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Barrera A, Martínez-Valdebenito C, Angulo J, Palma C, Hormazábal J, Vial C, Aguilera X, Castillo-Torres P, Pardo-Roa C, Balcells ME, Nervi B, Corre NL, Ferrés M. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and antigenic evasion: spotlight on isolated Omicron sub-lineages. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1414331. [PMID: 39267969 PMCID: PMC11390582 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1414331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in 2019, a diversity of viral genomic variants has emerged and spread globally due to increased transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion. By the first trimester of 2023 in Chile, as in most countries, BQ and XBB were the predominant circulating sub-lineages of Omicron. The molecular and antigenic characteristics of these variants have been mainly determined using non-authentic spike pseudoviruses, which is often described as a limitation. Additionally, few comparative studies using isolates from recent Omicron sub-lineages have been conducted. In this study, we isolated SARS-CoV-2 variants from clinical samples, including the ancestral B.1.1, Delta, Omicron BA.1, and sub-lineages of BA.2 and BA.5. We assessed their infectivity through cell culture infections and their antibody evasion using neutralization assays. We observed variations in viral plaque size, cell morphology, and cytotoxicity upon infection in Vero E6-TMPRSS2 cells for each variant compared to the ancestral B.1.1 virus. BA.2-derived sub-variants, such as XBB.1.5, showed attenuated viral replication, while BA.5-derived variants, such as BQ.1.1, exhibited replication rates similar to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus. Similar trends were observed in intestinal Caco-2 cells, except for Delta. Antibody neutralization experiments using sera from individuals infected during the first COVID-19 wave (FWI) showed a consistent but moderate reduction in neutralization against Omicron sub-lineages. Interestingly, despite being less prevalent, BQ.1.1 showed a 6.1-fold greater escape from neutralization than XBB.1.5. Neutralization patterns were similar when tested against sera from individuals vaccinated with 3xBNT162b2 (PPP) or Coronavac-Coronavac-BNT162b2 (CCP) schedules. However, CCP sera showed 2.3-fold higher neutralization against XBB.1.5 than FWI and PPP sera. This study provides new insights into the differences between BA.2 and BA.5-derived variants, leading to their eventual outcompetition. Our analysis offers important evidence regarding the balance between infectivity and antigenic escape that drives the evolution of second-generation SARS-CoV-2 variants in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Barrera
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Martínez-Valdebenito
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenniffer Angulo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Palma
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Hormazábal
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Vial
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Aguilera
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Castillo-Torres
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Salud del Niño y el Adolescente, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Pardo-Roa
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Salud del Niño y el Adolescente, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Elvira Balcells
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Adulto, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno Nervi
- Departamento de Hematología y Oncología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Le Corre
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Ferrés
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
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Lamothe PA, Capric V, Lee FEH. Viral infections causing asthma exacerbations in the age of biologics and the COVID-19 pandemic. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2024; 30:287-293. [PMID: 38411178 PMCID: PMC10959678 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma exacerbations are associated with substantial symptom burden and healthcare costs. Viral infections are the most common identified cause of asthma exacerbations. The epidemiology of viral respiratory infections has undergone a significant evolution during the COVID-19 pandemic. The relationship between viruses and asthmatic hosts has long been recognized but it is still incompletely understood. The use of newly approved asthma biologics has helped us understand this interaction better. RECENT FINDINGS We review recent updates on the interaction between asthma and respiratory viruses, and we address how biologics and immunotherapies could affect this relationship by altering the respiratory mucosa cytokine milieu. By exploring the evolving epidemiological landscape of viral infections during the different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, we emphasize the early post-pandemic stage, where a resurgence of pre-pandemic viruses with atypical seasonality patterns occurred. Finally, we discuss the newly developed RSV and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and how they reduce respiratory infections. SUMMARY Characterizing how respiratory viruses interact with asthmatic hosts will allow us to identify tailored therapies to reduce the burden of asthma exacerbations. New vaccination strategies are likely to shape the future viral asthma exacerbation landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. Department of Medicine. Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Sim JK, Lee HS, Yang J, Gwack J, Kim BI, Cha JO, Min KH, Lee YS. Comparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes Using Propensity Score Matching: Coronavirus Disease 2019 vs. Seasonal Influenza in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39:e128. [PMID: 38622937 PMCID: PMC11018986 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of the omicron variant and the formulation of diverse therapeutic strategies marked a new epoch in the realm of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Studies have compared the clinical outcomes between COVID-19 and seasonal influenza, but such studies were conducted during the early stages of the pandemic when effective treatment strategies had not yet been developed, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Therefore, an updated evaluation of the comparative analysis of clinical outcomes between COVID-19 and seasonal influenza is requisite. METHODS This study used data from the severe acute respiratory infection surveillance system of South Korea. We extracted data for influenza patients who were infected between 2018 and 2019 and COVID-19 patients who were infected in 2021 (pre-omicron period) and 2022 (omicron period). Comparisons of outcomes were conducted among the pre-omicron, omicron, and influenza cohorts utilizing propensity score matching. The adjusted covariates in the propensity score matching included age, sex, smoking, and comorbidities. RESULTS The study incorporated 1,227 patients in the pre-omicron cohort, 1,948 patients in the omicron cohort, and 920 patients in the influenza cohort. Following propensity score matching, 491 patients were included in each respective group. Clinical presentations exhibited similarities between the pre-omicron and omicron cohorts; however, COVID-19 patients demonstrated a higher prevalence of dyspnea and pulmonary infiltrates compared to their influenza counterparts. Both COVID-19 groups exhibited higher in-hospital mortality and longer hospital length of stay than the influenza group. The omicron group showed no significant improvement in clinical outcomes compared to the pre-omicron group. CONCLUSION The omicron group did not demonstrate better clinical outcomes than the pre-omicron group, and exhibited significant disease severity compared to the influenza group. Considering the likely persistence of COVID-19 infections, it is imperative to sustain comprehensive studies and ongoing policy support for the virus to enhance the prognosis for individuals affected by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyeom Sim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juyeon Yang
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Gwack
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Bryan Inho Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ok Cha
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung Hoon Min
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Seok Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Gerhards C, Steingass M, Heininger A, Lange B, Hetjens M, Gerigk M, Neumaier M, Evliyaoglu O, Kittel M. The Impact of Clinical Factors and SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Antibody Production in Vaccinated German Healthcare Professionals Infected Either with the Delta or the Omicron Variant. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:163. [PMID: 38400146 PMCID: PMC10893335 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the rapid introduction of vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic was a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 transmission and a less frequent occurrence of severe COVID-19 courses. Thus, we evaluated COVID-19 severity in vaccinated individuals to examine variant-specific symptom characteristics and their clinical impact on the serological immune response. METHODS A total of 185 individuals previously vaccinated against and infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) or Omicron (BA.4 and BA.5) variant, were enrolled for anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-N- and anti-RBD/S1-Ig level detection. A structured survey regarding medical history was conducted. RESULTS In 99.5 percent of cases, outpatient treatment was satisfactory. Specific symptoms associated with variants included ageusia and anosmia in patients with Delta infections and throat pain in Omicron infections. Among Delta-infected individuals with specific symptoms, significantly higher levels of anti-N antibodies were observed. CONCLUSION Our study identified variant-specific differences in the amount of SARS-CoV-2 antibody production and COVID-19 symptoms. Despite this, vaccinated individuals with Omicron or Delta infections generally experienced mild disease courses. Additionally, asymptomatic individuals exhibit lower anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels, indicating a clinical correlation between disease-specific antibodies and distinct symptoms, particularly in the case of the Delta variant. In follow-up studies, exploring post-COVID syndrome and focusing on cognitive symptoms in the acute phase of Omicron infections is crucial as it has the potential to longitudinally impact the lives of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Gerhards
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marlene Steingass
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexandra Heininger
- Department of Hygiene, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bettina Lange
- Department of Hygiene, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Hetjens
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg of University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marlis Gerigk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Osman Evliyaoglu
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kittel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Sarkar A, Omar S, Alshareef A, Fanous K, Sarker S, Alroobi H, Zamir F, Yousef M, Zakaria D. The relative prevalence of the Omicron variant within SARS-CoV-2 infected cohorts in different countries: A systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2212568. [PMID: 37254497 PMCID: PMC10234134 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2212568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in October 2021 and exhibited high transmissibility, immune evasion, and reduced severity when compared to the earlier variants. The lesser vaccine effectiveness against Omicron and its reduced severity created vaccination hesitancy among the public. This review compiled data reporting the relative prevalence of Omicron as compared to the early variants to give an insight into the existing variants, which may shape the decisions regarding the targets of the newly developed vaccines. Complied data revealed more than 90% prevalence within the infected cohorts in some countries. The BA.1 subvariant predominated over the BA.2 during the early stages of the Omicron wave. Moreover, BA.4/BA.5 subvariants were detected in South Africa, USA and Italy between October 2021 and April 2022. It is therefore important to develop vaccines that protect against Omicron as well as the early variants, which are known to cause more severe complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Omar
- Medical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aya Alshareef
- Medical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kareem Fanous
- Medical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shaunak Sarker
- Medical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hasan Alroobi
- Medical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fahad Zamir
- Premedical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud Yousef
- Premedical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dalia Zakaria
- Premedical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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von Bartheld CS, Wang L. Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction with the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cells 2023; 12:430. [PMID: 36766771 PMCID: PMC9913864 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The omicron variant is thought to cause less olfactory dysfunction than previous variants of SARS-CoV-2, but the reported prevalence differs greatly between populations and studies. Our systematic review and meta-analysis provide information regarding regional differences in prevalence as well as an estimate of the global prevalence of olfactory dysfunction based on 62 studies reporting information on 626,035 patients infected with the omicron variant. Our estimate of the omicron-induced prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in populations of European ancestry is 11.7%, while it is significantly lower in all other populations, ranging between 1.9% and 4.9%. When ethnic differences and population sizes are considered, the global prevalence of omicron-induced olfactory dysfunction in adults is estimated to be 3.7%. Omicron's effect on olfaction is twofold to tenfold lower than that of the alpha or delta variants according to previous meta-analyses and our analysis of studies that directly compared the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction between omicron and previous variants. The profile of the prevalence differences between ethnicities mirrors the results of a recent genome-wide association study that connected a gene locus encoding an odorant-metabolizing enzyme, UDP glycosyltransferase, to the extent of COVID-19-related loss of smell. Our analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that this enzyme contributes to the observed population differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. von Bartheld
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0352, USA
| | - Lingchen Wang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0275, USA
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von Bartheld CS, Wang L. Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction with the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2022.12.16.22283582. [PMID: 36561176 PMCID: PMC9774228 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.16.22283582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The omicron variant is thought to cause less olfactory dysfunction than previous variants of SARS-CoV-2, but the reported prevalence differs greatly between populations and studies. Our systematic review and meta-analysis provide information about regional differences in prevalence as well as an estimate of the global prevalence of olfactory dysfunction based on 62 studies reporting on 626,035 patients infected with the omicron variant. Our estimate of the omicron-induced prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in populations of European ancestry is 11.7%, while it is significantly lower in all other populations, ranging between 1.9% and 4.9%. When ethnic differences and population sizes are taken into account, the global prevalence of omicron-induced olfactory dysfunction in adults is estimated at 3.7%. Omicron’s effect on olfaction is twofold to tenfold lower than that of the alpha or delta variant, according to previous meta-analyses and our analysis of studies that directly compared prevalence of olfactory dysfunction between omicron and previous variants. The profile of prevalence differences between ethnicities mirrors the results of a recent genome-wide association study that implicated a gene locus encoding an odorant-metabolizing enzyme, UDP glycosyltransferase, to be linked to the extent of COVID-related loss of smell. Our analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that this enzyme contributes to the observed population differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. von Bartheld
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0352, United States
| | - Lingchen Wang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557-0275, United States
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Chen Y, Chen Z, Wang X, Xiong H, Shuang F, Liu X. Influencing factors of nucleic acid negative conversion in patients with mild and common COVID-19 induced by the Omicron variant of SARS-COV-2. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:731-737. [PMID: 36915975 PMCID: PMC10262005 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the clinical characteristics of mild and common COVID-19 patients infected with the Omicron variant, and to analyze related factors affecting the time to negative conversion of viral nucleic acid detection. METHODS Clinical data of 1781 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) admitted to a cabin hospital in Shanghai from April 12 to May 26, 2022, were retrospectively analyzed, including age, gender, height, weight, clinical symptoms, comorbid diseases, COVID-19 vaccination, treatment, and nucleic acid negative conversion time. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the influencing factors of nucleic acid negative conversion time. RESULTS Among the 1781 patients, 995 were male and 786 were female, with a median age of 39 (30, 52) years. There were 727 patients (40.8%) with overweight and obesity [body mass index (BMI) > 24 kg/cm 2) and 413 patients (23.2%) had comorbid diseases. 205 cases (11.5%) were not vaccinated while 1576 cases were vaccinated. There were 1233 cases (69.2%) with one or more symptoms. The main clinical symptoms were cough (60.3%), expectoration (50.4%) and fever (36.9%). 1444 cases (81.0%) were treated with Chinese medicine, 78 cases (4.4%) were treated with western medicine, 14 cases (0.8%) were treated with integrated Chinese and western medicine, and 245 cases (13.8%) did not receive any medical treatment. All patients improved and were discharged. The median nucleic acid negative conversion time was 10.3 (7.4, 12.4) d. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that, age ≥ 60 years ( OR=1.537, 95% CI: 1.116 - 2.115, P<0.01), BMI > 24 kg/cm 2 ( OR=1.344, 95% CI: 1.106 - 1.634, P<0.01 ) and hypertension ( OR=1.518, 95% CI: 1.094 - 2.106, P<0.05) were independent risk factors for prolonged nucleic acid negative conversion. COVID-19 vaccination ( OR=0.548, 95% CI: 0.398 - 0.755, P<0.01) was a protective factor, that is, vaccination shortened the time for the nucleic acid test to become negative. CONCLUSIONS The symptoms of the Omicron variant infection were relatively mild and occult. Age ≥ 60 years old, comorbid hypertension, no vaccination and BMI > 24 kg/cm 2 are independent influencing factors for prolonged nucleic acid negative conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Chen
- 1. Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- 2. Department of Nephrology, the 908th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Nanchang 330002, China
| | - Zhuomin Chen
- 3. Nursing Department, the 908th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Nanchang 330002, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- 2. Department of Nephrology, the 908th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Nanchang 330002, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- 2. Department of Nephrology, the 908th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Nanchang 330002, China
| | - Feng Shuang
- 4. Department of Orthopedics, the 908th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Nanchang 330002, China
| | - Xiujuan Liu
- 2. Department of Nephrology, the 908th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Nanchang 330002, China
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