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Wang Y, Pang F. Diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus: an overview of currently available methods. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1370050. [PMID: 38646626 PMCID: PMC11026595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1370050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), which results in significant economic losses in the global cattle industry. Fortunately, various diagnostic methods available for BVDV have been established. They include etiological methods, such as virus isolation (VI); serological methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and immunohistochemistry (IHC); molecular methods, such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, digital droplet PCR (ddPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and CRISPR-Cas system; and biosensors. This review summarizes the current diagnostic methods for BVDV, discussing their advantages and disadvantages, and proposes future perspectives for the diagnosis of BVDV, with the intention of providing valuable guidance for effective diagnosis and control of BVD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Yeşilbağ K, Aytoğu G, Kadiroğlu B, Ateş Ö, Toker EB, Yaşar M. Pathogenicity assessment of a bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1l (BVDV-1l) strain in experimentally infected calves. Vet Microbiol 2024; 289:109945. [PMID: 38154395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea is a widespread and economically important viral disease for livestock which can cause clinically diverse manifestations. The number of established BVDV subgenotypes has increased, not only the serological relationships of recently described subgenotypes but virulence and pathogenic characteristics have not yet been mostly elaborated. The dominant BVDV subgenotype in Turkiye was elaborated to be BVDV-1l, that involves more than half of field strains and there is no scientific data to identify the pathogenicity of this strain so far. This study investigated the pathogenicity of a selected field strain (TR-72) from subgenotype BVDV-1l. Experimental infection was implemented by intranasal inoculation of the strain TR-72 (10 ×105.5) to four young calves which were previously not vaccinated and were free both for BVDV antibodies and antigens. Clinical changes as well as blood parameters, body temperature, and viremia were monitored for 14 days. Only mild clinical signs associated with respiratory signs of BVDV infection were observed. Detected clinical signs included nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, cough, fatigue, high rectal temperature reaching 40.7 ℃, and white blood cell counts depression started from the 2nd day and 40.4% decreased between the 12th and 14th days post-infection (poi). The presence of viremia was investigated by virus isolation, RT-PCR, and real-time RT-PCR from blood samples. The efficiency of experimental infection was established not only by observed clinical signs but also by virus isolation from blood leukocytes between the 5th and 8th days poi., virus detection was obtained by real-time PCR between the 3rd - 13th days poi. Besides, the recorded mild clinical signs, high fever, long duration of viremia , and high decrease in blood parameters obtained in this study, it was shown that the noncytopathogenic BVDV-1l strain TR-72 has a moderate virulence in naïve cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Yeşilbağ
- Department of Virology, Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 16059 Bursa, Turkiye.
| | - Gizem Aytoğu
- Department of Virology, Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 16059 Bursa, Turkiye
| | - Berfin Kadiroğlu
- Department of Virology, Dicle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 21200 Diyarbakır, Turkiye
| | - Özer Ateş
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03204 Afyonkarahisar, Turkiye
| | - Eda Baldan Toker
- Department of Virology, Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 16059 Bursa, Turkiye
| | - Mevlüt Yaşar
- Department of Virology, Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 16059 Bursa, Turkiye
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Liu X, Cheng Z, Zhang W, Mao L, Pan Z, Yang L, Liu M, Long Y, Bai J, Li W. Development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA to detect antibodies against the E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus-1. J Virol Methods 2024; 323:114851. [PMID: 37956891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of cattle industry, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is becoming widespread in China, which causes serious economic losses to the industry. Effective vaccination and viral surveillance are critical for the prevent and control of BVDV infection. In the present study, the immunogenic domain of E2 protein of BVDV-1 was expressed by prokaryotic pET-28a vector. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against E2 protein were prepared and systemically examined by western blot, immunofluorescence assay, blocking ELISA (bELISA) and virus neutralization test (VNT). The mAb 1E2B3, which showed good reactivity and neutralizing activity to BVDV-1 strains, was selected for ELISA establishment. After a series of screening and optimization, a novel bELISA for highly sensitive and specific detection of BVDV-1 antibodies was established, using HRP-labeled 1E2B3 and recombinant E2 protein. ROC analysis of 91 positive and 84 negative reference bovine serum samples yielded the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9903. A diagnostic specificity of 96.43 % and a sensitivity of 95.6 % were achieved when the cutoff value was set at 24.31 %. There was no cross reaction to the positive sera of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), BVDV-2, border disease virus (BDV), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Mycoplasma bovis (M.bovis) and Brucella. The total agreement rate of bELISA with VNT was 93.96 % (249/265). In addition, the result of bELISA was positively correlated with neutralizing antibody titer, and the bELISA could well distinguish the serum samples before and after BVDV vaccination. These results indicate that the established bELISA in this study is specific, sensitive, simple and convenient, which provides technical support for the vaccine efficacy evaluation, prevention and control of BVD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zilong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Li Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Leilei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yunfeng Long
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Juan Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China.
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Pang F, Long Q, Wei M. Immune evasion strategies of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1282526. [PMID: 37900320 PMCID: PMC10613064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1282526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen that causes great economic losses in the global livestock industry. During the long-term interactions between BVDV and its hosts, the virus has evolved multiple strategies to evade the host's innate immunity and adaptive immunity, thereby promoting viral survival and replication. This review focuses on the most recent research on immune evasion strategies employed by BVDV, including evading type I IFN signaling pathway, evading host adaptive immunity, mediating NF-κB signaling pathway, mediating cell apoptosis and inducing autophagy. Unraveling BVDV's immune evasion strategies will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of BVDV and contribute to the development of more effective therapies for the prevention, control and eradication of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Giangaspero M, Zhang S. Pestivirus A Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 species genotypes circulating in China and Turkey. Open Vet J 2023; 13:903-931. [PMID: 37614735 PMCID: PMC10443820 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i7.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pestivirus A Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) is a heterogeneous species within the genus, affecting cattle and other ruminants, with economic impact on livestock production. Aim The study aimed to update the taxonomy of the Pestivirus A, BVDV-1 species and to verify the clustering of the strains reported as genotype 1v, originating from different countries. Methods Recently deposited strains from China, Turkey, and Iran have been evaluated by the palindromic nucleotide substitutions (PNS) genotyping method. Results Based on secondary structure analysis of the 5'-UTR sequences, strains reported as 1v from China were clustered as sub genotype 1.7.3 (1o). Genotype 1.19 (1w) was restricted to China and genotype 1.21 (1v) was present only in Turkey and Iran. Conclusion The application of the PNS method clarified the taxonomical status of strains, revealing the homonymy of genetically different clusters. Furthermore, these observations indicated geographic segregation in the Pestivirus A species, and confirmed the occurrence of new atypical genetic variants, with potential implications on control and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuquin Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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