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Kemp CG, Edwards AJ, White L, Kore G, Thurman PJ, Gaines T, King PT, Cole M, Orellana ER. Implementation Science for HIV Prevention and Treatment in Indigenous Communities: a Systematic Review and Commentary. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:237-256. [PMID: 39120668 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-024-00706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We systematically reviewed implementation research conducted in Indigenous communities in the Americas and the Pacific that focused on improving delivery of HIV preventive or treatment services. We highlight strengths and opportunities in the literature and outline principles for Indigenous-led, HIV-related implementation science. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 31 studies, revealing a consistent emphasis on cultural tailoring of services to Indigenous communities. Common barriers to implementation included stigma, geographic limitations, confidentiality concerns, language barriers, and mistrust. Community involvement in intervention development and delivery emerged as a key facilitator, and nearly half of the studies used community-based participatory research methods. While behavioral HIV prevention, especially among Indigenous youth, was a major focus, there was limited research on biomedical HIV prevention and treatment. No randomized implementation trials were identified. The findings underscore the importance of community engagement, the need for interventions developed within Indigenous communities rather than merely adapted, and the value of addressing the social determinants of implementation success. Aligned to these principles, an indigenized implementation science could enhance the acceptability and reach of critical HIV preventive and treatment services in Indigenous communities while also honoring their knowledge, wisdom, and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Kemp
- Center for Indigenous Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Abagail J Edwards
- Center for Indigenous Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lauren White
- Joint Program for Social Work and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gauri Kore
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Tommi Gaines
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paula Toko King
- Te Rōpū Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pōmare, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Marama Cole
- Te Rōpū Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pōmare, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - E Roberto Orellana
- Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Finley EP, Chrystal JG, Gable AR, Fletcher EH, Palma A, Canelo I, Oberman RS, Jackson LSS, Lesser R, Moin T, Bean-Mayberry B, Farmer MM, Hamilton A. The Rapid Implementation Feedback (RIF) report: real-time synthesis of qualitative data for proactive implementation planning and tailoring. Implement Sci Commun 2024; 5:69. [PMID: 38907331 PMCID: PMC11191329 DOI: 10.1186/s43058-024-00605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qualitative methods are a critical tool for enhancing implementation planning and tailoring, yet rapid turn-around of qualitative insights can be challenging in large implementation trials. The Department of Veterans Affairs-funded EMPOWER 2.0 Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) is conducting a hybrid type 3 effectiveness-implementation trial comparing the impact of Replicating Effective Programs (REP) and Evidence-Based Quality Improvement (EBQI) as strategies for implementing three evidence-based practices (EBPs) for women Veterans. We describe the development of the Rapid Implementation Feedback (RIF) report, a pragmatic, team-based approach for the rapid synthesis of qualitative data to aid implementation planning and tailoring, as well as findings from a process evaluation of adopting the RIF report within the EMPOWER 2.0 QUERI. METHODS Trained qualitative staff conducted 125 semi-structured pre-implementation interviews with frontline staff, providers, and leadership across 16 VA sites between October 2021 and October 2022. High-priority topic domains informed by the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research were selected in dialogue between EMPOWER 2.0 implementation and evaluation teams, and relevant key points were summarized for each interview to produce a structured RIF report, with emergent findings about each site highlighted in weekly written and verbal communications. Process evaluation was conducted to assess EMPOWER 2.0 team experiences with the RIF report across pre-implementation data collection and synthesis and implementation planning and tailoring. RESULTS Weekly RIF updates supported continuous EMPOWER 2.0 team communication around key findings, particularly questions and concerns raised by participating sites related to the three EBPs. Introducing the RIF report into team processes enhanced: team communication; quality and rigor of qualitative data; sensemaking around emergent challenges; understanding of site readiness; and tailoring of REP and EBQI implementation strategies. RIF report findings have facilitated rapid tailoring of implementation planning and rollout, supporting increased responsiveness to sites' needs and concerns. CONCLUSIONS The RIF report provides a structured strategy for distillation of time-sensitive findings, continuous team communication amid a complex multi-site implementation effort, and effective tailoring of implementation rollout in real-time. Use of the RIF report may also support trust-building by enhancing responsiveness to sites during pre- and early implementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Enhancing Mental and Physical Health of Women Veterans (NCT05050266); https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05050266?term=EMPOWER%202.0&rank=1 Date of registration: 09/09/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Finley
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Joya G Chrystal
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alicia R Gable
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erica H Fletcher
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Agatha Palma
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ismelda Canelo
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca S Oberman
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - La Shawnta S Jackson
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Lesser
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tannaz Moin
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bevanne Bean-Mayberry
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melissa M Farmer
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alison Hamilton
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Finley EP, Frankfurt SB, Kamdar N, Goodrich DE, Ganss E, Chen CJ, Eickhoff C, Krauss A, Connelly B, Seim RW, Goodman M, Geraci J. Partnership building for scale-up in the Veteran Sponsorship Initiative: Strategies for harnessing collaboration to accelerate impact in suicide prevention. Health Serv Res 2024. [PMID: 38689547 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the implementation and trust-building strategies associated with successful partnership formation in scale-up of the Veteran Sponsorship Initiative (VSI), an evidence-based suicide prevention intervention enhancing connection to U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and other resources during the military-to-civilian transition period. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING Scaling VSI nationally required establishing partnerships across VA, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and diverse public and private Veteran-serving organizations. We assessed partnerships formalized with a signed memorandum during pre- and early implementation periods (October 2020-October 2022). To capture implementation activities, we conducted 39 periodic reflections with implementation team members over the same period. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a qualitative case study evaluating the number of formalized VSI partnerships alongside directed qualitative content analysis of periodic reflections data using Atlas.ti 22.0. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS We first independently coded reflections for implementation strategies, following the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) taxonomy, and for trust-building strategies, following the Theoretical Model for Trusting Relationships and Implementation; a second round of inductive coding explored emergent themes associated with partnership formation. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS During this period, VSI established 12 active partnerships with public and non-profit agencies. The VSI team reported using 35 ERIC implementation strategies, including building a coalition and developing educational and procedural documents, and trust-building strategies including demonstrating competence and credibility, frequent interactions, and responsiveness. Cultural competence in navigating DoD and VA and accepting and persisting through conflict also appeared to support scale-up. CONCLUSIONS VSI's partnership-formation efforts leveraged a variety of implementation strategies, particularly around strengthening stakeholder interrelationships and refining procedures for coordination and communication. VSI implementation activities were further characterized by an intentional focus on trust-building over time. VSI's rapid scale-up highlights the value of partnership formation for achieving coordinated interventions to address complex problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Finley
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sheila B Frankfurt
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence (CoE) on Research for Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Nipa Kamdar
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David E Goodrich
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Transitioning Servicemember and Suicide Prevention Center (TASC), VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elyse Ganss
- Transitioning Servicemember and Suicide Prevention Center (TASC), VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Teacher's College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chien J Chen
- Veterans Health Administration National Center for Healthcare Advancement and Partnerships, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christine Eickhoff
- Veterans Health Administration National Center for Healthcare Advancement and Partnerships, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alison Krauss
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence (CoE) on Research for Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Brigid Connelly
- Transitioning Servicemember and Suicide Prevention Center (TASC), VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Teacher's College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Denver Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard W Seim
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence (CoE) on Research for Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Marianne Goodman
- Transitioning Servicemember and Suicide Prevention Center (TASC), VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Geraci
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence (CoE) on Research for Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas, USA
- Transitioning Servicemember and Suicide Prevention Center (TASC), VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Teacher's College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Bunger AC, Chuang E, Girth AM, Lancaster KE, Smith R, Phillips RJ, Martin J, Gadel F, Willauer T, Himmeger MJ, Millisor J, McClellan J, Powell BJ, Saldana L, Aarons GA. Specifying cross-system collaboration strategies for implementation: a multi-site qualitative study with child welfare and behavioral health organizations. Implement Sci 2024; 19:13. [PMID: 38347639 PMCID: PMC10863233 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-024-01335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-system interventions that integrate health, behavioral health, and social services can improve client outcomes and expand community impact. Successful implementation of these interventions depends on the extent to which service partners can align frontline services and organizational operations. However, collaboration strategies linking multiple implementation contexts have received limited empirical attention. This study identifies, describes, and specifies multi-level collaboration strategies used during the implementation of Ohio Sobriety Treatment and Reducing Trauma (Ohio START), a cross-system intervention that integrates services across two systems (child welfare and evidence-based behavioral health services) for families that are affected by co-occurring child maltreatment and parental substance use disorders. METHODS In phase 1, we used a multi-site qualitative design with 17 counties that implemented Ohio START. Qualitative data were gathered from 104 staff from child welfare agencies, behavioral health treatment organizations, and regional behavioral health boards involved in implementation via 48 small group interviews about collaborative approaches to implementation. To examine cross-system collaboration strategies, qualitative data were analyzed using an iterative template approach and content analysis. In phase 2, a 16-member expert panel met to validate and specify the cross-system collaboration strategies identified in the interviews. The panel was comprised of key child welfare and behavioral health partners and scholars. RESULTS In phase 1, we identified seven cross-system collaboration strategies used for implementation. Three strategies were used to staff the program: (1) contract for expertise, (2) provide joint supervision, and (3) co-locate staff. Two strategies were used to promote service access: (4) referral protocols and (5) expedited access agreements. Two strategies were used to align case plans: (6) shared decision-making meetings, and (7) sharing data. In phase 2, expert panelists specified operational details of the cross-system collaboration strategies, and explained the processes by which strategies were perceived to improve implementation and service system outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We identified a range of cross-system collaboration strategies that show promise for improving staffing, service access, and case planning. Leaders, supervisors, and frontline staff used these strategies during all phases of implementation. These findings lay the foundation for future experimental and quasi-experimental studies that test the effectiveness of cross-system collaboration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Bunger
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Emmeline Chuang
- School of Social Welfare, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amanda M Girth
- John Glenn College of Public Affairs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Smith
- Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jared Martin
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fawn Gadel
- Public Children Services Association of Ohio, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jen McClellan
- Public Children Services Association of Ohio, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Byron J Powell
- Center for Mental Health Services Research, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Dissemination & Implementation, Institute for Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lisa Saldana
- Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Gregory A Aarons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Hyzak KA, Bunger AC, Herrmann SA, Kerlek A, Lauden S, Dudley S, Underwood A, Berlan ED. Development of an Implementation Blueprint to Scale-Up Contraception Care for Adolescents with Psychiatric Conditions in a Pediatric Hospital. GLOBAL IMPLEMENTATION RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 3:147-161. [PMID: 38293653 PMCID: PMC10827339 DOI: 10.1007/s43477-023-00082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Implementation blueprints are comprehensive plans that describe implementation strategies, goals, timelines, and key personnel necessary for launching new interventions. Although blueprints are a foundational step in driving intervention rollout, little is known about how blueprints are developed, refined, and used in practice. The objective of this study was to describe a systematic, collaborative approach to developing, refining, and utilizing a formal implementation blueprint for scaling up the Contraception Care at Behavioral Health Pavilion (CC@BHP) intervention for adolescents hospitalized in psychiatric units within a pediatric hospital in the United States. In Stage 1 (Planning/Preparation), we assembled a Research Advisory Board (RAB) of 41 multidisciplinary members and conducted a formative evaluation to identify potential barriers to CC@BHP implementation. Barriers were mapped to implementation strategies using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) tool and used to create an initial blueprint. In Stage 2 (Development/Implementation), RAB members used activity logs to track implementation activities over the 18-month study period, which were then mapped to formal implementation strategies used to further develop the blueprint. About 30% of strategies were situated in the 'Train and Educate Stakeholders' ERIC category, 20% in 'Use Evaluative and Iterative Strategies,' and 16% in 'Develop Stakeholder Interrelationships' category. In Stage 3 (Synthesis/Refinement), the final blueprint was refined, consisting of 16 goals linked to 10 strategies for pre-implementation and 6 strategies for implementation. Feedback on the blueprint emphasized the role of the project champion in translating the blueprint into smaller, actionable steps for implementers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Hyzak
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, 1947 College Road, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Alicia C. Bunger
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, 1947 College Road, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Samantha A. Herrmann
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anna Kerlek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Lauden
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sam Dudley
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abigail Underwood
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, 1947 College Road, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Elise D. Berlan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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Bunger AC, Yousefi-Nooraie R, Warren K, Cao Q, Dadgostar P, Bustos TE. Developing a typology of network alteration strategies for implementation: a scoping review and iterative synthesis. Implement Sci 2023; 18:10. [PMID: 37024916 PMCID: PMC10080780 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-023-01266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social networks transmit knowledge, influence, and resources. These relationships among patients, professionals, and organizations can shape how innovations are disseminated, adopted, implemented, and sustained. Network alteration interventions-interventions that change or rewire social networks-have the potential to be used as implementation strategies. Yet, the types, mechanisms, and effectiveness of these interventions for implementation are unclear. This scoping review and iterative synthesis identified and described network alteration strategies that could be tested for implementation. METHODS We used forward and backward citation tracking of influential articles on network interventions, bibliometric searches, and hand searches of peer-reviewed social network journals. At least two team members screened article titles/abstracts to identify studies that met inclusion criteria: empirical studies of an intervention, the intervention was designed to alter some element of a social network, and changes in social network metrics were measured at two or more time points. During full-text reviews, information about the network interventions, actors, ties, and main findings was extracted. Reporting was informed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). To develop our typology, we synthesized these results using an iterative team-based and consensus-building process. RESULTS Fifty-three articles met the inclusion criteria. The interventions described were conducted in healthcare systems or behavioral health systems (34%), communities (26.4%), and schools (22.6%). The majority included records describing interventions designed to alter social support, information-sharing, or friendship networks (65%) among individual actors (84.9%), or to increase ties. Eight strategies emerged. Three strategies targeted the general context: (1) change the environment, (2) create groups, and (3) change the composition. Four strategies targeted individual actors: change (4) motivations, (5) skills for networking, (6) knowledge of one's social network, and (7) prominence/roles. One strategy (8) targeted specific ties within the network (targeting a particular pair-wise relationship or changing the nature of an existing tie). CONCLUSION The network alteration strategies in this typology provide further operational specificity for how implementation strategies target relationships. Advancing these strategies will require greater theoretical specification, the development of strategies that target professionals and organizations, and studies that examine the impact on implementation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Bunger
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Reza Yousefi-Nooraie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Keith Warren
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qiuchang Cao
- Pepper Institute On Aging and Public Policy & Claude Pepper Center, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Porooshat Dadgostar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tatiana E Bustos
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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