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Leblanc C, Kassié D, Ranaivoharimina M, Rakotomanana EFN, Mangahasimbola RT, Randrianarijaona A, Ramiandrasoa R, Nely AJ, Razafindraibe NP, Andriamandimby SF, Ranoaritiana DB, Rajaonarivony V, Randrianasolo L, Baril L, Mattern C, Ratovoson R, Guis H. Mixed methods to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards rabies in central and remote communities of Moramanga district, Madagascar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012064. [PMID: 38551968 PMCID: PMC11006160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Control of dog-mediated rabies relies on raising awareness, access to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and mass dog vaccination. To assess rabies awareness in Moramanga district, Madagascar, where rabies is endemic, two complementary quantitative and qualitative approaches were carried out in 2018. In the quantitative approach, a standardized questionnaire was administered to 334 randomized participants living in 170 households located less than 5 km from the anti-rabies treatment center (ARTC) located in Moramanga city (thereafter called the central area), and in 164 households located more than 15 km away from the ARTC in two rural communes (thereafter called the remote area). Logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors influencing knowledge and practice scores. The qualitative approach consisted in semi-structured interviews conducted with 28 bite victims who had consulted the ARTC, three owners of biting dogs, three ARTC staff and two local authorities. Overall, 15.6% (52/334) of households owned at least one dog. The dog-to-human ratio was 1:17.6. The central area had a significantly higher dog bite incidence (0.53 per 100 person-years, 95% CI: 0.31-0.85) compared to the remote area (0.22 per 100 person-years, 95% CI: 0.09-0.43) (p = 0.03). The care pathway following a bite depended on wound severity, how the dog was perceived and its owner's willingness to cover costs. Rabies vaccination coverage in dogs in the remote area was extremely low (2.4%). Respondents knew that vaccination prevented animal rabies but owners considered that their own dogs were harmless and cited access and cost of vaccine as main barriers. Most respondents were not aware of the existence of the ARTC (85.3%), did not know the importance of timely access to PEP (92.2%) or that biting dogs should be isolated (89.5%) and monitored. Good knowledge scores were significantly associated with having a higher socio-economic status (OR = 2.08, CI = 1.33-3.26) and living in central area (OR = 1.91, CI = 1.22-3.00). Good practice scores were significantly associated with living in central area (OR = 4.78, CI = 2.98-7.77) and being aware of the ARTC's existence (OR = 2.29, CI = 1.14-4.80). In Madagascar, knowledge on rabies was disparate with important gaps on PEP and animal management. Awareness campaigns should inform communities (i) on the importance of seeking PEP as soon as possible after an exposure, whatever the severity of the wound and the type of biting dog who caused it, and (ii) on the existence and location of ARTCs where free-of-charge PEP is available. They should also encourage owners to isolate and monitor the health of biting dogs. Above all, awareness and dog vaccination campaigns should be designed so as to reach the more vulnerable remote rural populations as knowledge, good practices and vaccination coverage were lower in these areas. They should also target households with a lower socio-economic status. If awareness campaigns are likely to succeed in improving access to ARTCs in Madagascar, their impact on prompting dog owners to vaccinate their own dogs seems more uncertain given the financial and access barriers. Therefore, to reach the 70% dog vaccination coverage goal targeted in rabies elimination programs, awareness campaigns must be combined with free-of-charge mass dog vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leblanc
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- General Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Daouda Kassié
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Mendrika Ranaivoharimina
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Anjasoa Randrianarijaona
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Ravo Ramiandrasoa
- Vaccination Center, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Alphonse José Nely
- Service for the Fight against Plague, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases and Neglected Tropical Endemo-Epidemic Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- WHO Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Soa Fy Andriamandimby
- National Laboratory of Rabies, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Dany Bakoly Ranoaritiana
- Direction of Health Monitoring, Epidemiological Surveillance and Response (DVSSER), Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Virginie Rajaonarivony
- Service for the Fight against Plague, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases and Neglected Tropical Endemo-Epidemic Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Laurence Randrianasolo
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Laurence Baril
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chiarella Mattern
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Ceped (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Paris, INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Rila Ratovoson
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Hélène Guis
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Ribeiro R, Matthiopoulos J, Lindgren F, Tello C, Zariquiey CM, Valderrama W, Rocke TE, Streicker DG. Incorporating environmental heterogeneity and observation effort to predict host distribution and viral spillover from a bat reservoir. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231739. [PMID: 37989240 PMCID: PMC10688441 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting the spatial occurrence of wildlife is a major challenge for ecology and management. In Latin America, limited knowledge of the number and locations of vampire bat roosts precludes informed allocation of measures intended to prevent rabies spillover to humans and livestock. We inferred the spatial distribution of vampire bat roosts while accounting for observation effort and environmental effects by fitting a log Gaussian Cox process model to the locations of 563 roosts in three regions of Peru. Our model explained 45% of the variance in the observed roost distribution and identified environmental drivers of roost establishment. When correcting for uneven observation effort, our model estimated a total of 2340 roosts, indicating that undetected roosts (76%) exceed known roosts (24%) by threefold. Predicted hotspots of undetected roosts in rabies-free areas revealed high-risk areas for future viral incursions. Using the predicted roost distribution to inform a spatial model of rabies spillover to livestock identified areas with disproportionate underreporting and indicated a higher rabies burden than previously recognized. We provide a transferrable approach to infer the distribution of a mostly unobserved bat reservoir that can inform strategies to prevent the re-emergence of an important zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ribeiro
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Finn Lindgren
- School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carlos Tello
- ILLARIY (Asociación para el Desarrollo y Conservación de los Recursos Naturales), Lima, Perú
- Yunkawasi, Lima, Perú
| | - Carlos M. Zariquiey
- ILLARIY (Asociación para el Desarrollo y Conservación de los Recursos Naturales), Lima, Perú
| | - William Valderrama
- ILLARIY (Asociación para el Desarrollo y Conservación de los Recursos Naturales), Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Tonie E. Rocke
- National Wildlife Health Center, US Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Medical Research Council—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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Hengtrakool L, Thongratsakul S, Poolkhet C. Spatiotemporal patterns of rabid dogs and cats and the opinions of personnel responsible for disease control in Thailand. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21969. [PMID: 38027942 PMCID: PMC10658336 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the patterns of rabies cases in dogs and cats in Thailand from 2013 to 2016 via spatiotemporal analysis. We also assessed the opinions of responsible district-level personnel regarding risk factors and control measures for rabies. Evaluation of rabies case patterns was based on secondary data from a national online database, and a structured questionnaire was used to obtain the opinions of district-level personnel. A total of 1202 cases (1202/13058, 9.21 %) of rabid dogs and cats were documented between 2013 and 2016, with the majority of cases involving dogs (1165/13058; 8.92 %). The spatiotemporal analysis indicated that most of the cases were recorded in central Thailand and that there was a general trend of an increase in rabies cases from the beginning of 2013 to the end of 2016. Month-by-month analysis for each year suggested that the number of rabies cases tended to increase over the course of the year in 2013 and 2016. Results from the autocorrelation indicated that the correlation coefficient tended to be similar in adjacent time lags. In terms of the opinion analysis, only one factor (i.e., the presence of a forest that served as a habitat for carrier animals in the district) was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in the final binary logistic regression model. The results of this study may facilitate planning for effective rabies control in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutthapun Hengtrakool
- Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
- Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Thongratsakul
- Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Chaithep Poolkhet
- Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
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Fielding HR, Fernandes KA, Amulya VR, Belgayer D, Misquita A, Kenny R, Gibson AD, Gamble L, Bronsvoort BMDC, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Capturing free-roaming dogs for sterilisation: A multi-site study in Goa, India. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105996. [PMID: 37595388 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Sterilisation and rabies vaccination programs seek to manage free-roaming domestic dog (Canis familiaris) populations with the aim to reduce inter-species disease transmission and conflicts. As effective, permanent, remotely-administered options are not yet available for sterilisation, and oral vaccination is not yet commonly used; free-roaming dogs are typically captured for these interventions. There is a paucity of information describing how dog capture rates change over time within defined areas following repeated capture efforts. This data is needed to allow efficient dog capture programmes to be developed. Using spatial co-ordinates of dog capture, we characterise where dogs are more likely to be captured in six catch-sterilise-release campaigns, in Goa state, India. Combining capture numbers with population survey data collected in five sites, we document the increasing difficulty of catching entire (non-sterilised) dogs as sterilisation coverage increases and demonstrate how this leads to increased unit costs. Accounting for the extra resources required to capture dogs when sterilisation coverage is high will improve estimation of the resources required to manage free-roaming dog populations and assist in planning the most efficient intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Fielding
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - K A Fernandes
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V R Amulya
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Belgayer
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Misquita
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Goa and The Goa Veterinary Association, Pashusamwardhan Bhavan, Patto, Panaji 403401, Goa, India
| | - R Kenny
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Goa and The Goa Veterinary Association, Pashusamwardhan Bhavan, Patto, Panaji 403401, Goa, India
| | - A D Gibson
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - L Gamble
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - B M de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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5
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Sontigun N, Boonhoh W, Fungwithaya P, Wongtawan T. Multiple blood pathogen infections in apparently healthy sheltered dogs in southern Thailand. Int J Vet Sci Med 2022; 10:64-71. [PMID: 36046615 PMCID: PMC9415632 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2022.2111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing countries such as Thailand, free-ranging dogs are frequently involved in road accidents and contribute to the cost of public healthcare. Shelters play a vital role in communities because they help to control the population of unwanted and free-ranging dogs. This study aimed to investigate blood pathogen infection in sheltered dogs, as it is one of the factors contributing to animal welfare. Blood samples were randomly collected from 141 dogs from the largest shelter (approximately 400–500 dogs in total) in southern Thailand. Blood pathogens were detected using both PCR and light microscopy. Four blood pathogens were identified: Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis vogeli, and Hepatozoon canis. No trypanosomes were detected. The incidence of blood parasite infection was 56.7% (80/141) by PCR, and 28.4% (40/141) by microscopy. E. canis was the most prevalent pathogen, accounting for 46.1% (65/141) of the cases, while multiple infections accounted for 22% (31/141) of the cases. A triple infection with E. canis, A. platys, and B. canis vogeli was observed in 5.7% (8/141) of the cases. Although PCR is far more sensitive than microscopy, it appears to have equivalent specificity. In conclusion, this study reported a high occurrence of blood pathogen infections in clinically healthy sheltered dogs. Many of them were infected with multiple pathogens and may have been infected before entering the shelter. These findings suggest that a blood test is necessary to screen dogs prior to their admission to the shelter to prevent disease transmission and enhance animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Sontigun
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Other Microorganism, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Worakan Boonhoh
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Punpichaya Fungwithaya
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Other Microorganism, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Tuempong Wongtawan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Other Microorganism, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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