the unvaccinated population across the full 10-year time horizon. The cumulative risk of infection was 3-4 fold higher among unvaccinated people than among vaccinated people, and unvaccinated people contributed to infection risk among vaccinated individuals at twice the rate that would have been expected based on the frequency of contacts. These findings were robust across a range of assumptions around the rate of waning immunity, the impact of "hybrid immunity", frequency of boosting, and the impact of prior infection on infectivity in unvaccinated people. INTERPRETATION Although the emergence of the Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 has diminished the protective effects of vaccination against infection with SARS-CoV-2, updating our earlier model to incorporate loss of immunity, diminished vaccine efficacy and a longer time horizon, does not qualitatively change our earlier conclusions. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 continues to diminish the risk of infection among vaccinated people and in the population as a whole. By contrast, the risk of infection among vaccinated people accrues disproportionately from contact with unvaccinated people.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. Fisman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Afia Amoako
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison Simmons
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashleigh R. Tuite
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Immunization Programs, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Rahman MO, Kamigaki T, Thandar MM, Haruyama R, Yan F, Shibamura-Fujiogi M, Khin Maung Soe J, Islam MR, Yoneoka D, Miyahara R, Ota E, Suzuki M. Protection of the third-dose and fourth-dose mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e076892. [PMID: 38128943 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has raised concerns regarding waning vaccine-induced immunity and durability. We evaluated protection of the third-dose and fourth-dose mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant and its sublineages. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases and other resources (PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, CINAHL PLUS, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, MedRxiv and bioRxiv) were searched until December 2022. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included studies that assessed the effectiveness of mRNA vaccine booster doses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 outcomes caused by the subvariant. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Estimates of vaccine effectiveness (VE) at different time points after the third-dose and fourth-dose vaccination were extracted. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to compare VE of the third dose versus the primary series, no vaccination and the fourth dose at different time points. The certainty of the evidence was assessed by Grading of Recommendations, Assessments, Development and Evaluation approach. RESULTS This review included 50 studies. The third-dose VE, compared with the primary series, against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 48.86% (95% CI 44.90% to 52.82%, low certainty) at ≥14 days, and gradually decreased to 38.01% (95% CI 13.90% to 62.13%, very low certainty) at ≥90 days after the third-dose vaccination. The fourth-dose VE peaked at 14-30 days (56.70% (95% CI 50.36% to 63.04%), moderate certainty), then quickly declined at 61-90 days (22% (95% CI 6.40% to 37.60%), low certainty). Compared with no vaccination, the third-dose VE was 75.84% (95% CI 40.56% to 111.12%, low certainty) against BA.1 infection, and 70.41% (95% CI 49.94% to 90.88%, low certainty) against BA.2 infection at ≥7 days after the third-dose vaccination. The third-dose VE against hospitalisation remained stable over time and maintained 79.30% (95% CI 58.65% to 99.94%, moderate certainty) at 91-120 days. The fourth-dose VE up to 60 days was 67.54% (95% CI 59.76% to 75.33%, moderate certainty) for hospitalisation and 77.88% (95% CI 72.55% to 83.21%, moderate certainty) for death. CONCLUSION The boosters provided substantial protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes for at least 6 months, although the duration of protection remains uncertain, suggesting the need for a booster dose within 6 months of the third-dose or fourth-dose vaccination. However, the certainty of evidence in our VE estimates varied from very low to moderate, indicating significant heterogeneity among studies that should be considered when interpreting the findings for public health policies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023376698.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Obaidur Rahman
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Kamigaki
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Moe Thandar
- Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Haruyama
- Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fangyu Yan
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Shibamura-Fujiogi
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - July Khin Maung Soe
- Graduate School of Public Health, St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Daisuke Yoneoka
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Miyahara
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Ota
- Graduate School of Nursing Science, Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Sonoyama T, Kamitani A, Shibata RY, Seki NM, Omoto S, Igarashi K, Ariyasu M. Safety and immunogenicity of a booster dose of S-268019-b: Interim findings of a Phase 3, open-label clinical study in Japan. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100390. [PMID: 37822891 PMCID: PMC10562875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the initial success of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines in prevention of symptomatic and severe diseases, booster vaccination has become increasingly important with the advent of variants with immune-escaping capacity. Herein, we report the safety and immunogenicity of S-268019-b, comprising SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and a squalene-based adjuvant, as a booster dose. We performed an interim analysis of an open-label, Phase 3 study data until Day 29 following S-268019-b booster in Japanese adults (aged 20-64 years) who had completed primary vaccination with mRNA-1273 and in Japanese elderly (aged ≥ 65 years) who had completed primary vaccination with mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2. Reactogenicity was mild in most participants; no serious treatment-related adverse events were noted. S-268019-b enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, immunoglobulin G antibodies, and predominant T-helper 1-mediated immune reaction in all cohorts, regardless of age, in Japanese participants with prior vaccination with mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Sonoyama
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Drug Development and Regulatory Science Division, 8F, Nissay Yodoyabashi East Bldg., 3-3-13, Imabashi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0042, Japan
| | - Akari Kamitani
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Drug Development and Regulatory Science Division, 8F, Nissay Yodoyabashi East Bldg., 3-3-13, Imabashi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0042, Japan
| | - Risa Y. Shibata
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Drug Development and Regulatory Science Division, 8F, Nissay Yodoyabashi East Bldg., 3-3-13, Imabashi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0042, Japan
| | - Naomi M. Seki
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Biopharmaceutical Research Division, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shinya Omoto
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Biopharmaceutical Research Division, 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kenji Igarashi
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Drug Development and Regulatory Science Division, 8F, Nissay Yodoyabashi East Bldg., 3-3-13, Imabashi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0042, Japan
| | - Mari Ariyasu
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Drug Development and Regulatory Science Division, 8F, Nissay Yodoyabashi East Bldg., 3-3-13, Imabashi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0042, Japan
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Albakri K, Abdelwahab OA, Gabra MD, Nafady MH, Alabdallat YJ, Soliman A, Cadri S, Hanaqtah B, Albazee E. Characteristics of sudden hearing loss after different COVID-19 vaccinations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:5167-5176. [PMID: 37594544 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 vaccines are essential to prevent complications and reduce the burden of SARS-CoV-2. However, these vaccines showed side effects such as fatigue, pain, fever, and rarely hearing loss. In this review, we aim to summarize studies investigating hearing loss following COVID-19 vaccination and try to find the possible association and risk factors for this hazardous complication. METHODS We performed a comprehensive search of five electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, google scholar, Cochrane) from inception until 9 October 2022. We finally included 16 studies after the first and second scans. We used SPSS to analyze the extracted data. RESULTS A total of 630 patients were identified, with a mean age of 57.3. Of the patients, 328 out of 609 vaccinated patients took the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine, while 242 (40%) took the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine. The mean time from vaccination to hearing impairment was 6.2, ranging from a few hours to one month after the last dose. The results found a significant difference between vaccine types in terms of incidence and prognosis of the condition, while they showed that the number of doses prior to the onset had no significance. CONCLUSION SNHL has been reported in a small number of people who have received the COVID-19 vaccine, but it is unclear at this time whether the vaccine is directly causing this condition. However, the COVID-19 vaccine has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in preventing illness, and the benefits of vaccination are significant compared to any potential risks. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The protocol of this study was registered on Prospero CRD42022367180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Albakri
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Ahmed Abdelwahab
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Diaa Gabra
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Nafady
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, El Giza, Egypt
- Radiation Science Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yasmeen Jamal Alabdallat
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 6 Al Ashqar St., Off El Gomhouria St., Mansoura, 35511, Dakahlia, Egypt.
- Research Department, Mansoura Research Team, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Shirin Cadri
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Balqees Hanaqtah
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebraheem Albazee
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- Kuwait Institute for Medical Specializations, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Shi H, Sun J, Zeng Y, Wang X, Liu S, Zhang L, Shao E. Immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: a system review and meta-analysis. Virol J 2023; 20:266. [PMID: 37968649 PMCID: PMC10652597 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omicron's high transmissibility and variability present new difficulties for COVID-19 vaccination prevention and therapy. In this article, we analyzed the sensitivity of vaccine-induced antibodies as well as the effect of booster vaccinations against Omicron sublineages. METHODS We looked for Randomized Controlled Trials and cohort studies that reported the COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron sublineages up to 28 July 2022 through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Quantitative synthesis was carried out using Stata 16.0 and RevMa5.3, then the serum NT50 and antibody sensitivity to neutralize Omicron sublineages were assessed before and after booster vaccination. This study was registered with PROSPERO number CRD42022350477. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 2138 patients from 20 studies, and the booster vaccination against Omicron sublineages showed a significant difference compared to 2 dosage: BA.1/BA.1.1 (SMD = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.75-0.85, P = 0.00), BA.2/BA.2.12.1 (SMD = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.69-0.85, P = 0.00), BA.3 (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83-1.0, P = 0.00), and BA.4/5 (SMD = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60-0.94, P = 0.00). The sensitivity of vaccines-induced antibodies decreased by at least 5-folds after booster vaccination, particularly in the case of BA.4/5 which had the most notable decline in vaccine effectiveness. CONCLUSION After the booster vaccination, the NT50 and the neutralization ability of vaccine-induced antibodies increased, but the susceptibility of antibodies decreased compared with the control virus, which may be a clue for future Omicron sublineages prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichun Shi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jiajia Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450099, China
| | - Yigang Zeng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Enming Shao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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Dayan GH, Rouphael N, Walsh SR, Chen A, Grunenberg N, Allen M, Antony J, Asante KP, Bhate AS, Beresnev T, Bonaparte MI, Celle M, Ceregido MA, Corey L, Dobrianskyi D, Fu B, Grillet MH, Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Juraska M, Kee JJ, Kibuuka H, Koutsoukos M, Masotti R, Michael NL, Neuzil KM, Reynales H, Robb ML, Villagómez Martínez SM, Sawe F, Schuerman L, Tong T, Treanor J, Wartel TA, Diazgranados CA, Chicz RM, Gurunathan S, Savarino S, Sridhar S. Efficacy of a bivalent (D614 + B.1.351) SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine with AS03 adjuvant in adults: a phase 3, parallel, randomised, modified double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2023; 11:975-990. [PMID: 37716365 PMCID: PMC10872639 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 vaccines with alternative strain compositions are needed to provide broad protection against newly emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. This study aimed to describe the clinical efficacy and safety of a bivalent SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine as a two-injection primary series during a period of circulation of the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. METHODS We conducted a phase 3, parallel, randomised, modified double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adults aged 18 years or older at 54 clinical research centres in eight countries (Colombia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Mexico, Nepal, Uganda, and Ukraine). Participants were recruited from the community and randomly assigned (1:1) by use of an interactive response technology system to receive two intramuscular 0·5 mL injections, 21 days apart, of the bivalent vaccine (5 μg of ancestral [D614] and 5 μg of beta [B.1.351] variant spike protein, with AS03 adjuvant) or placebo (0·9% normal saline). All participants, outcome assessors, and laboratory staff performing assays were masked to group assignments; those involved in the preparation and administration of the vaccines were unmasked. Participants were stratified by age (18-59 years and ≥60 years) and baseline SARS-CoV-2 rapid serodiagnostic test positivity. Symptomatic COVID-19 was defined as laboratory-confirmed (via nucleic acid amplification test or PCR test) COVID-19 with COVID-19-like illness symptoms. The primary efficacy endpoint was the clinical efficacy of the bivalent vaccine for prevention of symptomatic COVID-19 at least 14 days after the second injection (dose 2). Safety was assessed in all participants receiving at least one injection of the study vaccine or placebo. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04904549) and is closed to recruitment. FINDINGS Between Oct 19, 2021, and Feb 15, 2022, 13 002 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive the first dose of the study vaccine (n=6512) or placebo (n=6490). 12 924 participants (6472 in the vaccine group and 6452 in the placebo group) received at least one study injection, of whom 7542 (58·4%) were male and 9693 (75·0%) were SARS-CoV-2 non-naive. Of these 12 924 participants, 11 543 (89·3%) received both study injections (5788 in the vaccine group and 5755 in the placebo group). The efficacy-evaluable population after dose 2 comprised 11 416 participants (5736 in the vaccine group and 5680 in the placebo group). The median duration of follow-up was 85 days (IQR 50-95) after dose 1 and 58 days (29-70) after dose 2. 121 symptomatic COVID-19 cases were reported at least 14 days after dose 2 (32 in the vaccine group and 89 in the placebo group), with an overall vaccine efficacy of 64·7% (95% CI 46·6 to 77·2). Vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 was 75·1% (95% CI 56·3 to 86·6) in SARS-CoV-2 non-naive participants and 30·9% (-39·3 to 66·7) in SARS-CoV-2-naive participants. Viral genome sequencing identified the infecting strain in 68 (56·2%) of 121 cases (omicron [BA.1 and BA.2] in 63; delta in four; and both omicron and delta in one). Immediate unsolicited adverse events were reported by four (<0·1%) participants in the vaccine group and seven (0·1%) participants in the placebo group. Immediate unsolicited adverse reactions within 30 min after any injection were reported by four (<0·1%) participants in the vaccine group and six (<0·1%) participants in the placebo group. In the reactogenicity subset with available data, solicited reactions (solicited injection-site reactions and solicited systemic reactions) within 7 days after any injection occurred in 1398 (57·8%) of 2420 vaccine recipients and 983 (40·9%) of 2403 placebo recipients. Grade 3 solicited reactions were reported by 196 (8·1%; 95% CI 7·0 to 9·3) of 2420 vaccine recipients and 118 (4·9%; 4·1 to 5·9) of 2403 placebo recipients within 7 days after any injection, with comparable frequencies after dose 1 and dose 2 in the vaccine group. At least one serious adverse event occurred in 30 (0·5%) participants in the vaccine group and 26 (0·4%) in the placebo group. The proportion of adverse events of special interest and deaths was less than 0·1% in both study groups. No adverse event of special interest, serious adverse event, or death was deemed to be treatment related. There were no reported cases of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome, myocarditis, pericarditis, Bell's Palsy, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, or other immune-mediated diseases. INTERPRETATION The bivalent variant vaccine conferred heterologous protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in the epidemiological context of the circulating contemporary omicron variant. These findings suggest that vaccines developed with an antigen from a non-predominant strain could confer cross-protection against newly emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants, although further investigation is warranted. FUNDING Sanofi, US Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary Allen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases / National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana
| | | | - Tatiana Beresnev
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases / National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Fu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases / National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
- National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jia Jin Kee
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Humberto Reynales
- Centro de Attencion e Investigation Medica S.A.S. - Caimed Chía, Chía, Colombia
| | - Merlin L Robb
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | | | - Fredrick Sawe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - US Army Medical Research, Kericho, Kenya
| | | | - Tina Tong
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases / National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Treanor
- Tunnell Government Services in support of Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - T Anh Wartel
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Yeo JG, Teh KL, Chia WN, Book YX, Hoh SF, Gao X, Das L, Zhang J, Sutamam N, Poh SL, Lim AJM, Tay SH, Yaung KN, Ong XM, Leong JY, Wang LF, Albani S, Arkachaisri T. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine immunogenicity decay and breakthrough illness in adolescents and young adults with childhood-onset rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:3101-3109. [PMID: 36661304 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the humoral immunogenicity for 6 months after the two-dose coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccination in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with childhood-onset rheumatic diseases (cRDs). METHODS This monocentric observational study was conducted between August 2020 and March 2022. Humoral immunogenicity was assessed at 2-3 weeks after first vaccine dose and 1, 3 and 6 months after the second dose by the cPass™ severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralization antibody (nAb) assay. An inhibition signal of ≥30% defined the seroconversion threshold and the readings were calibrated against the World Health Organization International Standard for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. RESULTS. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-NINE AYAs with cRDs were recruited [median age 16.8 years (interquartile range, IQR 14.7-19.5), 52% female, 72% Chinese]. JIA (58%) and SLE (18%) comprised the major diagnoses. After second vaccine dose, 99% seroconverted with a median nAb titre of 1779.8 IU/ml (IQR 882.8-2541.9), declining to 935.6 IU/ml (IQR 261.0-1514.9) and 683.2 IU/ml (IQR 163.5-1400.5) at the 3- and 6-month timepoints, respectively. The diagnosis of JIA [odds ratio (OR) 10.1, 95% CI 1.8-58.4, P = 0.010] and treatment with anti-TNF-α (aTNF) (OR 10.1, 95% CI 1.5-70.0, P = 0.019) were independently associated with a >50% drop of nAb titres at 6 months. Withholding MTX or MMF did not affect the vaccine response or decay rate. The COVID-19 breakthrough infection was estimated at 18.2 cases/1000 patient-months with no clinical risk factors identified. CONCLUSION Over half of AYAs with cRDs had a significant drop in SARS-CoV-2 nAb at 6-month despite an initial robust humoral response. JIA and aTNF usage are predictors of a faster decay rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Guan Yeo
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Paediatric Subspecialties, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Liang Teh
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Paediatric Subspecialties, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Xin Book
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Paediatric Subspecialties, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sook Fun Hoh
- Division of Nursing, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaocong Gao
- Division of Nursing, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lena Das
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Paediatric Subspecialties, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nursyuhadah Sutamam
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Su Li Poh
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amanda Jin Mei Lim
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Huan Tay
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katherine Nay Yaung
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Mei Ong
- Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yao Leong
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth-Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Paediatric Subspecialties, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thaschawee Arkachaisri
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Paediatric Subspecialties, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Guaraldi F, Montalti M, Gori D. The Importance of Mapping Determinants, Attitudes and Beliefs of Vaccine Hesitancy in the Great Challenge of Compulsory Childhood Vaccination Comment on "Convergence on Coercion: Functional and Political Pressures as Drivers of Global Childhood Vaccine Mandates". Int J Health Policy Manag 2023; 12:7614. [PMID: 37579365 PMCID: PMC10461859 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2023.7614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy (VH) has risen significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, becoming a major global health concern. VH is characterized by the delay or refusal of vaccination despite its availability. Various frameworks have been developed to understand the complex factors influencing VH, with attitudes, beliefs, and external influences being the most significant. The surge in VH has reignited the debate on the best approach to address it: persuasive/ educational or coercive. Attwell and Hannah studied the political and social reasons behind the adoption of mandatory vaccination in four jurisdictions (Italy, France, Australia, and California) due to declining vaccine coverage below the safety threshold. However, these methods may foster parental disbeliefs and opposition to vaccination campaigns. To combat VH, it is crucial to systematically assess its determinants within specific contexts and population groups. Increasing awareness about vaccination benefits, engaging with social media, and employing tailored strategies can foster spontaneous adherence to vaccination programs, eliminating the need for coercive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Guaraldi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Montalti
- Unit of Hygiene, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Gori
- Unit of Hygiene, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Dogan M, Yilmaz B. Efficacy of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:257-268. [PMID: 37307370 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective observational study is aimed to determine the efficacy of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and CoronaVac (Sinovac) vaccines against symptomatic or severe disease in COVID-19-diagnosed patients. The secondary aim was to define the differences between vaccinated and un-vaccinated patients in terms of age, comorbidities and course of the disease, and to determine the survival rates. Of the 1463 PCR-positive patients, 55.3 % were vaccinated, and 44.7 % were unvaccinated. While 959 patients had mild-moderate symptoms, 504 patients had severe-critical symptoms and were treated in the intensive care unit. There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of the type and doses of vaccines between the patient groups (p = 0.021). The rate of receiving 2 doses of Biontech was 18.9 % in the mild-moderate patient group but lower in the severe patient group (12.6 %). The rate of two doses of Sinovac and two doses of Biontech vaccine (four doses of vaccine) was 5 % in the mild-moderate patient group and 1.9 % in the severe patient group. The mortality rates were statistically significantly different (p < 0.001) between the patient groups: 65.3 % in the severe patient group and 1 % in the mild-moderate patient group. The multivariate model showed that the mortality risk of the unvaccinated patients was 1.5 times higher than the vaccinated ones (p = 0.042). In addition to being unvaccinated, advanced age, coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and obesity were found to be associated with higher mortality risk. Besides, the reduction in mortality rate was more evident in individuals vaccinated with at least 2 doses of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine than in CoronaVac group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Dogan
- 1Tekirdag Corlu State Hospital Department of Infection Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Tekirdag, 59850 Turkey
| | - Berna Yilmaz
- 2Manisa City Hospital Department of Anesthesiology Reanimation and Intensive Care Manisa, Turkey
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12
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Chen CY, Su TC. Benefits and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review. J Lipid Atheroscler 2023; 12:119-131. [PMID: 37265847 PMCID: PMC10232218 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) who contract coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tend to have a worse prognosis and more severe cardiovascular side effects. COVID-19 vaccines, which are intended to prevent COVID-19, may also potentially reduce the severity and complications (including cardiovascular sequelae) of COVID-19, especially in patients with a history of CVD. However, there have also been reports of cardiovascular side effects from COVID-19 vaccines of various brands and types. The purpose of this study is to review the benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines in relation to CVD. In this thorough review of the most current evidence on the benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines, we present information about the characteristics of cardiovascular complications. Most of the evidence focuses on myocarditis or pericarditis, which are most strongly associated with mRNA vaccines and predominantly occur in young males within days of receiving the second dose. Meanwhile, post-vaccination myocardial infarction is more common in older males, and the first dose of adenoviral vector vaccines appears to play a greater role in this complication. This information may guide us in formulating alternative options and implementing targeted surveillance. Gaining more knowledge about the potential benefits and harms of COVID-19 vaccines will improve our ability to make informed decisions and judgments about the balance of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yen Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Douliu, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Echaide M, Chocarro de Erauso L, Bocanegra A, Blanco E, Kochan G, Escors D. mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Advantages and Caveats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065944. [PMID: 36983017 PMCID: PMC10051235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection has constituted a determinant resource to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the beginning of 2021, millions of doses have been administered in several countries of North and South America and Europe. Many studies have confirmed the efficacy of these vaccines in a wide range of ages and in vulnerable groups of people against COVID-19. Nevertheless, the emergence and selection of new variants have led to a progressive decay in vaccine efficacy. Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna developed updated bivalent vaccines-Comirnaty and Spikevax-to improve responses against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants. Frequent booster doses with monovalent or bivalent mRNA vaccines, the emergence of some rare but serious adverse events and the activation of T-helper 17 responses suggest the need for improved mRNA vaccine formulations or the use of other types of vaccines. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of mRNA vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 focusing on the most recent, related publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Echaide
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luisa Chocarro de Erauso
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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14
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Vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 during the Omicron wave in Germany: results from the COViK study. Infection 2023:10.1007/s15010-023-02012-z. [PMID: 36913112 PMCID: PMC10009838 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE COViK, a prospective hospital-based multicenter case-control study in Germany, aims to assess the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against severe disease. Here, we report vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-caused hospitalization and intensive care treatment during the Omicron wave. METHODS We analyzed data from 276 cases with COVID-19 and 494 control patients recruited in 13 hospitals from 1 December 2021 to 5 September 2022. We calculated crude and confounder-adjusted VE estimates. RESULTS 21% of cases (57/276) were not vaccinated, compared to 5% of controls (26/494; p < 0.001). Confounder-adjusted VE against COVID-19-caused hospitalization was 55.4% (95% CI: 12-78%), 81.5% (95% CI: 68-90%) and 95.6% (95%CI: 88-99%) after two, three and four vaccine doses, respectively. VE against hospitalization due to COVID-19 remained stable up to one year after three vaccine doses. CONCLUSION Three vaccine doses remained highly effective in preventing severe disease and this protection was sustained; a fourth dose further increased protection.
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15
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Shimizu H, Kawase J, Hayashi M, Imaizumi K, Ito Y, Okazawa M. COVID-19 symptom-onset to diagnosis and diagnosis to treatment intervals are significant predictors of disease progression and hospitalization in high-risk patients: A real world analysis. Respir Investig 2023; 61:220-229. [PMID: 36774815 PMCID: PMC9889256 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is overwhelming healthcare systems worldwide. This study aimed to elucidate factors that influence disease progression to pneumonia and hospitalization before and after antiviral treatment for COVID-19 in an outpatient setting. METHODS A total of 206 high-risk patients with COVID-19 were treated with sotrovimab, remdesivir, and molnupiravir at the Toshiwakai clinic between January 4 and April 30, 2022. Of these, 49 patients visited the Toshiwakai clinic directly and were treated immediately after diagnosis (Toshiwakai-clinic study group). The remaining patients were diagnosed elsewhere, and of these, 102 patients were quarantined at home (health-center study group) and 55 at designated facilities (quarantine-facility study group) before being referred to Toshiwakai clinic. Patients were categorized into those with mild and moderate COVID-19, based on the presence of pneumonia at the initial visit to Toshiwakai clinic. RESULTS The symptom-onset-to-diagnosis and diagnosis-to-treatment intervals were significant predictors of moderate disease. Age, dyspnea, and diagnosis-to-treatment interval at the first visit to Toshiwakai clinic were significant predictors for hospitalization even after antiviral treatment. Although the symptom-onset-to-diagnosis interval did not differ among the three study groups, the diagnosis-to-treatment and symptom-onset-to-treatment intervals were significantly longer in the health-center and quarantine-facility study groups than in the Toshiwakai-clinic study group. CONCLUSION The symptom-onset-to-diagnosis and diagnosis-to-treatment intervals reflect diagnostic and interventional delays, respectively, which are closely related to the current COVID-19 clinical management protocol. Easy access to the clinics and immediate antiviral treatment after diagnosis may be the best methods to prevent disease progression and hospitalization in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyasu Shimizu
- Department of Medicine, Toshiwakai Clinic, Nagoya 460-0022, Japan
| | - Jin Kawase
- Department of Surgery, Toshiwakai Clinic, Nagoya 460-0022, Japan
| | - Masamichi Hayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okazaki Medical Center, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Okazaki 444-0827, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-192, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Daiyukai General Hospital, Daiyukai Health System, Ichinomiya 491-8551, Japan
| | - Mitsushi Okazawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-192, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Daiyukai General Hospital, Daiyukai Health System, Ichinomiya 491-8551, Japan.
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16
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Monitoring and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of laboratory rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Sci Rep 2023; 13:3274. [PMID: 36841887 PMCID: PMC9958316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of effective vaccines and a high vaccination rate allowed the recent mitigation, or even withdrawal, of many protective measures for containing the SARS CoV-2 pandemic. At the same time, new and highly mutated variants of the virus are found to have significantly higher transmissibility and reduced vaccine efficacy, thus causing high infection rates during the third year of the pandemic. The combination of reduced measures and increased infectivity poses a particular risk for unvaccinated individuals, including animals susceptible to the virus. Among the latter, non-human primates (NHPs) are particularly vulnerable. They serve as important models in various fields of biomedical research and because of their cognitive capabilities, they receive particular attention in animal welfare regulations around the world. Yet, although they played an extraordinarily important role for developing and testing vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the protection of captive rhesus monkeys against Covid-19 has rarely been discussed. We here report upon twofold mRNA vaccination of a cohort of 19 elderly rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) against infection by SARS-CoV-2. All animals were closely monitored on possible side effects of vaccination, and were tested for neutralising antibodies against the virus. The data show that vaccination of rhesus monkeys is a safe and reliable measure to protect these animals against SARS-CoV-2.
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17
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Adlhoch C, Aznar I, Baldinelli F, Boklund A, Broglia A, Gerhards N, Mur L, Nannapaneni P, Ståhl K. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07822. [PMID: 36860662 PMCID: PMC9968901 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals is continually evolving. To date, animal species known to transmit SARS-CoV-2 are American mink, raccoon dog, cat, ferret, hamster, house mouse, Egyptian fruit bat, deer mouse and white-tailed deer. Among farmed animals, American mink have the highest likelihood to become infected from humans or animals and further transmit SARS-CoV-2. In the EU, 44 outbreaks were reported in 2021 in mink farms in seven MSs, while only six in 2022 in two MSs, thus representing a decreasing trend. The introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into mink farms is usually via infected humans; this can be controlled by systematically testing people entering farms and adequate biosecurity. The current most appropriate monitoring approach for mink is the outbreak confirmation based on suspicion, testing dead or clinically sick animals in case of increased mortality or positive farm personnel and the genomic surveillance of virus variants. The genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 showed mink-specific clusters with a potential to spill back into the human population. Among companion animals, cats, ferrets and hamsters are those at highest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which most likely originates from an infected human, and which has no or very low impact on virus circulation in the human population. Among wild animals (including zoo animals), mostly carnivores, great apes and white-tailed deer have been reported to be naturally infected by SARS-CoV-2. In the EU, no cases of infected wildlife have been reported so far. Proper disposal of human waste is advised to reduce the risks of spill-over of SARS-CoV-2 to wildlife. Furthermore, contact with wildlife, especially if sick or dead, should be minimised. No specific monitoring for wildlife is recommended apart from testing hunter-harvested animals with clinical signs or found-dead. Bats should be monitored as a natural host of many coronaviruses.
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Mohammed H, Pham-Tran DD, Yeoh ZYM, Wang B, McMillan M, Andraweera PH, Marshall HS. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Real-World Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against Infection, Symptomatic and Severe COVID-19 Disease Caused by the Omicron Variant (B.1.1.529). Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020224. [PMID: 36851102 PMCID: PMC9965204 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-world data on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) is limited. This systematic review aimed to investigate the real-world effectiveness and durability of protection conferred by primary course and booster vaccines against confirmed Omicron infection, and severe outcomes. We systematically searched literature up to 1 August 2022. Meta-analysis was performed with the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model to estimate the pooled vaccine effectiveness (VE). Overall, 28 studies were included representing 11 million individuals. The pooled VE against Omicron infection was 20.4% (95%CI: 12.1-28.7%) and 23.4% (95%CI: 13.5-33.3%) against symptomatic infection with variation based on vaccine type and age groups. VE sharply declined from 28.1% (95%CI: 19.1-37.1%) at three months to 3.9% (95%CI: -24.8-32.7%) at six months. Similar trends were observed for symptomatic Omicron infection. A booster dose restored protection against Omicron infection up to 51.1% (95%CI: 43.8-58.3%) and 57.3% (95%CI: 54.0-60.5%) against symptomatic infection within three months; however, this waned to 32.8% (95%CI: 16.8-48.7%) within six months. VE against severe Omicron infection following the primary course was 63.6% (95%CI: 57.5-69.7%) at three months, decreased to 49% (95%CI: 35.7-63.4%) within six months, and increased to 86% after the first or second booster dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Mohammed
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8161-9157
| | - Dan Duy Pham-Tran
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Zi Yi Michelle Yeoh
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Bing Wang
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Mark McMillan
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Prabha H. Andraweera
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Helen S. Marshall
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
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19
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Majeed B, David JF, Bragazzi NL, McCarthy Z, Grunnill MD, Heffernan J, Wu J, Woldegerima WA. Mitigating co-circulation of seasonal influenza and COVID-19 pandemic in the presence of vaccination: A mathematical modeling approach. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1086849. [PMID: 36684896 PMCID: PMC9845909 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1086849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-circulation of two respiratory infections with similar symptoms in a population can significantly overburden a healthcare system by slowing the testing and treatment. The persistent emergence of contagious variants of SARS-CoV-2, along with imperfect vaccines and their waning protections, have increased the likelihood of new COVID-19 outbreaks taking place during a typical flu season. Here, we developed a mathematical model for the co-circulation dynamics of COVID-19 and influenza, under different scenarios of influenza vaccine coverage, COVID-19 vaccine booster coverage and efficacy, and testing capacity. We investigated the required minimal and optimal coverage of COVID-19 booster (third) and fourth doses, in conjunction with the influenza vaccine, to avoid the coincidence of infection peaks for both diseases in a single season. We show that the testing delay brought on by the high number of influenza cases impacts the dynamics of influenza and COVID-19 transmission. The earlier the peak of the flu season and the greater the number of infections with flu-like symptoms, the greater the risk of flu transmission, which slows down COVID-19 testing, resulting in the delay of complete isolation of patients with COVID-19 who have not been isolated before the clinical presentation of symptoms and have been continuing their normal daily activities. Furthermore, our simulations stress the importance of vaccine uptake for preventing infection, severe illness, and hospitalization at the individual level and for disease outbreak control at the population level to avoid putting strain on already weak and overwhelmed healthcare systems. As such, ensuring optimal vaccine coverage for COVID-19 and influenza to reduce the burden of these infections is paramount. We showed that by keeping the influenza vaccine coverage about 35% and increasing the coverage of booster or fourth dose of COVID-19 not only reduces the infections with COVID-19 but also can delay its peak time. If the influenza vaccine coverage is increased to 55%, unexpectedly, it increases the peak size of influenza infections slightly, while it reduces the peak size of COVID-19 as well as significantly delays the peaks of both of these diseases. Mask-wearing coupled with a moderate increase in the vaccine uptake may mitigate COVID-19 and prevent an influenza outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Majeed
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jummy Funke David
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zack McCarthy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martin David Grunnill
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jane Heffernan
- Centre for Disease Modeling, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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COVID-19 Vaccination Did Not Increase the Risk of Potentially Related Serious Adverse Events: 18-Month Cohort Study in an Italian Province. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010031. [PMID: 36679876 PMCID: PMC9861956 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This cohort study on the entire population of an Italian Province assessed the incidence of potentially vaccine-related serious adverse events (PVR-SAEs) by COVID-19 vaccination status. From January 2021 to July 2022, we extracted all deaths and hospitalizations due to several cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis from National Healthcare System official data. During the follow-up, 5743 individuals died, and 2097 were hospitalized for PVR-SAEs. Vaccinated subjects (n = 259,821) did not show an increased risk of all-cause death, non-COVID death, or any PVR-SAEs, as compared to the unvaccinated (n = 56,494). These results were consistent across genders, age-classes, vaccine types, and SARS-CoV-2 infection status and did not vary in Cox models adjusting for age, gender, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and selected comorbidities. In the infected population, any dose of vaccine was associated with a lower likelihood of death and PVR-SAE. In the uninfected population, subjects who received one or two doses showed a significantly higher incidence of most outcomes, likely due to a large selection bias introduced by the Italian restriction policies targeting uninfected subjects who received less than three doses. In conclusion, COVID-19 vaccination was not associated with an increase of mortality or selected PVR-SAEs incidence. Further research is warranted to evaluate the long-term safety of COVID-19 vaccines.
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21
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COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign in Cancer Patients and Healthcare Workers-Results from a French Prospective Multicenter Cohort (PAPESCO-19). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225547. [PMID: 36428640 PMCID: PMC9688516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this prospective, real-life cohort study, we followed 523 cancer patients (CP) and 579 healthcare workers (HCW) from two cancer centers to evaluate the biological and clinical results of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Seventy percent of the CP and 90% of the HCW received an mRNA vaccine or the AZD1222 vaccine. Seropositivity was high after the first vaccine among HCW and poor among CP. The second dose resulted in almost 100% seropositivity in both cohorts. Antibody response was higher after the second injection than the first in both populations. Despite at least two doses, 8 CP (1.5%) and 14 HCW (2.4%) were infected, corresponding either to a weak level of antibody or a new strain of virus (particularly the Omicron variant of concern). Sixteen CP and three HCW were hospitalized but none of them died from COVID-19. To conclude, this study showed that two doses of COVID-19 vaccines were crucially necessary to attain sufficient seropositivity. However, the post-vaccination antibody level declines in individuals from the two cohorts and could not totally prevent new SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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22
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Non-Myelofibrosis Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Patients Show Better Seroconversion Rates after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Compared to Other Hematologic Diseases: A Multicentric Prospective Study of KroHem. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112892. [PMID: 36428459 PMCID: PMC9687514 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease- and treatment-mediated immunodeficiency might render SARS-CoV-2 vaccines less effective in patients with hematologic diseases. We performed a prospective non-interventional study to evaluate humoral response after one and two doses of mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in 118 patients with different malignant or non-malignant hematologic diseases from three Croatian treatment centers. An electrochemiluminescent assay was used to measure total anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD antibody titers. After one vaccine dose, 20/66 (33%) achieved seropositivity with a median antibody titer of 6.1 U/mL. The response rate (58/90, 64.4%) and median antibody titer (>250 U/mL) were higher after two doses. Seropositivity varied with diagnosis (overall p < 0.001), with the lowest rates in lymphoma (34.6%) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (52.5%). The overall response rate in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (CMPN) was 81.3% but reached 100% in chronic myeloid leukemia and other non-myelofibrosis CMPN. At univariable analysis, age > 67 years, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, active treatment, and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy increased the likelihood of no vaccine response, while hematopoietic stem cell recipients were more likely to respond. Age and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy remained associated with no response in a multivariable model. Patients with the hematologic disease have attenuated responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and significant variations in different disease subgroups warrant an individualized approach.
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23
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Kandeel A, Fahim M, Deghedy O, Alim W, Roshdy WH, Khalifa MK, El Shesheny R, Kandeil A, Naguib A, Elguindy N, Abdel Fattah M, Afifi S, Mohsen A, Abdelghaffar K. Incidence, risk factors, and whole-genome sequence of SARs-CoV-2 and influenza virus among the Egyptian pilgrims returning from Umrah mass gathering in Saudi Arabia, April-May 2022. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1290-1296. [PMID: 36274370 PMCID: PMC9616792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ramadan Umrah is the second largest Islamic pilgrimage with 2.75 million pilgrims allowed in 2022. This report presents the results of a survey among Egyptian pilgrims returning from Ramadan Umrah to monitor SARS-CoV-2 and influenza activity and identify prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants after this mass gathering. METHODS Cross-sectional survey conducted at Cairo airport from 30th April 2022-5 th May 2022. Pilgrims were invited to participate voluntarily. After consenting, participants interviewed using questionnaire including demographics, health status, and vaccination information and asked to provide NP/OP swabs for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza testing by RT-PCR. Whole-genome sequencing performed for 29 SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Incidence calculated, descriptive data analysis performed, and SARS-CoV-2 patients were compared to negatively tested participants using chi2 and p value< 0.05. RESULTS Overall, 1003 subjects participated, their mean age 50.9 ± 13 years, 594 (59.2%) were males. Of them, 76(7.6%) tested positive including 67(6.7%) SARS-CoV-2, 7(0.7%) influenza and 2(0.2%) SARS-CoV-2/influenza coinfection. Omicron sublineage BA.2 was the prevalent variant with no difference in severity identified between BA.1 and BA.2. No difference was identified between COVID-19 incidence among receivers of different vaccine types or between fully vaccinated and booster dose receivers. CONCLUSIONS Survey indicated a low incidence of SARs-CoV-2 and influenza among Egyptian pilgrims returning from Ramadan Umrah. Patients had mild or no symptoms with no hospitalization or deaths reported. Full vaccination and booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines proved equally effective. Enhancing COVID-19 and influenza vaccination before mass gatherings and close monitoring of respiratory viruses among pilgrims returning from Hajj and Umrah are crucial for outbreak early detection and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Kandeel
- Preventive Sector, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Manal Fahim
- Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, Preventive Sector, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ola Deghedy
- Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, Preventive Sector, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Walaa Alim
- Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, Preventive Sector, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Wael H Roshdy
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed K Khalifa
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rabeh El Shesheny
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amel Naguib
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nancy Elguindy
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Salma Afifi
- Ministry of Health and Population Consultant, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amira Mohsen
- World Health Organization, Egypt Country Office, Cairo, Egypt.
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24
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Rahman S, Hossain MJ, Nahar Z, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA, Islam MR. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Subvariants: Challenges and Opportunities in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221129396. [PMID: 36299441 PMCID: PMC9585367 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221129396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has become the most devastating pandemic of the 21st century since its appearance in December 2019. Like other RNA viruses, continuous mutation is common for coronavirus to create several variants and subvariants. The main reason behind this mutation and evolvement of SARS-CoV-2 was its structural spike (S) glycoprotein. Coronavirus has become a threat to global public health due to its high mutation capability and antibody neutralizing capacity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 5 major variants of concern (VOC) are Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529). Recently, different Omicron subvariants have gained worldwide dominance, such as BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5. However, there is a discernible drop in this symptomatic sickness globally due to the success of numerous monoclonal antibodies and vaccinations. Here we also discussed the currently dominant Omicron subvariants and the effectiveness of antiviral agents and vaccines. Based on the available data and our knowledge, we can suggest that the global healthcare organizations can decide on the declaration of the end of the pandemic phase of COVID-19 soon; however, the covid-19 will continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaranika Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of
Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State
University of Bangladesh, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zabun Nahar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of
Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of
Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of
Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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25
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Gidari A, Schiaroli E, Sabbatini S, Bastianelli S, Pierucci S, Busti C, Francisci D. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants on Serum Neutralization in a Cohort of Healthcare Workers Vaccinated with BNT162b2. J Infect 2022; 85:e125-e126. [PMID: 36031155 PMCID: PMC9419996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gidari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Schiaroli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bastianelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Pierucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Busti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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