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Roshdy K, Massoud D, Al-Otaibi AM, Abumandour MMA. Histology, histochemistry and fine structure of the lacrimal gland in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13051. [PMID: 38741549 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Our research aimed to provide complete histological, histochemical and ultrastructural features of the lacrimal gland of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) as well as novel insights into its adaptability to the Egyptian desert. Our study was applied to 20 fresh lacrimal glands collected from 10 camels instantly after their slaughtering. The results revealed that the gland was a compound tubulo-acinar gland, and its acini were enclosed by a thick connective tissue capsule that was very rich in elastic and collagen fibres. The gland acini had irregular lumens and were composed of conical to pyramidal cells. The nuclei of secretory cells were found in the basal part, and the cytoplasm was eosinophilic and granular. The glandular tissue consisted of serous and mucous acini and seromucous secretory cells. Histochemically, there was a significant amount of neutral mucopolysaccharides in the acini in which mucous cells had a significant periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive reaction, whereas seromucous cells had a mild PAS-positive reaction. Ultrastructurally, the lacrimal cells had numerous secretory vesicles with contents of moderately to highly electron-dense cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope consisted of two prominent membranes surrounding the peri-nuclear cisterna. The acinar cells had numerous electron-lucent and moderately electron-dense secretory granules, mainly situated on the apical surface, and secreted their contents into the lumen. The luminal surface of the mucous secretory cells represents the remains of secretory granules discharged by the merocrine mechanism. In conclusion, the mucous secretion is believed to aid in the washing and moistening of the eyeball, particularly in dry, hot and dusty environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Roshdy
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Abees, Egypt
| | - Diaa Massoud
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljohara M Al-Otaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M A Abumandour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Abees, Egypt
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Kong W, Ding G, Cheng G, Yang P, Xu Z. Mucosal immune responses to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in the ocular mucosa of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum), an ancient teleost fish. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 6:266-279. [PMID: 38827132 PMCID: PMC11136906 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The eye, as a specialized visual organ, is directly exposed to the external environment, and, therefore, it faces constant challenges from external pathogenic organisms and toxins. In the ocular mucosa (OM) of mammals, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) constitute the primary line of defense. However, the immune defense role of the OM remains unknown in aquatic vertebrates. To gain insights into the immune processes within the OM of teleost fish, we developed an infection model of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) OM using a parasite, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich). Immunofluorescence, qPCR, and H&E staining revealed that Ich successfully infiltrates the OM of rainbow trout, leading to pathological structural changes, as evidenced by A&B staining. Importantly, the qPCR results indicate an up-regulation of immune-related genes following Ich infection in the OM. Moreover, transcriptome analyses were conducted to detect immune responses and impairments in eye function within the OM of rainbow trout with Ich infection. The results of the transcriptome analysis that Ich infection can cause an extensive immune response in the OM, ultimately affecting ocular function. To the best of our knowledge, our findings represent for the first time that the teleost OM could act as an invasion site for parasites and trigger a strong mucosal immune response to parasitic infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00199-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Guangyi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Gaofeng Cheng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
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López-Peña G, Ortiz-Mansilla E, Arranz A, Bogdan N, Manso-Silván M, Martín Rodríguez E. Non-invasive paper-based sensors containing rare-earth-doped nanoparticles for the detection of D-glucose. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 239:113934. [PMID: 38729020 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Today, diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases that affects the population on a worldwide scale. Patients suffering from this disease are required to control their blood-glucose levels several times a day through invasive methods such as piercing their fingers. Our NaGdF4: 5% Er3+, 3% Nd3+ nanoparticles demonstrate a remarkable ability to detect D-glucose levels by analysing alterations in their red-to-green ratio, since this sensitivity arises from the interaction between the nanoparticles and the OH groups present in the D-glucose molecules, resulting in discernible changes in the emission of the green and red bands. These luminescent sensors were implemented and tested on paper substrates, offering a portable, low-cost and enzyme-free solution for D-glucose detection in aqueous solutions with a limit of detection of 22 mg/dL. With this, our study contributes to the development of non-invasive D-glucose sensors, holding promising implications for managing diabetes and improving overall patient well-being with possible future applications in D-glucose sensing through tear fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel López-Peña
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Eva Ortiz-Mansilla
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Antonio Arranz
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Nicoleta Bogdan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Miguel Manso-Silván
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain; Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Emma Martín Rodríguez
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain; Nanomaterials for BioImaging Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Ctra. de Colmenar km 9,300, Madrid 28034, Spain.
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Mondal M, Vohra M, Sangwan J, Verma S, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Chandru A, Bhowmick T, Sangwan VS, Acharya M, Tiwari A. In vitro Assay to Examine the Function of Tears on Corneal Epithelial Cells. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4910. [PMID: 38213327 PMCID: PMC10777051 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tears contain numerous secreted factors, enzymes, and proteins that help in maintaining the homeostatic condition of the eye and also protect it from the external environment. However, alterations to these enzymes and/or proteins during pathologies such as mechanical injury and viral or fungal infections can disrupt the normal ocular homeostasis, further contributing to disease development. Several tear film components have a significant role in curbing disease progression and promoting corneal regeneration. Additionally, several factors related to disease progression are secreted into the tear film, thereby serving as a valuable reservoir of biomarkers. Tears are readily available and can be collected via non-invasive techniques or simply from contact lenses. Tears can thus serve as a valuable and easy source for studying disease-specific biomarkers. Significant advancements have been made in recent years in the field of tear film proteomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics to allow a better understanding of how tears can be utilized to gain insight into the etiology of diseases. These advancements have enabled us to study the pathophysiology of various disease states using tear samples. However, the mechanisms by which tears help to maintain corneal homeostasis and how they are able to form the first line of defense against pathogens remain poorly understood and warrant detailed in vitro studies. Herein, we have developed an in vitro assay to characterize the functional importance of patient isolated tears and their components on corneal epithelial cells. This novel approach closely mimics real physiological conditions and could help the researchers gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of ocular pathologies and develop new treatments. Key features • This method provides a new technique for analyzing the effect of tear components on human corneal epithelial cells. • The components of the tears that are altered in response to diseases can be used as a biomarker for detecting ocular complications. • This procedure can be further employed as an in vitro model for assessing the efficacy of drugs and discover potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Mondal
- Eicher-Shroff Center for Stem Cell Research, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehak Vohra
- Pandorum technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | - Jyoti Sangwan
- Eicher-Shroff Center for Stem Cell Research, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Verma
- Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, New Delhi, India
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Arun Chandru
- Pandorum technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | | | - Virender S. Sangwan
- Eicher-Shroff Center for Stem Cell Research, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Cornea, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Acharya
- Department of Cornea, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Eicher-Shroff Center for Stem Cell Research, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Cornea, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Dualde P, Miralles P, Peris-Martínez C, Yusà V, Coscollà C. Untargeted analysis and tentative identification of unknown substances in human tears by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry: Pilot study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123832. [PMID: 37478724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new approach for the identification of unknown compounds in human tears has been developed and validated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) linked to an intelligent data acquisition mode (AcquireX DS-dd-MS2) coupled to an automated data processing software (Compound Discoverer™ 3.2). As a pilot research study, four human tear samples from volunteers were analyzed. Data were acquired in both positive and negative ionization modes and exact mass, isotope pattern, and MS2 spectra match were used for the tentative identification. Following this approach, 58 substances were identified, 47 in positive mode and 11 in negative mode, with an estimated concentration ranging from 0.1 to 9000 ng mL-1. Most of them were amino acids, hormones, metabolites, and pharmaceuticals. In order to validate the proposed method, the system suitability was evaluated and 29 commercial analytical standards of the tentatively identified substances were analyzed, of which 28 were confirmed obtaining a high identification accuracy (96.6 %). These results confirm that the screening tool presented in this work can facilitate the discovery of new metabolites, novel potential biomarkers, and substances to which the person is exposed, such as pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Dualde
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Miralles
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Peris-Martínez
- FISABIO-Medical Ophthalmology (FOM), Valencia, Spain; Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
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Schwebler J, Fey C, Kampik D, Lotz C. Full thickness 3D in vitro conjunctiva model enables goblet cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12261. [PMID: 37507439 PMCID: PMC10382544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro culture and generation of highly specialized goblet cells is still a major challenge in conjunctival 3D in vitro equivalents. A model comprising all physiological factors, including mucus-secreting goblet cells has the potential to act as a new platform for studies on conjunctival diseases. We isolated primary conjunctival epithelial cells and fibroblasts from human biopsies. 3D models were generated from either epithelial layers or a combination of those with a connective tissue equivalent. Epithelial models were investigated for marker expression and barrier function. Full-thickness models were analyzed for goblet cell morphology and marker expression via immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time PCR. Simple epithelial models cultured at the air-liquid interface showed stratified multi-layer epithelia with pathologic keratinization and without goblet cell formation. The combination with a connective tissue equivalent to generate a full-thickness model led to the formation of a non-keratinized stratified multi-layer epithelium and induced goblet cell differentiation. In our model, a high resemblance to natural conjunctiva was achieved by the combination of conjunctival epithelial cells with fibroblasts embedded in a collagen-hydrogel as connective tissue equivalent. In the future, our conjunctival in vitro equivalent enables the investigation of goblet cell differentiation, conjunctival pathologies as well as drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schwebler
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Fey
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kampik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lotz
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany.
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Rigas Y, Treat BR, Shane J, Shanks RMQ, St. Leger AJ. Genetic Manipulation of Corynebacterium mastitidis to Better Understand the Ocular Microbiome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:19. [PMID: 36799874 PMCID: PMC9942783 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corynebacterium spp. are Gram-positive bacteria commonly associated with the ocular surface. Corynebacterium mastitidis was isolated from mouse eyes and was demonstrated to induce a beneficial immune response that can protect the eye from pathogenic infection. Because eye-relevant Corynebacterium spp. are not well described, we generated a C. mast transposon (Tn) mutant library to gain a better understanding of the nature of eye-colonizing bacteria. Methods Tn mutagenesis was performed with a custom Tn5-based transposon that incorporated a promoterless gene for the fluorescent protein mCherry. We screened our library using flow cytometry and enzymatic assays to identify useful mutants that demonstrate the utility of our approach. Results Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of mCherry+ bacteria allowed us to identify a highly fluorescent mutant that was detectable on the murine ocular surface using microscopy. We also identified a functional knockout that was unable to hydrolyze urea, UreaseKO. Although uric acid is an antimicrobial factor produced in tears, UreaseKO bacterium maintained an ability to colonize the eye, suggesting that urea hydrolysis is not required for colonization. In vitro and in vivo, both mutants maintained the potential to stimulate protective immunity as compared to wild-type C. mast. Conclusions In sum, we describe a method to genetically modify an eye-colonizing microbe, C. mast. Furthermore, the procedures outlined here will allow for the continued development of genetic tools for modifying ocular Corynebacterium spp., which will lead to a more complete understanding of the interactions between the microbiome and host immunity at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Rigas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Treat
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jackie Shane
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Robert M. Q. Shanks
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Anthony J. St. Leger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
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Urea and ocular surface: Synthesis, secretion and its role in tear film homeostasis. Ocul Surf 2023; 27:41-47. [PMID: 36375795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Urea has been detected in the tear film, aqueous humor, and vitreous of the eye. While most of the urea in the aqueous humor and vitreous is considered to be an ultrafiltrate from the blood vessels, the presence of urea transporters and urea-synthesizing enzymes in the lacrimal gland, meibomian glands, conjunctiva, and cornea suggests ureagenesis occurring at the ocular surface. This review summarizes the distribution and function of urea transporters, urea and its synthesizing enzymes at the ocular surface to analyze their role in the tear film homeostasis. Urea transporters (UT)-A- and UT-B-as well as the enzymes arginase I, II, and agmatinase are located at the ocular surface. Urea concentration on the ocular surface is influenced by blood urea concentration, the amount of urea released by the tear fluid, tear evaporation, and arginase concentration in the tears. There are conflicting reports on the relationship between tear and plasma urea levels though a linear correlation exists between their levels. Urea protects the ocular surface from osmotic stress and is thought to maintain a lipid-water interface in the lamellar phase of the tear film. The reduction of urea levels in the tears of patients with evaporative dry eye suggests its possible role in tear film stability. Other than mitigating osmotic stress, urea has hydrating properties as well. Animal studies have demonstrated the healing effects of urea on the corneal epithelium. Future studies examining the variations in urea content in tears from different ocular surfaces, at different times of day, and under different environmental conditions would further solidify the role of urea in tear film stability.
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Guedes PEB, Veloso JF, Lacerda LC, Santana JO, Mora-Ocampo IY, Pirovani CP, Cruz RDS, Munhoz AD, Carlos RSA. Protein expression of the tear film of domestic cats before and after inoculation with Toxoplasma gondii. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:386. [PMID: 34906132 PMCID: PMC8670102 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tear film (TF) helps maintain and protect ocular function against damage to the ocular surface. Proteins are one of its main constituents, whose expression pattern can be used as a biomarker of ocular changes and systemic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of proteins in the TF of domestic cats before and after infection with Toxoplasma gondii, in the phases of acute infection and chronicity. Twelve healthy cats received orally homogenized brain matter obtained from mice inoculated with T. gondii oocysts, strain ME49. Cat feces were collected daily from the third day after infection to assess the release of oocysts. TF samples were obtained from cats, by Schirmer's Tear Test 1, on day 0 (before infection), day 5 after infection (acute phase of infection, with maximum peak release of oocysts in feces) and on day 21 after infection (start of chronic phase, 7 days after total absence of oocyst release in feces). Tear samples were also submitted to proteomic analysis in a Q-Tof-Premier mass spectrometer. RESULTS A total of 37 proteins with scores equal to or greater than 100 were identified on D0, followed by 36 on D5 and 42 on D21. Of these, 27 were common to D0 and D5, 33 to D0 and D21, 27 to D5 and D21, and 26 were common to the three groups, totaling 54 proteins. The most abundant proteins were lipocalin allergen Fel d, serum albumin, aldehyde dehydrogenase, lactoperoxidase and lactotransferrin. There was no significant difference in the abundance of proteins found on D0 and D5, but there was a statistical difference between D0 and D21 for ACT1_AEDAE, CERU_HUMAN and GELS_HUMAN. Regarding D5 and D21, there were significant differences for KV1_CANLF, LAC_PIG, TRFL_PIG, ACT1_AEDAE, CERU_HUMAN, GELS_HUMAN and OVOS2_HUMAN. CONCLUSIONS The main proteins identified in the TF of domestic cats are similar to those found in humans and other animal species. Most are part of the ocular surface defense system against injuries. The most expressed proteins in animals in the chronic phase of T. gondii infection are associated with the immune response to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jéssica Fontes Veloso
- Federal University of Western Bahia, Av. 23 de Agosto, S/N, Assunção, Bahia Barra, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Dias Munhoz
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, Brazil
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Raposo AC, Lebrilla C, Portela RW, Xu G, Oriá AP. The glycoproteomics of hawk and caiman tears. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:381. [PMID: 34886864 PMCID: PMC8656020 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycoproteins are important tear components that participate in the stability of the ocular surface. However, the glycopeptides that are present in the tears of wild animals have not yet been described. This work aimed to describe the glycoproteomic profile of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris) and caiman (Caiman latirostris) tears. METHODS Tears collected from 10 hawks and 70 caimans using Schirmer tear test strips were used in this study. The samples were submitted to trypsin digestion and separated using a reverse-phase column coupled to a mass spectrometer associated to a nanospray ionization source. The glycoproteins were categorized as: cellular components, biological processes and molecular function, according to the UniProt Knowledgebase. RESULTS As shown by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, all glycopeptides found were classified as N-type. Of the 51 glycoproteins that were identified in the hawk tear film, the most abundant were ovotransferrin, globulins and complement system proteins. In the caiman tear film, 29 glycoproteins were identified. The most abundant caiman glycoproteins were uncharacterized proteins, ATPases, globulins and proteasome components. Ontological characterization revealed that the glycoproteins were extracellular, and the most identified molecular function was endopeptidase activity for both species. CONCLUSION Glycoproteins are abundant in the tear film of the bird and reptile species studied herein, and all these molecules were shown to have N-type modifications. Location at the extracellular space and an endopeptidase inhibitor activity were the main cell component and molecular function for both species, respectively. These profiles showed differences when compared to human tears, are possibly linked to adaptive processes and can be the basis for further studies on the search of disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, Salvador, 40.110-060, Brazil
| | - Carlito Lebrilla
- Chemistry Department, Mass Spectrometry Facilities Campus, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616-8585, USA
| | - Ricardo Wagner Portela
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, Salvador, 40.110-100, Brazil
| | - Gege Xu
- Chemistry Department, Mass Spectrometry Facilities Campus, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616-8585, USA
| | - Arianne Pontes Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, Salvador, 40.110-060, Brazil.
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van den Burg MP, de Rueda JAG. Lachryphagy by cockroaches: reptile tears to increase reproductive output? NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1953892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs P. van den Burg
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- BioCoRe S. Coop., Madrid, Spain
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Tear Film Proteome of Healthy Domestic Cats. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:8708023. [PMID: 34326982 PMCID: PMC8302406 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8708023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the proteins found in tear film of healthy domestic cats. Schirmer tear test strips were used to collect tear samples of twelve healthy cats, which were mixed, centrifuged, and placed in a single 1.5 mL microtube that was frozen at −20°C, until analysis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel and mass spectrometry associated with high-performance liquid chromatography. The resulting spectra were analyzed and compared with the Swiss-Prot search tool. Forty peptides were detected in the analyzed protein fragments of 90 spots, with 16 proteins identified. Of these, the authors confirmed what has been already found in other studies: lactotransferrin, serum albumin, allergenic lipocalins, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Others were considered novel in tear film samples of all species: cyclin-dependent protein kinase, serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein, apelin receptor, secretory protein related to C1q/TNF, Wee1, α-1,4 glucan phosphorylase, and WD repeat domain 1. The network was divided into 11 clusters, and a biological function was assigned. Most of the proteins have functions in the defense and maintenance of feline ocular surface homeostasis. Serum albumin is a bottleneck protein, with a high betweenness value. This paper is a pioneer in reporting, in-depth, the tear film proteome of domestic cats.
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Oriá AP, Lacerda ADJ, Raposo ACS, Araújo NLLC, Portela R, Mendonça MA, Masmali AM. Comparison of Electrolyte Composition and Crystallization Patterns in Bird and Reptile Tears. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:574. [PMID: 32903625 PMCID: PMC7438592 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare tear electrolytes and tear crystallization patterns in birds and reptiles, tears were sampled by Schirmer tear test from 10 animals each of Ara ararauna, Amazona aestiva, Tyto alba, Rupornis magnirostris, Chelonoidis carbonaria, and Caiman latirostris, and 5 of Caretta caretta. The aliquots were pooled to assess concentrations of total protein, chloride, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, calcium, and urea. For the tear ferning test, samples of each species were observed under a polarized light microscope at room temperature and humidity. Crystallization patterns were graded according Rolando and Masmali scales. There was more total protein and urea in owl and sea turtle tears, respectively, than in the other animals tested. Electrolyte balance was similar for all species, with higher sodium, chloride, and iron. In birds, Rolando-scale grades of tear crystallization patterns ranged from I to II, and from 0 to 2 using the Masmali scale; in reptiles, grades were II to IV (Rolando) and 2 to 4 (Masmali). Crystallization arrangements of some species had higher scores, as caimans and sea turtles, possibly due to different the tear composition. Marine and lacustrine species presented higher. The ionic balance of lacrimal fluids of birds and reptiles was similar to that in humans, with higher values of sodium and chloride. However, a similar tear composition did not influence the crystal morphology. Crystallization classification suggested that higher grades and types are due to the different microelements present in the tears of wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ariane de J Lacerda
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia S Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Nayone L L C Araújo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Portela
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Mendonça
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ali M Masmali
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Raposo AC, Lebrilla CB, Portela RW, Goonatilleke E, Neto FAD, Oriá AP. The proteomics of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:276. [PMID: 32767984 PMCID: PMC7412644 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tears play an important role in ocular surface protection, and help wild animals maintain visual acuity in the face of air and water friction. The proteomics of tears has only been described for mammals. The knowledge of the proteomics of wild animal tears can aid not only in the setting of normal standards for ocular disease studies in these animals, but also to base the search for new molecules to be used in ophthalmology therapeutics. We therefore set out to describe the proteomic profile of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears. Tears were collected from healthy animals, their spectral profiles were obtained with an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer, and the dataset was analyzed against reference taxa. Results For roadside hawk, 446 proteins were identified, the most abundant being albumin, transferrin, globulin and actin. For broad-snouted caiman and loggerhead sea turtle, 1358 and 163 proteins were identified, respectively. Uncharacterized proteins and transferrin were highly abundant in both species. The roadside hawk tear components and their properties were similar to those described for humans, but with a higher albumin concentration. Broad-snouted caiman tears presented a wide diversity of ontological functions, with an abundant presence of enzymatic compounds. In loggerhead sea turtle tears, the predominance of proteins with ion-transport functions was consistent with possible osmolality-maintenance mechanisms. Conclusion These data enhance our understanding of birds and reptiles’ tears microcomposition and may be used to base the discovery of new molecules with high biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-060, Brazil
| | - C B Lebrilla
- Chemistry Department, Mass Spectrometry Facilities Campus, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616-8585, USA
| | - R W Portela
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - E Goonatilleke
- Chemistry Department, Mass Spectrometry Facilities Campus, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616-8585, USA
| | - F A Dórea Neto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-060, Brazil
| | - A P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-060, Brazil.
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