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Frankenstein D, Luu MS, Luna-Ayala J, Willett DS, Filgueiras CS. Soil moisture conditions alter behavior of entomopathogenic nematodes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4383-4390. [PMID: 38323469 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of environmental factors can disrupt biotic interactions between plants, insects and soil microorganisms with consequences for agricultural management and production. Many of these belowground interactions are mediated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which can be used for communication under appropriate environmental conditions. Behavioral responses to these compounds may likewise be dependent on varying soil conditions which are influenced by a changing climate. To determine how changing environmental conditions may affect VOC-mediated biotic interactions, we used a belowground system where entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) - tiny roundworm parasitoids of soil-borne insects - respond to VOCs by moving through the soil pore matrix. Specifically, we used two genera of EPNs - Heterorhabditis and Steinernema - that are known to respond to four specific terpenes - α-pinene, linalool, d-limonene and pregeijerene - released by the roots of plants in the presence of herbivores. We assessed the response of these nematodes to these terpenes under three moisture regimes to determine whether drier conditions or inundated conditions may influence the response behavior of these nematodes. RESULTS Our results illustrate that the recovery rate of EPNs is positively associated with soil moisture concentration. As soil moisture concentration increases from 6% to 18%, substantially more nematodes are recovered from bioassays. In addition, we find that soil moisture influences EPN preference for VOCs, as illustrated in the variable response rates. Certain compounds shifted from acting as a repellent to acting as an attractant and vice versa depending on the soil moisture concentration. CONCLUSION On a broad scale, we demonstrate that soil moisture has a significant effect on EPN host-seeking behavior. EPN efficacy as biological control agents could be affected by climate change projections that predict varying soil moisture concentrations. We recommend that maintaining nematodes as biological control agents is essential for sustainable agriculture development, as they significantly contribute not only to soil health but also to efficient pest management. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Frankenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Macawan S Luu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Luna-Ayala
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Denis S Willett
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Camila S Filgueiras
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
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Wu SY, Tang H, Ban S, Wen R, Mao X, Deng H, Abbas MK, Salem SM, Hou Y. Integrated approaches for Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) management: insights from laboratory studies with entomopathogenic nematodes and insecticides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38656697 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In agricultural pest management, especially in combatting the invasive red imported fire ant (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta), significant challenges emerge as a consequence of the constraints of solely depending on chemical insecticides or entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). The utilization of chemical insecticides carries environmental and ecological hazards, whereas EPNs, when applied independently, might not offer the immediate effectiveness necessary for adequate RIFA suppression. Acknowledging these hurdles, our study investigates a synergistic method that integrates EPNs with chemical insecticides, aiming to fulfill the urgent demand for more efficient and environmentally friendly pest control solutions. RESULTS Our evaluation focused on the interaction between the highly pathogenic Steinernema riobrave 7-12 EPN strain and prevalent insecticides, specifically beta-cypermethrin and a mixture of bifenthrin and clothianidin, applied at highly diluted recommended concentrations. The findings revealed a notable increase in RIFA mortality rates when EPNs and these insecticides were used together, outperforming the results achieved with each method individually. Remarkably, this enhanced efficacy was especially evident at lower concentrations of the bifenthrin-clothianidin mixture, indicating a valuable approach to minimizing reliance on chemical insecticides in agriculture. Furthermore, the high survival rates of EPNs alongside the tested insecticides indicate their compatibility and potential for sustained use in integrated pest management programs. CONCLUSION Our research underscores the effectiveness of merging EPNs with chemical insecticides as a powerful and sustainable strategy for RIFA management. This combined approach not only meets the immediate challenges of pest control in agricultural settings, but also supports wider environmental objectives by reducing the dependency on chemical insecticides. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huatao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shengmei Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xifan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Honghong Deng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed Kamal Abbas
- Agricultural Research Center, Plant Protection Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salem Mohamed Salem
- Agricultural Research Center, Plant Protection Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Li M, Ha B, Li Y, Vrieling K, Fu Z, Yu Q, Rasmann S, Wei X, Ruan W. Toxicological impacts of microplastics on virulence, reproduction and physiological process of entomopathogenic nematodes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116153. [PMID: 38422790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics have emerged as significant and concerning pollutants within soil ecosystems. Among the soil biota, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are lethal parasites of arthropods, and are considered among the most effective biological agents against pests. Infective juveniles (IJs) of EPNs, as they navigate the soil matrix scavenging for arthropod hosts to infect, they could potentially encounter microplastics. Howver, the impact of microplastics on EPNs has not been fully elucidated yet. We addressed this gap by subjecting Steinernema feltiae EPNs to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) with various sizes, concentrations, and exposure durations. After confirming PS-MP ingestion by S. feltiae using fluorescent dyes, we found that the PS-MPs reduced the survival, reproduction, and pathogenicity of the tested EPNs, with effects intensifying for smaller PS-MPs (0.1-1 μm) at higher concentrations (105 μg/L). Furthermore, exposure to PS-MPs triggered oxidative stress in S. feltiae, leading to increased reactive oxygen species levels, compromised mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased antioxidative enzyme activity. Furthermore, transcriptome analyses revealed PS-MP-induced suppression of mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. In conclusion, we show that ingestion of PS-MPs by EPNs can compromise their fitness, due to multple toxicity effects. Our results bear far-reaching consequences, as the presence of microplastics in soil ecosystems could undermine the ecological role of EPNs in regulating pest populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingge Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bingjun Ha
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, Leiden 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | - Zhen Fu
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Qilin Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Baniya A, Subkrasae C, Ardpairin J, Anesko K, Vitta A, Dillman AR. STEINERNEMA ADAMSI N. SP. (RHABDITIDA: STEINERNEMATIDAE), A NEW ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE FROM THAILAND. J Parasitol 2024; 110:22-39. [PMID: 38334188 DOI: 10.1645/23-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A new species of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema adamsi n. sp., was recovered from the soil of a longan tree (Dimocarpus sp.) in Mueang Lamphun District, Thailand, using baiting techniques. Upon analysis of the nematode's morphological traits, we found it to be a new species of Steinernema and a member of the Longicaudatum clade. Molecular analyses of the ITS rDNA and D2D3 of 28S rDNA sequences further confirmed that S. adamsi n. sp. is a new species of the Longicaudatum clade, which is closely related to Steinernema guangdongense and Steinernema longicaudam. Using morphometric analysis, the infective juveniles measure between 774.69 and 956.96 μm, males have a size range of 905.44 to 1,281.98 μm, and females are within the range of 1,628.21 to 2,803.64 μm. We also identified the symbiotic bacteria associated with the nematode based on 16S sequences as Xenorhabdus spp. closely related toXenorhabdus griffiniae. Furthermore, we have successfully assessed a cryopreservation method for the long-term preservation of S. adamsi n. sp. Successful cryopreservation of this new species will allow for the longer preservation of its traits and will be valuable for its future use. The discovery of this new species has significant implications for the development of effective biological control agents in Thailand, and our work contributes to our understanding of the diversity and evolution of entomopathogenic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Baniya
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Chanakan Subkrasae
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Jiranun Ardpairin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Kyle Anesko
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Apichat Vitta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Adler R Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Abd-Elgawad MMM. Reproduction of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Use in Pest Control. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2756:351-382. [PMID: 38427305 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3638-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The growing interest in the use of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria as promising biocontrol agents of many arthropod pests and pathogens has created running technologies to expand their use globally. The related laboratory procedures and tests on these nematodes such as their isolation, count, culture, identification, pathogenicity, virulence, and environmental tolerance should form the solid basis for such an expansion with reliable uses. Extensive practical details of such procedures and tests as well as how to identify and overcome the problems associated with these aspects are addressed in this chapter.
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Dias SC, de Brida AL, Jean-Baptiste MC, Leite LG, Ovruski SM, Garcia FRM. Pathogenicity and Virulence of Different Concentrations of Brazilian Isolates of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Drosophila suzukii. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:986-992. [PMID: 37495767 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The invasive pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) was recently recorded in Brazil and constitutes a threat to fruit growing, mainly for small, soft fruits. Recent advances in research on ways of controlling D. suzukii involve the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of four isolates in different concentrations against D. suzukii pupae. The EPN isolates used in trials were Steinernema brazilense IBCBn 06, S. carpocapsae IBCBn 02, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HB, and H. amazonensis IBCBn 24. Both H. amazonensis IBCBn 24 and H. bacteriophora HB were effective in controlling D. suzukii as they caused a mortality rate of 86.25% and 80.0%, and virulence of 549.75 IJs/pupae and 787.75 IJs/pupae in the concentrations of 1800 IJs/ml and 5400 IJs/ml, respectively. The lowest lethal concentrations (LC50) of juveniles were found in host pupae with 771.63 IJs/ml of H. bacteriophora HB and 1115.49 IJs/ml of H. amazonensis IBCBn 24. Results showed that both EPNs, H. amazonensis IBCBn 24 and H. bacteriophora HB, could be promising eco-friendly biological agents to control D. suzukii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Costa Dias
- Departamento de Ecologia de Insetos, Zoologia E Genética Do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andressa Lima de Brida
- Departamento de Ecologia de Insetos, Zoologia E Genética Do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sergio M Ovruski
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos Y Biotecnología (PROIMI-CONICET), División Control Biológico, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Flavio Roberto Mello Garcia
- Departamento de Ecologia de Insetos, Zoologia E Genética Do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil.
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7
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Hanke W, Alenfelder J, Liu J, Gutbrod P, Kehraus S, Crüsemann M, Dörmann P, Kostenis E, Scholz M, König GM. The Bacterial G q Signal Transduction Inhibitor FR900359 Impairs Soil-Associated Nematodes. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:549-569. [PMID: 37453001 PMCID: PMC10725363 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic depsipeptide FR900359 (FR) is derived from the soil bacterium Chromobacterium vaccinii and known to bind Gq proteins of mammals and insects, thereby abolishing the signal transduction of their Gq protein-coupled receptors, a process that leads to severe physiological consequences. Due to their highly conserved structure, Gq family of proteins are a superior ecological target for FR producing organisms, resulting in a defense towards a broad range of harmful organisms. Here, we focus on the question whether bacteria like C. vaccinii are important factors in soil in that their secondary metabolites impair, e.g., plant harming organisms like nematodes. We prove that the Gq inhibitor FR is produced under soil-like conditions. Furthermore, FR inhibits heterologously expressed Gαq proteins of the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Heterodera schachtii in the micromolar range. Additionally, in vivo experiments with C. elegans and the plant parasitic cyst nematode H. schachtii demonstrated that FR reduces locomotion of C. elegans and H. schachtii. Finally, egg-laying of C. elegans and hatching of juvenile stage 2 of H. schachtii from its cysts is inhibited by FR, suggesting that FR might reduce nematode dispersion and proliferation. This study supports the idea that C. vaccinii and its excreted metabolome in the soil might contribute to an ecological equilibrium, maintaining and establishing the successful growth of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hanke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Alenfelder
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jun Liu
- Neural Information Flow, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - CAESAR, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, D-53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
- Bonn International Graduate School - Land and Food, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 9, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Crüsemann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Monika Scholz
- Neural Information Flow, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - CAESAR, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, D-53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Chen J. Chemistry and Functions of Imported Fire Ant Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:489. [PMID: 37624246 PMCID: PMC10467070 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, imported fire ants are often referred to as red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, black imported fire ants, S. richteri Forel, and their hybrid (S. invicta × S. richteri). Due to their aggressive stings and toxic venom, imported fire ants pose a significant threat to public health, agriculture, and ecosystem health. However, venom plays a vital role in the survival of fire ants by serving various crucial functions in defense, foraging, and colony health maintenance. Numerous reviews and book chapters have been published on fire ant venom. Due to its medical importance and the expanding global distribution of these ants, fire ant venom research remains an active and highly productive area, leading to the discovery of new components and functions. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of fire ant venom chemistry and its functions within fire ant colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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Abd-Elgawad MMM. Optimizing Entomopathogenic Nematode Genetics and Applications for the Integrated Management of Horticultural Pests. HORTICULTURAE 2023; 9:865. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9080865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can kill and recycle in their host populations, which bodes well for EPNs’ exploitation in long-term and safe pest management. However, EPNs’ cost and efficacy need transformational technology to supplant less expensive and more effective but toxic/unhealthy pesticides. A technology that allows for the significant uptake of commercial EPNs should both boost their market suitability and provide genetic improvements. This review provides brief overviews of EPNs’ biology and ecology from the standpoint of pest/pathogen management as a prerequisite for EPN improvements. Understanding the biology and ecology of EPNs, particularly their symbiotic relationships with bacteria, is crucial to their effective use in pest management. This review provides relevant insights into EPN-symbiotic bacteria and the EPN–symbiont complex. The symbiotic relationship between EPNs and bacteria plays a key role in IPM, providing unique advantages. Either of them can be included in mechanisms underlying the various positive sides of plant–insect interactions in emerging integrated pest management (IPM) systems. Recent approaches, in which EPNs can act additively or synergistically with other production inputs in IPM programs, are discussed for further expansion. The simultaneous favorable effects of EPNs and/or their mutualistic bacteria on several pest/pathogen species of crops should be identified. Merits, such as the rapid killing of insect pests, ease of EPN/the symbiont’s mass production and a broad host range, are presented in order to widely disseminate the conditions under which EPN usage can offer a cost-effective and/or value-added technique for IPM. To maximize the effectiveness of EPNs in IPM, various genetic improvement techniques are being explored. Such techniques, along with their merits/demerits and related tools, are reviewed to optimize the common biocontrol usage of EPNs. Examples of genetic improvements to EPNs that allow for their use in transformational technology, such as a cost-effective application technique, increased infectivity, and toleration of unfavorable settings, are given. Proper production practices and genetic techniques should be applied carefully to avoid undesirable results; it is suggested that these are considered on a case-by-case basis. This will enable us to optimize EPN performance based on the given variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad
- Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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10
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Toledo J, Morán-Aceves BM, Ibarra JE, Liedo P. Can Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Symbiotic Bacteria Suppress Fruit Fly Pests? A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1682. [PMID: 37512856 PMCID: PMC10384719 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are serious pests that affect fruit production and marketing. Both third instar larvae and pupae are biological stages that persist in the soil until adult emergence. Entomopathogenic nematodes (ENs) are biological control agents that are used to control agricultural pests in greenhouse or field conditions. Several studies have been carried out under laboratory and field conditions showing how ENs can be applied within an area-wide integrated pest management approach to control fruit fly species in orchards and backyard fruit trees. In this review, we analyze how soil physical characteristics and biotic factors affect the performance of these biological control agents. Of the reviewed papers, more than half evaluated the influence of soil texture, humidity, temperature, and other factors on the performance of infective juveniles (IJs). Abiotic factors that significantly influence the performance of IJs are temperature, humidity, and texture. Among the biotic factors that affect IJs are fungi, bacteria, mites, insects, and earthworms. We conclude that ENs have the potential to be applied in the drip area of fruit trees that are infested by fruit flies and contribute to their suppression. This approach, in conjunction with an area-wide pest management approach, may contribute to pest suppression and increase the sustainability of agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Toledo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Brenda M Morán-Aceves
- Laboratorio de Reproducción de Hongos Entomopatógenos, Asociación de Cañeros del Soconusco, A.C. CNPR, Huixtla 30640, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Jorge E Ibarra
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Pablo Liedo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
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Maushe D, Ogi V, Divakaran K, Verdecia Mogena AM, Himmighofen PA, Machado RAR, Towbin BD, Ehlers RU, Molina C, Parisod C, Maud Robert CA. Stress tolerance in entomopathogenic nematodes: Engineering superior nematodes for precision agriculture. J Invertebr Pathol 2023:107953. [PMID: 37336478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are soil-dwelling parasitic roundworms commonly used as biocontrol agents of insect pests in agriculture. EPN dauer juveniles locate and infect a host in which they will grow and multiply until resource depletion. During their free-living stage, EPNs face a series of internal and environmental stresses. Their ability to overcome these challenges is crucial to determine their infection success and survival. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of EPN response to stresses associated with starvation, low/elevated temperatures, desiccation, osmotic stress, hypoxia, and ultra-violet light. We further report EPN defense strategies to cope with biotic stressors such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and predatory insects. By comparing the genetic and biochemical basis of these strategies to the nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans, we provide new avenues and targets to select and engineer precision nematodes adapted to specific field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Maushe
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vera Ogi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Keerthi Divakaran
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Anton Himmighofen
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo A R Machado
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Daniel Towbin
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralf-Udo Ehlers
- e- nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, DE-24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Carlos Molina
- e- nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, DE-24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Christian Parisod
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Topalović O, Geisen S. Nematodes as suppressors and facilitators of plant performance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2305-2312. [PMID: 37010088 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-nematode interactions are mainly considered from the negative aspect with a focus on plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), which is justified considering the agronomic losses caused by PPNs. Despite the fact that PPNs are outnumbered by nonparasitic free-living nematodes (FLNs), the functional importance of FLNs, especially with regard to plant performance, remains largely unknown. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview and most recent insights into soil nematodes by showing direct and indirect links of both PPNs and FLNs with plant performance. We especially emphasize the knowledge gaps and potential of FLNs as important indirect players in driving plant performance such as stimulating the resistance to pests via improving the disease suppressive activity of the rhizobiome. Together, we present a holistic view of soil nematodes as positive and negative contributors to plant performance, accentuating the positive but underexplored role of FLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Topalović
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
- Department of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Department of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
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13
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Alani OS, Cao M, Goodrich-Blair H, Heppert JK. Conjugation and transposon mutagenesis of Xenorhabdus griffiniae HGB2511, the bacterial symbiont of the nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum (India). MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000772. [PMID: 37179970 PMCID: PMC10170317 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis, the beneficial interactions between two organisms, is a ubiquitous feature of all life on Earth, including associations between animals and bacteria. However, the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms which underlie the diverse partnerships formed between animals and bacteria are still being explored. Entomopathogenic nematodes transport bacteria between insect hosts, together they kill the insect, and the bacteria consume the insect and serve as food source for the nematodes. These nematodes, including those in the Steinernema genus, are effective laboratory models for studying the molecular mechanisms of symbiosis because of the natural partnership they form with Xenorhabdus bacteria and their straightforward husbandry. Steinernema hermaphroditum nematodes and their Xenorhabdus griffiniae symbiotic bacteria are being developed as a genetic model pair for studying symbiosis. Our goal in this project was to begin to identify bacterial genes that may be important for symbiotic interactions with the nematode host. Towards this end, we adapted and optimized a protocol for delivery and insertion of a lacZ- promoter-probe transposon for use in the S. hermaphroditum symbiont, X. griffiniae HGB2511 (Cao et al., 2022). We assessed the frequencies at which we obtained exconjugants, metabolic auxotrophic mutants, and active promoter- lacZ fusions. Our data indicate that the Tn 10 transposon inserted relatively randomly based on the finding that 4.7% of the mutants exhibited an auxotrophic phenotype. Promoter-fusions with the transposon-encoded lacZ , which resulted in expression of β-galactosidase activity, occurred in 47% of the strains. To our knowledge, this is the first mutagenesis protocol generated for this bacterial species, and will facilitate the implementation of large scale screens for symbiosis and other phenotypes of interest in X. griffiniae .
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S. Alani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mengyi Cao
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jennifer K. Heppert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
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14
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Askar AG, Yüksel E, Bozbuğa R, Öcal A, Kütük H, Dinçer D, Canhilal R, Dababat AA, İmren M. Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes against Common Wireworm Species in Potato Cultivation. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020288. [PMID: 36839560 PMCID: PMC9961910 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are common insect pests that attack a wide range of economically important crops including potatoes. The control of wireworms is of prime importance in potato production due to the potential damage of the larvae to tuber quantity and quality. Chemical insecticides, the main control strategy against wireworms, generally fail to provide satisfactory control due to the lack of available chemicals and the soil-dwelling habits of the larvae. In the last decades, new eco-friendly concepts have emerged in the sustainable control of wireworms, one of which is entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). EPNs are soil-inhabitant organisms and represent an ecological approach to controlling a great variety of soil-dwelling insect pests. In this study, the susceptibility of Agriotes sputator Linnaeus and A. rufipalpis Brullé larvae, the most common wireworm species in potato cultivation in Türkiye, to native EPN strains [Steinernema carpocapsae (Sc_BL22), S. feltiae (Sf_BL24 and Sf_KAY4), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb_KAY10 and Hb_AF12)] were evaluated at two temperatures (25 and 30 °C) in pot experiments. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hb_AF12 was the most effective strain at 30 °C six days post-inoculation and caused 37.5% mortality to A. rufipalpis larvae. Agriotes sputator larvae were more susceptible to tested EPNs at the same exposure time, and 50% mortality was achieved by two EPNs species, Hb_AF12 and Sc_BL22. All EPN species/strains induced mortality over 70% to both wireworm species at both temperatures at 100 IJs/cm2, 18 days post-treatment. The results suggest that tested EPN species/strains have great potential in the control of A. sputator and A. rufipalpis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arife Gümüş Askar
- Istanbul Directorate of Agricultural Quarantine, Bakırköy, 34149 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Correspondence: (A.G.A.); (E.Y.)
| | - Ebubekir Yüksel
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Kayseri Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
- Correspondence: (A.G.A.); (E.Y.)
| | - Refik Bozbuğa
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Odunpazarı, 26160 Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Atilla Öcal
- Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute, Merkez, 77100 Yalova, Türkiye
| | - Halil Kütük
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030 Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Dilek Dinçer
- Biological Control Research Institute, Yüreğir, 01321 Adana, Türkiye
| | - Ramazan Canhilal
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Kayseri Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Abdelfattah A. Dababat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) 39, Emek, 06511 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa İmren
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030 Bolu, Türkiye
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15
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Ali M, Allouf N, Ahmad M. Isolation, identification of entomopathogenic nematodes with insights into their distribution in the Syrian coast regions and virulence against Tuta absoluta. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230056. [PMID: 38046056 PMCID: PMC10689052 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the Syrian coast regions remain relatively uncharted. To address this gap in our knowledge, an extensive survey of these ecosystems was essential. This study aims to isolate and identify EPNs from diverse ecosystems within the coastal regions. The distribution of EPNs in cultivated and natural environments was analyzed according to habitat, altitude, and sampling season factors. Between 2017 and 2020, EPNs were recovered from 27 out of 821 soil samples (3.28%) and collected from 24 out of 375 sampling sites (6.4%). Based on morphological, morphometric, and molecular (ITS) characteristics, four EPN species were identified: Heterorhabditis indica (51.85%), representing the first report of its occurrence in the coastal regions, H. bacteriophora (33.33%), H. pakistanense (7.4%), which is also reported for the first time in Syria, and Steinernema affine (7.4%). There were statistical differences in the abundance and recovery frequency of EPNs in each type of habitat. Additionally, there were statistical differences in the altitude and sampling season recovery frequency. Co-inertia analysis revealed correlation between the distribution and occurrence of EPNs in vegetation habitats, altitude, and sampling seasons, as well as some soil characteristics. H. indica and H. bacteriophora were associated with citrus orchards, low-altitude ranges, moderate organic matter, and acidic soil. More specifically, H. indica isolates were correlated with olive orchards, vegetable fields, autumn season, and clay, sandy, and sandy loam soils. Meanwhile, H. bacteriophora isolates were correlated with tobacco fields, grasslands, alkaline pH, spring season, silty loam, and clay loam soils. H. pakistanense was linked to pear orchards, vineyards, moderate pH, and low organic matter. S. affine occurred in walnut orchards, silty soil, higher altitudes, and winter season. The virulence levels of three native EPN isolates (S. affine, H. indica and H. bacteriophora) were evaluated against 3rd and 4th instar larvae (outside and inside mines) and pupae of T. absoluta, a destructive pest in Syria. All three native EPN species exhibited ability to infect and kill the insect, with observed significant differences in their virulence. This study provides an understanding of EPN occurrence, distribution, and their potential for application in sustainable pest control strategies in Syria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ali
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Nada Allouf
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
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16
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Cockx B, Van Bael S, Boelen R, Vandewyer E, Yang H, Le TA, Dalzell JJ, Beets I, Ludwig C, Lee J, Temmerman L. Mass Spectrometry-Driven Discovery of Neuropeptides Mediating Nictation Behavior of Nematodes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100479. [PMID: 36481452 PMCID: PMC9881375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides regulate animal physiology and behavior, making them widely studied targets of functional genetics research. While the field often relies on differential -omics approaches to build hypotheses, no such method exists for neuropeptidomics. It would nonetheless be valuable for studying behaviors suspected to be regulated by neuropeptides, especially when little information is otherwise available. This includes nictation, a phoretic strategy of Caenorhabditis elegans dauers that parallels host-finding strategies of infective juveniles of many pathogenic nematodes. We here developed a targeted peptidomics method for the model organism C. elegans and show that 161 quantified neuropeptides are more abundant in its dauer stage compared with L3 juveniles. Many of these have orthologs in the commercially relevant pathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, in whose infective juveniles, we identified 126 neuropeptides in total. Through further behavioral genetics experiments, we identify flp-7 and flp-11 as novel regulators of nictation. Our work advances knowledge on the genetics of nictation behavior and adds comparative neuropeptidomics as a tool to functional genetics workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Cockx
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sven Van Bael
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rose Boelen
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Vandewyer
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heeseung Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tuan Anh Le
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johnathan J Dalzell
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Beets
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Liesbet Temmerman
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Stefanovska T, Luckhart S, Ripa L, Stevens G, Lewis E. Steinernema carpocapsae. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:400-401. [PMID: 36682940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Stefanovska
- Department of Entomology, Integrated Pest Management and Plant Quarantine, The National University of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - Lucas Ripa
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - Glen Stevens
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - Edwin Lewis
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA.
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18
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Chen Y, Long H, Jin T, Peng Z, Sun Y, Feng T. Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematode HbSD as a Candidate Biocontrol Agent against Spodoptera frugiperda. INSECTS 2022; 14:2. [PMID: 36661931 PMCID: PMC9866796 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a highly destructive and polyphagous pest that causes severe damage to various crops, especially maize. The wide use of chemical insecticides to control S. frugiperda results in resistance against commonly used chemicals and resistant mutations will expand in populations accompanied by a spread to vulnerable areas. Consequently, more effective and friendly strategies must be explored to minimize losses caused by S. frugiperda. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are good candidates for the biological control of different species of insect pests, including S. frugiperda. In the current study, the infective capabilities of the EPN species HbSD, belonging to Hetrerorhabditis bacteriophora, were evaluated against S. frugiperda under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. In laboratory assays, HbSD was highly virulent against 3rd/5th instar larvae, which was related to HbSD concentration and exposure durations. In greenhouse assays, spraying aqueous HbSD also showed good performance in killing larvae on maize leaves. However, the virulence of HbSD decreased in field trials where many adverse factors affecting survival and efficacy were encountered by HbSD. Overall, our study provides an alternative EPN for the biological control of S. frugiperda with the potential to be developed as a sustainable option for efficient pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Haibo Long
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zhengqiang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yanfang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Tuizi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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19
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Gümüşsoy A, Yüksel E, Özer G, İmren M, Canhilal R, Amer M, Dababat AA. Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:1085. [PMID: 36554995 PMCID: PMC9786672 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the major pests in pome fruit production worldwide. Heavy treatment of the larvae of C. pomonella with insecticides triggered the development of resistance to many groups of insecticides. In addition, the increasing concern about the adverse effects of synthetic insecticides on human health and the environment has led to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly control practices for C. pomonella. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) and their endosymbionts (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp.) represent a newly emerging approach to controlling a wide range of insect pests. In the present study, field surveys were conducted in apple orchards to isolate and identify EPNs and their endosymbionts and evaluate their insecticidal efficacy on the larvae of C. pomonella. EPNs were isolated from 12 of 100 soil samples (12%). Seven samples were identified as Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), whereas five samples were assigned to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). The pathogenicity of the EPN species/isolates was screened on the last instar larvae of G. mellonella. The two most pathogenic isolates from each EPN species were tested against fifth instar larvae of C. pomonella under controlled conditions. The maximum mortality (100%) was achieved by all EPN species/isolates at a concentration of 100 IJs/larva 96 h after treatment. The endosymbionts of selected H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae species were identified as Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii and Xenorhabdus bovienii, respectively. The mortality rates ranged between 25 and 62% when the fifth larval instar larvae of C. pomonella were exposed to the treatment of cell-free supernatants of symbiotic bacteria. In essence, the present survey indicated that EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria have good potential for biological control of C. pomonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asım Gümüşsoy
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Ebubekir Yüksel
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Göksel Özer
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa İmren
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Ramazan Canhilal
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Mohammed Amer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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20
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A ShK-like Domain from Steinernema carpocapsae with Bioinsecticidal Potential. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110754. [PMID: 36356004 PMCID: PMC9699480 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes are used as biological control agents against a broad range of insect pests. We ascribed the pathogenicity of these organisms to the excretory/secretory products (ESP) released by the infective nematode. Our group characterized different virulence factors produced by Steinernema carpocapsae that underlie its success as an insect pathogen. A novel ShK-like peptide (ScK1) from this nematode that presents high sequence similarity with the ShK peptide from a sea anemone was successfully produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli. The secondary structure of ScK1 appeared redox-sensitive, exhibiting a far-UV circular dichroism spectrum consistent with an alpha-helical secondary structure. Thermal denaturation of the ScK1 allowed estimating the melting temperature to 59.2 ± 0.1 °C. The results from toxicity assays using Drosophila melanogaster as a model show that injection of this peptide can kill insects in a dose-dependent manner with an LD50 of 16.9 µM per adult within 24 h. Oral administration of the fusion protein significantly reduced the locomotor activity of insects after 48 h (p < 0.05, Tukey's test). These data show that this nematode expresses insecticidal peptides with potential as next-generation insecticides.
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21
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Kotliarevski L, Cohen R, Ramakrishnan J, Wu S, Mani KA, Amar-Feldbaum R, Yaakov N, Zelinger E, Belausov E, Shapiro-Ilan D, Glazer I, Ment D, Mechrez G. Individual Coating of Entomopathogenic Nematodes with Titania (TiO 2) Nanoparticles Based on Oil-in-Water Pickering Emulsion: A New Formulation for Biopesticides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13518-13527. [PMID: 36226658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a new eco-friendly formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) based on individual coating of EPNs with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and mineral oil via oil-in-water Pickering emulsions. Mineral oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by amine-functionalized titanium dioxide (TiO2-NH2) particles were prepared. 40:60 and 50:50 oil-water volume ratios using 2 wt % TiO2-NH2 particles were found to be the most stable emulsions with a droplet size suitable for the formulation and were further studied for their toxicity against the incorporated EPNs. Carboxyfluorescein was covalently bonded to TiO2-NH2 NPs, and the resulting composite was observed via fluorescence confocal microscopy. The dry coating was evaluated using SEM and confocal microscopy, which showed significant nematode coverage by the particles and oil. The final formulation was biocompatible with the studied EPNs, where the viability of the EPNs in the formulation was equivalent to control aqueous suspension after 120 days. Finally, yields of nematodes from infected Galleria mellonella cadavers collected for 150 days showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) using the tested emulsions compared to the control containing nematodes in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Kotliarevski
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon Letzion7505101, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Raz Cohen
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon Letzion7505101, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Jayashree Ramakrishnan
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot7610001, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon Letzion7505101, Israel
| | - Shaohui Wu
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 120 Cedar St, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
| | - Karthik Ananth Mani
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon Letzion7505101, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Reut Amar-Feldbaum
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon Letzion7505101, Israel
| | - Noga Yaakov
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon Letzion7505101, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- The Interdepartmental Equipment Unit, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon Letzion7505101, Israel
| | - David Shapiro-Ilan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 21 Dunbar Rd., Byron, Georgia 31008, United States
| | - Itamar Glazer
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Entomology and Nematology, Gluska Zharia, 9, Bet-Dagan50250, Israel
| | - Dana Ment
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon Letzion7505101, Israel
| | - Guy Mechrez
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon Letzion7505101, Israel
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22
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Lillis PE, Kennedy IP, Carolan JC, Griffin CT. Low-temperature exposure has immediate and lasting effects on the stress tolerance, chemotaxis and proteome of entomopathogenic nematodes. Parasitology 2022; 150:1-14. [PMID: 36328953 PMCID: PMC10090647 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting soil organisms, including the infective stages of parasites and entomopathogenic nematodes, which are important biological control agents. We investigated the response of 2 species of entomopathogenic nematodes to different storage regimes: cold (9°C), culture temperature (20°C) and temperature swapped from 9 to 20°C. For Steinernema carpocapsae, cold storage had profound effects on chemotaxis, stress tolerance and protein expression that were retained in temperature-swapped individuals. These effects included reversal of chemotactic response for 3 (prenol, methyl salicylate and hexanol) of the 4 chemicals tested, and enhanced tolerance to freezing (−10°C) and desiccation (75% RH). Label-free quantitative proteomics showed that cold storage induced widespread changes in S. carpocapsae, including an increase in heat-shock proteins and late embryogenesis abundant proteins. For Heterorhabditis megidis, cold storage had a less dramatic effect on chemotaxis (as previously shown for proteomic expression) and changes were not maintained on return to 20°C. Thus, cold temperature exposure has significant effects on entomopathogenic nematodes, but the nature of the change depends on the species. Steinernema carpocapsae, in particular, displays significant plasticity, and its behaviour and stress tolerance may be manipulated by brief exposure to low temperatures, with implications for its use as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Lillis
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ian P. Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - James C. Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
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23
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ShK-Domain-Containing Protein from a Parasitic Nematode Modulates Drosophila melanogaster Immunity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101094. [PMID: 36297151 PMCID: PMC9610955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component to understanding host–parasite interactions is the molecular crosstalk between host and parasite. Excreted/secreted products (ESPs) released by parasitic nematodes play an important role in parasitism. They can directly damage host tissue and modulate host defense. Steinernema carpocapsae, a well-studied parasite of insects releases approximately 500 venom proteins as part of the infection process. Though the identity of these proteins is known, few have been studied in detail. One protein family present in the ESPs released by these nematodes is the ShK family. We studied the most abundant ShK-domain-containing protein in S. carpocapsae ESPs, Sc-ShK-1, to investigate its effects in a fruit fly model. We found that Sc-ShK-1 is toxic under high stress conditions and negatively affects the health of fruit flies. We have shown that Sc-ShK-1 contributes to host immunomodulation in bacterial co-infections resulting in increased mortality and microbial growth. This study provides an insight on ShK-domain-containing proteins from nematodes and suggests these proteins may play an important role in host–parasite interactions.
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24
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Description of Oscheius cyrus n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) as new entomopathogenic nematode from Iran. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e69. [PMID: 36120816 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new species of the genus Oscheius, Oscheius cyrus n. sp., collected in the moist soils taken from forest heights in the north of Iran, is recorded. A comprehensive description, comprising molecular (internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 18S, and 28S rDNA genes) information, morphometrics data, light microscope and scanning electron microscope images, is supplied. The species resembles Oscheius myriophilus. However, the highest ranges for female body length, female tail, infective juvenile tail length, median bulb, absence of epiptygma and lateral field incisures number vary. The new species was distinguished from Oscheius insectivorus by the general lip region. The male was not found. Molecular analysis showed that the new species has the most similarity to O. myriophilus both in the ITS and 18S regions. Morphological and molecular data confirmed its belonging to the Insectivora-group. Furthermore, the species of Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense was reported as a dominant associated bacterium of the new Oscheius species. Finally, the mortality of the host after seven days varied from 20% to 82.5%, depending on nematodes' concentration.
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25
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Xenorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Useful Facets of Mutualistic Bacteria of Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091360. [PMID: 36143397 PMCID: PMC9503066 DOI: 10.3390/life12091360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting concern over the misuse of chemical pesticides has sparked broad interest for safe and effective alternatives to control plant pests and pathogens. Xenorhabdus bacteria, as pesticidal symbionts of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema species, can contribute to this solution with a treasure trove of insecticidal compounds and an ability to suppress a variety of plant pathogens. As many challenges face sound exploitation of plant–phytonematode interactions, a full useful spectrum of such interactions should address nematicidal activity of Xenorhabdus. Steinernema–Xenorhabdus complex or Xenorhabdus individually should be involved in mechanisms underlying the favorable side of plant–nematode interactions in emerging cropping systems. Using Xenorhabdus bacteria should earnestly be harnessed to control not only phytonematodes, but also other plant pests and pathogens within integrated pest management plans. This review highlights the significance of fitting Xenorhabdus-obtained insecticidal, nematicidal, fungicidal, acaricidal, pharmaceutical, antimicrobial, and toxic compounds into existing, or arising, holistic strategies, for controlling many pests/pathogens. The widespread utilization of Xenorhabdus bacteria, however, has been slow-going, due to costs and some issues with their commercial processing. Yet, advances have been ongoing via further mastering of genome sequencing, discovering more of the beneficial Xenorhabdus species/strains, and their successful experimentations for pest control. Their documented pathogenicity to a broad range of arthropods and pathogens and versatility bode well for useful industrial products. The numerous beneficial traits of Xenorhabdus bacteria can facilitate their integration with other tactics for better pest/disease management programs.
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26
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Koc S, Polat B, Cengiz A, Kahraman S, Tufan-Cetin O, Cetin H. Pathogenicity of an Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae on Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Strains From Turkey. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1303-1309. [PMID: 35762678 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is an insect pest in poultry production systems. This insect has developed resistance to many chemical insecticides. As an alternative to chemicals, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are one of the most commonly used agents against several pest arthropods. The pathogenicity of the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser on four field strains of lesser mealworm, A. diaperinus, from Turkey was studied. In the experiments, larvae of A. diaperinus were found to be more sensitive than adults to S. carpocapsae infection. In terms of LC50 values in both larval and adult insects, Balikesir strain was found to be the most susceptible, Manisa strain the most resistant. The calculated LC50 values for adults were 85.9, 205.6, 135.4, and 418.8 IJs/ml, and for larvae 31.2, 39.8, 34.8, and 70.9 IJs/ml for the Balikesir, Canakkale, İzmir, and Manisa strains, respectively. This is the first report about the pathogenicity of EPNs against larvae and adults of lesser mealworm A. diaperinus strains from Turkey. We conclude that S. carpocapsae can be used as a control agent for lesser mealworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samed Koc
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
- Laboratory Animals Application and Research Centre, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Burak Polat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Cengiz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Sevval Kahraman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Ozge Tufan-Cetin
- Department of Environmental Protection Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Cetin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
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27
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Natural products from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus: mechanisms and impacts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4387-4399. [PMID: 35723692 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insects and fungal pathogens pose constant problems to public health and agriculture, especially in resource-limited parts of the world; and the use of chemical pesticides continues to be the main methods for the control of these organisms. Photorhabdus spp. and Xenorhabdus spp., (Fam; Morganellaceae), enteric symbionts of Steinernema, and Heterorhabditis nematodes are naturally found in soil on all continents, except Antarctic, and on many islands throughout the world. These bacteria produce diverse secondary metabolites that have important biological and ecological functions. Secondary metabolites include non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, and/or hybrid natural products that are synthesized using polyketide synthetase (PRS), non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), or similar enzymes and are sources of new pesticide/drug compounds and/or can serve as lead molecules for the design and synthesize of new alternatives that could replace current ones. This review addresses the effects of these bacterial symbionts on insect pests, fungal phytopathogens, and animal pathogens and discusses the substances, mechanisms, and impacts on agriculture and public health. KEY POINTS: • Insects and fungi are a constant menace to agricultural and public health. • Chemical-based control results in resistance development. • Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are compelling sources of biopesticides.
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28
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Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila and testing its insecticidal efficacy on Spodoptera litura larvae. Biometals 2022; 35:795-812. [PMID: 35715709 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spodoptera litura, one of the polyphagous pests, causes huge economical lose and use of chemical pesticide causes impact to the environmental. The present study deals with the use of cell- free supernatant of bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila NP-1 strain for synthesizing silver nanoparticles and analyzing its larvicidal ability against Spodoptera litura. Color change from yellow to dark brown specifies the synthesis of AgNPs. UV-Vis spec indicates the presences of AgNPs at 440 nm λmax and functional groups; alcohols, carboxylic acids, aromatics, alkylhalides, ethers and phenols were confirmed by FTIR. SEM revealed the synthesized AgNPs is in spherical shape, EDaX confirms the elemental composition and the crystalline nature were observed using XRD. GC-MS analysis showed presence of Benzencepropanoic acid, 1, 3, 5 Trichloropent-2-ene, 1,1-Dichloro-2,3- dicmethycycloprone and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bioactive compounds some of which may be responsible for insecticidal and antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae showed maximum zone of inhibition at 100 µL/mL. Larvicidal activity of S. litura shows highest mortality at 48 h. In potted plant experiment, AgNPs treated plants showed less damage, with less leaf consumption by S. litura larvae. Further, the synthesis of AgNPs were targeted to zebrafish embryos (non- target organism) and it didn't exhibit any toxic effect even at higher concentration. Our experiment concludes that, AgNPs synthesized using NP-1 strain has highest antimicrobial and insecticidal activity, which can be used in biomedical and biopesticides.
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29
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Bartlett LJ. Frontiers in effective control of problem parasites in beekeeping. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:263-272. [PMID: 35309040 PMCID: PMC8924282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Demand for better control of certain parasites in managed western honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) remains apparent amongst beekeepers in both Europe and North America, and is of widespread public, scientific, and agricultural concern. Academically, interest from numerous fields including veterinary sciences has led to many exemplary reviews of the parasites of honey bees and the treatment options available. However, summaries of current research frontiers in treating both novel and long-known parasites of managed honey bees are lacking. This review complements the currently comprehensive body of literature summarizing the effectiveness of parasite control in managed honey bees by outlining where significant gaps in development, implementation, and uptake lie, including integration into IPM frameworks and separation of cultural, biological, and chemical controls. In particular, I distinguish where challenges in identifying appropriate controls exist in the lab compared to where we encounter hurdles in technology transfer due to regulatory, economic, or cultural contexts. I overview how exciting frontiers in honey bee parasite control research are clearly demonstrated by the abundance of recent publications on novel control approaches, but also caution that temperance must be levied on the applied end of the research engine in believing that what can be achieved in a laboratory research environment can be quickly and effectively marketed for deployment in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Bartlett
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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30
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Heve WK, Adjadeh TA, Billah MK. Overview and future research needs for development of effective biocontrol strategies for management of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) in sub-Saharan Africa. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4224-4237. [PMID: 34031975 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infestation of fruits by native and invasive fruit flies causes significant economic losses. In most cases, incidence of 'regulated' dangerous fruit flies in orchards results in restrictions on export of fruits from such places to international markets. Unfortunately, use of insecticides applied on foliage and fruits does not kill the fruit-to-soil stages of fruit flies. However, diverse biological control agents (BCAs) do so. Thus, prevalence of native and invasive fruit flies in orchards will require that a combination of BCAs is included in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. In the case of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and other economically important fruit flies found in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), use of classical biocontrol approach involves concomitant releases of two exotic parasitoids (Fopius arisanus Sonan and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Ashmead). These non-native wasps may have complemented the indigenous parasitoids in combination with application of entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) and conservation of predatory ants (Oecophylla longinoda Latreille, with O. smaragdina) in fruit fly IPM plans. Consequently, some levels of decline in fruit infestation have been observed. Although interspecific interactions between BCAs against several insect pests have produced varying results, including threatening the survival of other BCAs, the prevalence of B. dorsalis in orchards across SSA requires further research to investigate effects of coalescing biocontrol approaches in IPM strategies. Therefore, future research into combining parasitoids, EPFs and entomopathogenic nematodes, in addition to conservation of predatory ants (O. longinoda, O. smaragdina and others) in IPM plans may improve the effectiveness of currently used strategies for the management of fruit-infesting tephritids. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Heve
- Department of Biological, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | | | - Maxwell K Billah
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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31
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Photorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Beneficial Aspects of Mutualistic Bacteria of Insecticidal Nematodes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081660. [PMID: 34451705 PMCID: PMC8401807 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current approaches to sustainable agricultural development aspire to use safer means to control pests and pathogens. Photorhabdus bacteria that are insecticidal symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus Heterorhabditis can provide such a service with a treasure trove of insecticidal compounds and an ability to cope with the insect immune system. This review highlights the need of Photorhabdus-derived insecticidal, fungicidal, pharmaceutical, parasiticidal, antimicrobial, and toxic materials to fit into current, or emerging, holistic strategies, mainly for managing plant pests and pathogens. The widespread use of these bacteria, however, has been slow, due to cost, natural presence within the uneven distribution of their nematode partners, and problems with trait stability during in vitro culture. Yet, progress has been made, showing an ability to overcome these obstacles via offering affordable mass production and mastered genome sequencing, while detecting more of their beneficial bacterial species/strains. Their high pathogenicity to a wide range of arthropods, efficiency against diseases, and versatility, suggest future promising industrial products. The many useful properties of these bacteria can facilitate their integration with other pest/disease management tactics for crop protection.
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32
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Nalinci E, Karagoz M, Gulcu B, Ulug D, Hazal Gulsen S, Cimen H, Touray M, Shapiro-Ilan D, Hazir S. The effect of chemical insecticides on the scavenging performance of Steinernema carpocapsae: Direct effects and exposure to insects killed by chemical insecticides. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107641. [PMID: 34186086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes are used widely in biological insect control. Entomopathogenic nematodes can infect live insects as well as dead insects (i.e., they can act as scavengers). It is important to determine compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with other pest management tactics such as chemical insecticides. We hypothesized that chemical insecticides have negative impact on scavenging nematodes. According to our hypothesis, we first investigated the effects of direct exposure of Steinernema carpocapsae infectivity juveniles (IJs) to three chemical insecticides, cypermethrin, spinosad or diflubenzuron in terms of nematode survival and virulence. Subsequently, using the same chemicals, we tested the effects of insecticide-killed insects on scavenger nematode penetration efficiency, time of emergence and the number of nematode progeny. Prior to our study, the impact of pesticides on scavenger nematode fitness had not been studied. Fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, and greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, larvae were used as host insects. The survival rate of IJs after direct exposure was 83% for cypermethrin and 93-97% for the other insecticides and control. There were no significant differences in the survival and virulence of the nematodes after 24 h exposure to insecticides. The number of nematodes that invaded the insecticide-killed host was significantly higher in cypermethrin and spinosad treated groups and live H. cunea than in the diflubenzoron treated group and freeze-killed control. However, no significant differences were observed in time of emergence. Significantly more progeny IJs emerged from Spinosad-killed insects than the freeze-killed control. In conclusion, we discovered that the fitness of scavenging IJs is not diminished by insecticides in insect cadavers. In fact, in some cases the exposure to chemical insecticides may enhance virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Nalinci
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karagoz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Baris Gulcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Sebnem Hazal Gulsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - David Shapiro-Ilan
- USDA-ARS, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, Byron, GA 31008, USA
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
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