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Ramanujam H, Palaniyandi K. Tuberculosis in wild animals in India. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10401-4. [PMID: 38771446 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
India is renowned for its complex megadiverse ecosystems and abundant biodiversity. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) often remains synonymous with Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. The domain of tuberculosis (TB) among wild animals, induced by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms (MTBC), is often underexplored and underreported in India. Within this context, instances of wild animal tuberculosis (wTB) have manifested across both captive and free-roaming animals. The sources contributing to wTB in animals can be human, animal, or environmental factors, thus illuminating the complex transmission pathways. The diagnosis of wTB continues to pose a formidable challenge, a consequence of the expansive taxonomic diversity in both the host and the pathogen. Complications inherent in acquiring samples from wildlife, the absence of standardized diagnostic protocols, limited insights into infection prevalence, and resource constraints compound diagnosis. Amidst these, adopting the comprehensive One Health paradigm surfaces as an imperative, accentuating the interconnectedness bridging human, animal, and environmental health. Recognizing key stakeholders and fostering intersectoral collaboration to provide enhanced diagnostic techniques driven by skilled personnel and advanced infrastructure play pivotal roles in a comprehensive strategy. Additionally, leveraging vaccination efforts contributes to effective control. A national wTB surveillance program is a cornerstone, ensuring an integrated and holistic approach to disease management. Through this review, we delve into the current landscape of wTB in India, unveiling its multifaceted challenges, and further explore the multifarious strategies that the One Health approach proffers in this dynamic endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Ramanujam
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, #1, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - Kannan Palaniyandi
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, #1, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chennai, 600031, India.
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2
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Zhao Y, Fei W, Yang L, Xiang Z, Chen X, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen J, Guo A. The Establishment of a Novel γ-Interferon In Vitro Release Assay for the Differentiation of Mycobacterial Bovis-Infected and BCG-Vaccinated Cattle. Vet Sci 2024; 11:198. [PMID: 38787170 PMCID: PMC11125845 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BCG vaccination is increasingly reconsidered in the effective prevention of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). However, the primary challenge in BCG vaccination for cattle is the lack of a technique for differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). This study aimed to establish a novel DIVA diagnostic test based on an interferon-gamma in vitro release assay (IGRA). The plasmid encoding three differential antigens (Rv3872, CFP-10, and ESAT-6) absent in BCG genes but present in virulent M. bovis was previously constructed. Thus, a recombinant protein called RCE (Rv3872, CFP-10, and ESAT-6) was expressed, and an RCE-based DIVA IGRA (RCE-IGRA) was established. The RCE concentration was optimized at 4 μg/mL by evaluating 97 cattle (74 of which were bTB-positive, and 23 were negative) using a commercial IGRA bTB diagnostic kit. Further, 84 cattle were tested in parallel with the RCE-IGRA and commercial PPD-based IGRA (PPD-IGRA), and the results showed a high correlation with a kappa value of 0.83. The study included BCG-vaccinated calves (n = 6), bTB-positive cattle (n = 6), and bTB-negative non-vaccinated calves (n = 6). After 3 months post-vaccination, PPD-IGRA generated positive results in both vaccinated and infected calves. However, RCE-IGRA developed positive results in infected calves but negative results in vaccinated calves. In conclusion, this DIVA method has broad prospects in differentiating BCG vaccination from natural infection to prevent bTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wentao Fei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Yang
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430206, China;
| | - Zhijie Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Fromsa A, Willgert K, Srinivasan S, Mekonnen G, Bedada W, Gumi B, Lakew M, Tadesse B, Bayissa B, Sirak A, Girma Abdela M, Gebre S, Chibssa T, Veerasami M, Vordermeier HM, Bakker D, Berg S, Ameni G, Juleff N, de Jong MCM, Wood J, Conlan A, Kapur V. BCG vaccination reduces bovine tuberculosis transmission, improving prospects for elimination. Science 2024; 383:eadl3962. [PMID: 38547287 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a routinely used vaccine for protecting children against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that comprises attenuated Mycobacterium bovis. BCG can also be used to protect livestock against M. bovis; however, its effectiveness has not been quantified for this use. We performed a natural transmission experiment to directly estimate the rate of transmission to and from vaccinated and unvaccinated calves over a 1-year exposure period. The results show a higher indirect efficacy of BCG to reduce transmission from vaccinated animals that subsequently become infected [74%; 95% credible interval (CrI): 46 to 98%] compared with direct protection against infection (58%; 95% CrI: 34 to 73%) and an estimated total efficacy of 89% (95% CrI: 74 to 96%). A mechanistic transmission model of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) spread within the Ethiopian dairy sector was developed and showed how the prospects for elimination may be enabled by routine BCG vaccination of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Fromsa
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Katriina Willgert
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Global Health Initiative, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Berecha Bayissa
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Musse Girma Abdela
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | - Douwe Bakker
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands
| | - James Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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4
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Painter H, Harriss E, Fletcher HA, McShane H, Tanner R. Development and application of the direct mycobacterial growth inhibition assay: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355983. [PMID: 38380319 PMCID: PMC10877019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction First described by Wallis et al. in 2001 for the assessment of TB drugs, the direct mycobacterial growth inhibition assay (MGIA) offers a tractable ex vivo tool measuring the combined influences of host immunity, strain virulence and intervention effects. Over the past 13 years, we have led efforts to adapt the direct MGIA for the assessment of TB vaccines including optimisation, harmonisation and validation of BCG vaccine-induced responses as a benchmark, as well as assay transfer to institutes worldwide. Methods We have performed a systematic review on the primary published literature describing the development and applications of the direct MGIA from 2001 to June 2023 in accordance with the PRISMA reporting guidelines. Results We describe 63 studies in which the direct MGIA has been applied across species for the evaluation of TB drugs and novel TB vaccine candidates, the study of clinical cohorts including those with comorbidities, and to further understanding of potential immune correlates of protection from TB. We provide a comprehensive update on progress of the assay since its conception and critically evaluate current findings and evidence supporting its utility, highlighting priorities for future directions. Discussion While further standardisation and validation work is required, significant advancements have been made in the past two decades. The direct MGIA provides a potentially valuable tool for the early evaluation of TB drug and vaccine candidates, clinical cohorts, and immune mechanisms of mycobacterial control. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023423491.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Painter
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Harriss
- Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Tanner
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Sawyer J, Rhodes S, Jones GJ, Hogarth PJ, Vordermeier HM. Mycobacterium bovis and its impact on human and animal tuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37962183 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphical abstract
Mycobacterium bovis
is a slow-growing (16–20 h generation time), Gram-positive and acid-fast bacterium member of the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex pathogen group (MTBC). They are characterized by a complex, protective cell wall containing mycolic acids. The MTBCs are the causative agents of tuberculosis (TB). Following initial infection, subsequent pathological changes, and the progress of infection depend on the interplay between host defence mechanisms and mycobacterial virulence factors and the balance between the immunologic protective responses and the damaging inflammatory processes. Progression of the disease is characterized by the formation of typical caseous tuberculous granuloma (inflammatory mononuclear cell aggregates) because of the host's immune response to infection. The transmission and epidemiology of
Mycobacterium bovis
are complex and vary depending on the situation and ecosystem. In the UK, the spread of BTB in the UK cattle herd can occur by transmitting the disease from cattle to cattle and between badgers but also between badgers and cattle. The disease is thought to be primarily a respiratory disease with spread between individuals through mechanisms such as coughing or transfer of bacteria in respiratory secretions. It is also thought that environmental contamination may also lead to some transmission. The protective cell wall of the organism is believed to allow the organism to survive outside an animal host, which can then transfer to new hosts following subsequent environmental exposure. In some situations, ingestion of pathogens in food can lead to infection. The relative contribution of these routes and precise transmission mechanisms needs to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Sawyer
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Shelley Rhodes
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Philip J Hogarth
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - H Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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Contreras C, Alegría-Moran R, Duchens M, Ábalos P, López R, Retamal P. Specific and non-specific effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination in dairy calves. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1278329. [PMID: 37869491 PMCID: PMC10588636 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1278329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a zoonotic pathogen with economic significance as it leads to reduced milk and meat production, and high costs for control measures. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, primarily used to prevent tuberculosis in humans, has also been studied for controlling bTB. While showing effectiveness in preventing M. bovis infection and disease in cattle, the BCG vaccine can induce non-specific effects on the immune system, enhancing responses to infections caused by unrelated pathogens, and also having non-specific effects on lactation. The aim of this study is to describe both the specific and non-specific effects of BCG vaccination in calves from a commercial dairy herd in central Chile. Diagnosis of M. bovis infection was performed through the IFNγ release assay (IGRA) using ESAT6/CFP-10 and Rv3615c antigens. The records of milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), clinical mastitis (CM) and retained placenta (RP) during the first lactation were compared between vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals. The breed (Holstein Friesian [HF] v/s HF × Swedish Red crossbred [HFSR]) and the season (warm v/s cold) were also analyzed as categorical explanatory variables. Results of IGRA showed significant differences between vaccinated and control groups, indicating a vaccine efficacy of 58.5% at 18 months post vaccination in HFSR crossbred animals. Although milk production did not vary, SCC and CM showed differences between groups, associated to the breed and the season, respectively. When analyzing CM and RP as a whole entity of disease, BCG showed protection in all but the cold season variables. Overall, the BCG vaccine induced protective specific and non-specific effects on health parameters, which may be influenced by the breed of animals and the season. These results provide new features of BCG protection, supporting initiatives for its implementation as a complementary tool in bTB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Alegría-Moran
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede Santiago, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Duchens
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Ábalos
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renata López
- Magister en Ciencias Animales y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Retamal
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Gortázar C, de la Fuente J, Perelló A, Domínguez L. Will we ever eradicate animal tuberculosis? Ir Vet J 2023; 76:24. [PMID: 37737206 PMCID: PMC10515422 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-023-00254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two characteristics of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) are particularly relevant for tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology and control, namely the ability of this group of pathogens to survive in the environment and thereby facilitate indirect transmission via water or feed, and the capacity to infect multiple host species including human beings, cattle, wildlife, and domestic animals other than cattle. As a consequence, rather than keeping the focus on certain animal species regarded as maintenance hosts, we postulate that it is time to think of complex and dynamic multi-host MTC maintenance communities where several wild and domestic species and the environment contribute to pathogen maintenance. Regarding the global situation of animal TB, many industrialized countries have reached the Officially Tuberculosis Free status. However, infection of cattle with M. bovis still occurs in most countries around the world. In low- and middle-income countries, human and animal TB infection is endemic and bovine TB control programs are often not implemented because standard TB control through testing and culling, movement control and slaughterhouse inspection is too expensive or ethically unacceptable. In facing increasingly complex epidemiological scenarios, modern integrated disease control should rely on three main pillars: (1) a close involvement of farmers including collaborative decision making, (2) expanding the surveillance and control targets to all three host categories, the environment, and their interactions, and (3) setting up new control schemes or upgrading established ones switching from single tool test and cull approaches to integrated ones including farm biosafety and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gortázar
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM & CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM & CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK USA
| | - Alberto Perelló
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM & CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Sabiotec, Camino de Moledores s/n. 13003, Ciudad Real, 13071 Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET and Department of Animal Health-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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McCormack J. Horizon scanning: what next for bovine TB control in England? Ir Vet J 2023; 76:18. [PMID: 37525221 PMCID: PMC10391754 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-023-00242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
England is currently in year nine of its 25-year strategy to achieve TB freedom. This talk will speculate on what new tools and approaches could be introduced in the future to help us achieve our goal.Using Defra's response to the independent review of its TB programme as a starting point and building on the plenary talk by the UK CVO, I will look at some opportunities that could arise under the different aspects of the response.Firstly, how best to help farmers reduce their herd TB risk through better informed purchasing decisions will be considered, including looking at the recent publication of the health ratings for every cattle herd in England.Cattle vaccination, and its associated DIVA test could be the biggest change in Tb control in England in many years while the related development of a molecularly defined tuberculin which could become the default testing reagent.Advances in whole genome sequencing will allow us to sequence the genome of M.bovis isolated from most infected herds in England and these data could unlock a variety of opportunities from tracing the spread of infection to ground-truthing the efficacy of testing and epidemiological assessment of breakdowns.Finally, the move to vaccination as the primary way of controlling TB in badgers with culling used very sparingly will be considered using a case study of how a targeted badger cull successfully removed infection from an area in Cumbria and enabled the switch to vaccination.
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O'Brien DJ, Thacker TC, Salvador LCM, Duffiney AG, Robbe-Austerman S, Camacho MS, Lombard JE, Palmer MV. The devil you know and the devil you don't: current status and challenges of bovine tuberculosis eradication in the United States. Ir Vet J 2023; 76:16. [PMID: 37491296 PMCID: PMC10369704 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-023-00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Having entered into its second century, the eradication program for bovine tuberculosis (bTB, caused by Mycobacterium bovis) in the United States of America occupies a position both enviable and daunting. Excepting four counties in Michigan comprising only 6109 km2 (0.06% of US land area) classified as Modified Accredited, as of April 2022 the entire country was considered Accredited Free of bTB by the US Department of Agriculture for cattle and bison. On the surface, the now well-described circumstances of endemic bTB in Michigan, where white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) serve as a free-ranging wildlife maintenance host, may appear to be the principal remaining barrier to national eradication. However, the situation there is unique in the U.S., and far-removed from the broader issues of bTB control in the remainder of the country. In Michigan, extensive surveillance for bTB in deer over the last quarter century, and regulatory measures to maximize the harvest of publicly-owned wildlife, have been implemented and sustained. Prevalence of bTB in deer has remained at a low level, although not sufficiently low to eliminate cattle herd infections. Public attitudes towards bTB, cattle and deer, and their relative importance, have been more influential in the management of the disease than any limitations of biological science. However, profound changes in the demographics and social attitudes of Michigan's human population are underway, changes which are likely to force a critical reevaluation of the bTB control strategies thus far considered integral. In the rest of the U.S. where bTB is not self-sustaining in wildlife, changes in the scale of cattle production, coupled with both technical and non-technical issues have created their own substantial challenges. It is against this diverse backdrop that the evolution of whole genome sequencing of M. bovis has revolutionized understanding of the history and ecology of bTB in Michigan, resolved previously undiscernible epidemiological puzzles, provided insights into zoonotic transmission, and unified eradication efforts across species and agencies. We describe the current status of bTB eradication in the U.S., how circumstances and management have changed, what has been learned, and what remains more elusive than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J O'Brien
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Disease Laboratory, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 250, Lansing, MI, 48910-8106, USA.
- Retired. Current address: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Liliana C M Salvador
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Shantz Building, 1177 E 4th St, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Anthony G Duffiney
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Wildlife Services, 2803 Jolly Road, Suite 100, Okemos, MI, 48864, USA
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Mark S Camacho
- United States Department of Agriculture, Cattle Health Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Veterinary Services, Centennial Campus, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Jason E Lombard
- United States Department of Agriculture, Field Epidemiologic Investigation, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg. B, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
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Hope JC, Khalid H, Thom ML, Howard CJ, Shaw DJ. Protective Efficacy of BCG Vaccination in Calves Vaccinated at Different Ages. Pathogens 2023; 12:789. [PMID: 37375479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), is a globally prevalent pathogen with significant animal welfare, economic and public health impacts. In the UK, the control of bTB relies on detection via tuberculin skin tests with ancillary interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assays, followed by culling infected animals. Vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) could be an important element of bTB control, and a number of studies have demonstrated its protective efficacy, particularly when young calves are vaccinated. Here, we compared immune responses and the protective efficacy of BCG in calves vaccinated within the first day of life and at three weeks of age. Significant protection from M. bovis infection was observed in BCG-vaccinated calves compared to non-vaccinated, age-matched controls. No significant differences were shown between calves vaccinated at one day and at three weeks of age when assessing the protective efficacy of BCG (measured as a reduction in lesions and bacterial burden). Antigen-specific IFN-γ levels were similar between the BCG-vaccinated groups, but significantly different from the non-vaccinated control animals. Antigen-specific IFN-γ expression post-BCG vaccination was correlated significantly with protection from M. bovis infection, whereas IFN-γ levels post-challenge correlated with pathology and bacterial burden. These results indicate that early-life vaccination with BCG could have a significant impact on M. bovis infection and, therefore, bTB incidence, and they demonstrate that age, at least within the first month of life, does not significantly impact the protective effect of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne C Hope
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hamza Khalid
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michelle L Thom
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton RG20 7NN, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Darren J Shaw
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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11
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Milián-Suazo F, González-Ruiz S, Contreras-Magallanes YG, Sosa-Gallegos SL, Bárcenas-Reyes I, Cantó-Alarcón GJ, Rodríguez-Hernández E. Vaccination Strategies in a Potential Use of the Vaccine against Bovine Tuberculosis in Infected Herds. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233377. [PMID: 36496897 PMCID: PMC9735741 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of cattle that represents a risk to public health and causes severe economic losses to the livestock industry. Recently, one of the strategies recommended for reducing the prevalence of the disease in animals is the use of the BCG vaccine, alone or in combination with proteins. It has been shown that the vaccine elicits a strong immune response, downsizes the number of animals with visible lesions, and reduces the rate of infection as well as the bacillary count. This paper, based on scientific evidence, makes suggestions about some practical vaccination alternatives that can be used in infected herds to reduce bTB prevalence, considering BCG strains, vaccine doses, routes of application, and age of the animals. Our conclusion is that vaccination is a promising alternative to be included in current control programs in underdeveloped countries to reduce the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliciano Milián-Suazo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Sara González-Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - Isabel Bárcenas-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | | | - Elba Rodríguez-Hernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Ajuchitlán 76280, Mexico
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12
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Test performance data demonstrates utility of a cattle DIVA skin test reagent (DST-F) compatible with BCG vaccination. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12052. [PMID: 35835806 PMCID: PMC9283413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), is the lead candidate vaccine for control of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle. However, BCG vaccination sensitises cattle to bovine tuberculin, thus compromising the use of the current bovine TB surveillance tests. To address this, we have developed a diagnostic skin test that is not compromised by BCG vaccination and is able to detect BCG vaccinated animals that subsequently develop bovine TB following exposure to M. bovis. Building on previous work using ‘in house’ formulated protein cocktail reagents, we herein present test performance data for a single fusion protein (DST-F) containing the mycobacterial antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c formulated as a ‘ready to use’ reagent by a commercial manufacturer. Our results demonstrate that, unlike tuberculin reagents, a diagnostic skin test using DST-F maintained high specificity in BCG vaccinated animals. Furthermore, the DST-F skin test demonstrated a high relative sensitivity in identifying M. bovis infected animals, including those where BCG vaccination failed to prevent bovine TB pathology following experimental exposure to M. bovis. The DST-F is currently undergoing field trials in Great Britain to support its licensure and commercialisation.
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13
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Defining the Genes Required for Survival of Mycobacterium bovis in the Bovine Host Offers Novel Insights into the Genetic Basis of Survival of Pathogenic Mycobacteria. mBio 2022; 13:e0067222. [PMID: 35862770 PMCID: PMC9426507 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00672-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report of the genetic requirements of an animal-adapted member of the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex (MTBC) in a natural host.
M. bovis
has devastating impacts on cattle, and bovine tuberculosis is a considerable economic, animal welfare, and public health concern. The data highlight the importance of mycobacterial cholesterol catabolism and identify several new virulence factors.
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14
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Vaccination of Calves with the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Strain Induces Protection against Bovine Tuberculosis in Dairy Herds under a Natural Transmission Setting. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091083. [PMID: 35565515 PMCID: PMC9102018 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis, of which control is based on culling infected animals and, without official compensations, is associated with major economic losses for milk and meat producers. The vaccination of cattle with the M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) strain, as a strategy for bTB control, might attenuate this situation. The objective of this trial was to assess the efficacy of the BCG Russia strain in a cohort study performed under field conditions, with the vaccination of 501 calves in seven dairy farms, including 441 non-vaccinated control animals. Peripheral blood was collected at 6, 12 and 18 months post-vaccination, and infection status was determined using a diagnostic procedure which discriminates the infected amongst vaccinated animals. On average, the BCG vaccine showed a low but significant level of protection (22.4%) at the end of the trial, although diverse levels of protection and duration of immunity were observed between trial herds, suggesting that the efficacy of the BCG vaccination could be influenced by the general health condition of calves and their exposition to non-tuberculous mycobacteria. These results support the use of BCG as a complementary tool in the control of the disease in high prevalence areas. Abstract Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis, which is associated with major economic losses for milk and meat producers. The objective of this trial was to assess the efficacy of the BCG Russia strain in a cohort study performed under field conditions, with the vaccination of calves in seven dairy farms from a high prevalence area in central Chile. The trial was performed with 501 animals, subcutaneously vaccinated with 2–8 × 105 colony-forming units of BCG, whilst 441 matched control animals received a saline placebo. Peripheral blood was collected at 6, 12 and 18 months post-vaccination, and infection status was determined using the IFNγ release assay in conjunction with the DIVA (Detecting Infected amongst Vaccinated Animals) antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c. The BCG vaccine showed a low but significant level of protection of 22.4% (95% CI 4.0 to 36.4) at the end of the trial. However, diverse levels of protection and a variable duration of immunity were observed between trial herds. This diverse outcome could be influenced by the general health condition of calves and their exposition to non-tuberculous mycobacteria. These results suggest that BCG vaccination of dairy calves in a natural transmission setting confers variable protection to animals against bTB in a high prevalence area.
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Subramanian S, Srinivasan S, Ramaiyan Selvaraju K, Vinoli PM, Selladurai S, Ramasamy B, Kumaragurubaran K, Bakker D, Vordermeier M, Kapur V, Gopal DR. Defined Antigen Skin Test for Bovine Tuberculosis Retains Specificity on Revaccination With Bacillus Calmette–Guérin. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:814227. [PMID: 35498753 PMCID: PMC9043861 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.814227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination provides partial protection against, and reduces severity of pathological lesions associated with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle. Accumulating evidence also suggests that revaccination with BCG may be needed to enhance the duration of immune protection. Since BCG vaccine cross-reacts with traditional tuberculin-based diagnostic tests, a peptide-based defined antigen skin test (DST) comprising of ESAT-6, CFP-10, and Rv3615c to detect the infected among the BCG-vaccinated animals (DIVA) was recently described. The DST reliably identifies bTB-infected animals in experimental challenge models and in natural infection settings, and differentiated these from animals immunized with a single dose of BCG in both skin tests and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The current investigation sought to assess the diagnostic specificity of DST in calves (Bos taurus ssp. taurus × B. t. ssp. indicus; n = 15) revaccinated with BCG 6 months after primary immunization. The results show that none of the 15 BCG-revaccinated calves exhibited a delayed hypersensitivity response when skin tested with DST 61 days post-revaccination, suggesting 100% diagnostic specificity (one-tailed lower 95% CI: 82). In contrast, 8 of 15 (diagnostic specificity = 47%; 95% CI: 21, 73) BCG-revaccinated calves were positive per the single cervical tuberculin (SCT) test using bovine tuberculin. Together, these results show that the DST retains its specificity even after revaccination with BCG and confirms the potential for implementation of BCG-based interventions in settings where test-and-slaughter are not economically or culturally feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswathi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kathiravan Ramaiyan Selvaraju
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Priyadharshini Michael Vinoli
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Suganya Selladurai
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Boominathan Ramasamy
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Karthik Kumaragurubaran
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Kapur
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Dhinakar Raj Gopal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Dhinakar Raj Gopal
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16
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Lakew M, Srinivasan S, Mesele B, Olani A, Koran T, Tadesse B, Mekonnen GA, Almaw G, Sahlu T, Seyoum B, Beyecha K, Gumi B, Ameni G, Ashenafi H, Bakker D, Kapur V, Gebre S. Utility of the Intradermal Skin Test in a Test-and-Cull Approach to Control Bovine Tuberculosis: A Pilot Study in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:823365. [PMID: 35330613 PMCID: PMC8940234 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.823365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the top three, high-priority, livestock diseases in Ethiopia and hence, the need for evaluation of potential control strategies is critical. Here, we applied the test-and-segregate followed by cull strategy for the control of bTB in the intensive Alage dairy farm in Ethiopia. All cattle reared on this farm were repeatedly skin tested using the Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (CCT) test for a total of five times between 2015 and 2021. During the first (October 2015) and second (March 2017) rounds of testing, all reactor animals (>4 mm) were culled, while those that were deemed as inconclusive (1–4 mm) were segregated and retested. At retest, animals with CCT >2 mm were removed from the herd. In the third (December 2017) and fourth (June 2018) rounds of tuberculin testing, a more stringent approach was taken wherein all reactors per the severe mode of CCT test interpretation (>2 mm) were culled. A final herd status check was performed in May 2021. In summary, the number of CCT positives (>4 mm) in the farm dropped from 23.1% (31/134) in October 2015 to 0% in December 2017 and remained 0% until May 2021. In contrast, the number of Single Cervical Tuberculin (SCT) test positives (≥4 mm) increased from 1.8 to 9.5% (from 2017 to 2021), indicating that CCT test might not be sufficient to effectively clear the herd of bTB. However, a more stringent approach would result in a drastic increase in the number of false positives. The total cost of the bTB control effort in this farm holding 134–200 cattle at any given time was conservatively estimated to be ~US$48,000. This, together with the need for culling an unacceptably high number of animals based on skin test status, makes the test-and-cull strategy impractical for nationwide implementation in Ethiopia and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the infection is endemic. Hence, there is an increased emphasis on the need to explore alternate, affordable measures such as vaccination alongside accurate diagnostics to help control bTB in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matios Lakew
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Matios Lakew
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Beruhtesfa Mesele
- Alage Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training (ATVET) College, Alage, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Olani
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tafesse Koran
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Biniam Tadesse
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gizat Almaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Temertu Sahlu
- Alage Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training (ATVET) College, Alage, Ethiopia
| | - Bekele Seyoum
- Alage Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training (ATVET) College, Alage, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Beyecha
- Alage Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training (ATVET) College, Alage, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hagos Ashenafi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Independent Researcher and Technical Consultant, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Solomon Gebre
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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17
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Bastos RG, Alzan HF, Rathinasamy VA, Cooke BM, Dellagostin OA, Barletta RG, Suarez CE. Harnessing Mycobacterium bovis BCG Trained Immunity to Control Human and Bovine Babesiosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010123. [PMID: 35062784 PMCID: PMC8781211 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a disease caused by tickborne hemoprotozoan apicomplexan parasites of the genus Babesia that negatively impacts public health and food security worldwide. Development of effective and sustainable vaccines against babesiosis is currently hindered in part by the absence of definitive host correlates of protection. Despite that, studies in Babesia microti and Babesia bovis, major causative agents of human and bovine babesiosis, respectively, suggest that early activation of innate immune responses is crucial for vertebrates to survive acute infection. Trained immunity (TI) is defined as the development of memory in vertebrate innate immune cells, allowing more efficient responses to subsequent specific and non-specific challenges. Considering that Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), a widely used anti-tuberculosis attenuated vaccine, induces strong TI pro-inflammatory responses, we hypothesize that BCG TI may protect vertebrates against acute babesiosis. This premise is supported by early investigations demonstrating that BCG inoculation protects mice against experimental B. microti infection and recent observations that BCG vaccination decreases the severity of malaria in children infected with Plasmodium falciparum, a Babesia-related parasite. We also discuss the potential use of TI in conjunction with recombinant BCG vaccines expressing Babesia immunogens. In conclusion, by concentrating on human and bovine babesiosis, herein we intend to raise awareness of BCG TI as a strategy to efficiently control Babesia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginaldo G. Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.G.B.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Heba F. Alzan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA;
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Vignesh A. Rathinasamy
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia; (V.A.R.); (B.M.C.)
| | - Brian M. Cooke
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia; (V.A.R.); (B.M.C.)
| | - Odir A. Dellagostin
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil;
| | - Raúl G. Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA;
| | - Carlos E. Suarez
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
- Correspondence: (R.G.B.); (C.E.S.)
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18
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Sirak A, Tulu B, Bayissa B, Gumi B, Berg S, Salguero FJ, Ameni G. Cellular and Cytokine Responses in Lymph Node Granulomas of Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG)-Vaccinated and Non-vaccinated Cross-Breed Calves Naturally Infected With Mycobacterium bovis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:698800. [PMID: 34604367 PMCID: PMC8483244 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.698800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Local immunological responses at the site of infections, such as at the lymph nodes and lungs, do play a role in containing infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). This bovine tuberculosis (bTB) study was conducted to evaluate cellular and cytokine responses in the lymph nodes and lungs of BCG-vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves that were naturally infected with M. bovis. Immunohistochemical assays were used for examination of the responses of macrophages, T cells, cytokines and chemical mediators of 40 (22 vaccinated and 18 non-vaccinated) Holstein-Friesian-zebu crossbred calves that were naturally exposed for 1 year to a known bTB positive cattle herd. The incidence rates of bTB visible lesion were 68.2% (15/22) and 89% (16/18) in vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves, respectively. The local responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and those of IFN-γ and TNF-α within the lesions, were stronger (P < 0.05) in BCG-vaccinated calves than in non-vaccinated calves. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05) in the response of CD68+ cells. Thus, the findings of this study indicated stronger responses of a set of immunological cells and markers at the local granulomas of BCG-vaccinated calves than in non-vaccinated calves. Furthermore, BCG vaccination may also play a role in reducing the severity of the gross pathology at the primary site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asegedech Sirak
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Begna Tulu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia.,Medical Laboratory Science Department, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Berecha Bayissa
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Vaccine Production and Drug Formulation Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stefan Berg
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Bayissa B, Sirak A, Worku A, Zewude A, Zeleke Y, Chanyalew M, Gumi B, Berg S, Conlan A, Hewinson RG, Wood JLN, Vordermeier HM, Ameni G. Evaluation of the Efficacy of BCG in Protecting Against Contact Challenge With Bovine Tuberculosis in Holstein-Friesian and Zebu Crossbred Calves in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:702402. [PMID: 34368285 PMCID: PMC8339472 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.702402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is prevalent in intensive dairy farms in Ethiopia. Vaccination could be an alternative control approach given the socio-economic challenges of a test-and-slaughter control strategy. The efficacy of the BCG was evaluated on 40 Holstein-Friesian (HF) and zebu crossbred calves recruited from single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test negative herds and randomly allocated into two groups. Twenty-two calves were vaccinated within 2 weeks of age, and 18 were kept as a control. Six weeks post-vaccination, the two groups were exposed and kept mixed with known SICCT test positive cows for 1 year. Immune responses were monitored by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA), SICCT test, and antibody assay. Vaccinated calves developed strong responses to the SICCT test at the sixth week post-vaccination, but did not respond to ESAT-6/CFP-10 peptide antigen-based IGRA. During the exposure, IFN-γ response to the specific peptide cocktail [F(2.44, 92.67) = 26.96; p < 0.001] and skin reaction to the specific proteins cocktail [F(1.7, 64.3); p < 0.001] increased progressively in both groups while their antibody responses were low. The prevalence of bTB was 88.9% (95% CI: 65.3–98.6) and 63.6% (95% CI: 40.7–83.8) in the control and vaccinated calves, respectively, based on Mycobacterium bovis isolation, giving a direct protective efficacy estimate of 28.4% (95% CI: −2.7 to 50.1). The proportion of vaccinated calves with lesion was 7.0% (34/484) against 11.4% (45/396) in control calves, representing a 38% (95% CI: 5.8–59.4) reduction of lesion prevalence. Besides, the severity of pathology was significantly lower (Mann–Whitney U-test, p < 0.05) in vaccinated (median score = 2.0, IQR = 0–4.75) than in control (median score = 5, IQR = 3.0–6.25) calves. Moreover, survival from M. bovis infection in vaccinated calves was significantly (log-rank test: χ2 = 6.749, p < 0.01) higher than that of the control calves. In conclusion, the efficacy of BCG was low, but the reduced frequency and severity of lesion in vaccinated calves could suggest its potential role in containing onward transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berecha Bayissa
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Vaccine Production and Drug Formulation Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Asegedech Sirak
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Worku
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yemisrach Zeleke
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mahlet Chanyalew
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Glyn Hewinson
- Institute of Biology, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | | | - James L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - H Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,Institute of Biology, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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