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Liang Y, Kuang Q, Zheng X, Xu Y, Feng Y, Xiang Q, Zhang G, Zhou P. Monoclonal antibody development for early detection of ASFV I73R protein: Identification of a linear antigenic epitope. Virology 2024; 597:110145. [PMID: 38941747 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), which was first identified in northern China in 2018, causes high mortality in pigs. Since the I73R protein in ASFV is abundantly expressed during the early phase of virus replication, it can be used as a target protein for early diagnosis. In this study, the I73R protein of ASFV was expressed, and we successfully prepared a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), 8G11D7, that recognizes this protein. Through both indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays, we demonstrated that 8G11D7 can detect ASFV strains. By evaluating the binding of the antibody to a series of I73R-truncated peptides, the definitive epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody 8G11D7 was determined to be 58 DKTNTIYPP 66. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the antigenic epitope had a high antigenic index and conservatism. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of ASFV protein structure and function, helping establish ASFV-specific detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Qiyuan Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qinxin Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Pei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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2
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Chernyshev R, Igolkin A, van Schalkwyk A, Zinyakov N, Kolbin I, Shotin A, Korennoy F, Sprygin A, Mazloum A. A proposed update of African swine fever virus (genotype II) subgenotyping based on the central variable region (CVR) of Russian isolates. Arch Virol 2024; 169:147. [PMID: 38879716 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06064-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolates are grouped and tracked through analysis of their central variable region (CVR) sequences. In this study, sequences of 70 ASFV isolates collected from different regions of Russia between 2018 and 2022 were analyzed. The analysis based on the CVR sequences indicated that the isolates belonged to three distinct groups. Group 1 shared 100% sequence identity to the isolate Georgia 2007/1. Group 5 had a C > A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 601, while group 13 is new and unique to the Far East of Russia, with five isolates from the Amur, Khabarovsk, and Primorsky regions. These findings demonstrate a new approach to phylogenomics and cladistics of ASFV isolates within genotype II on the basis of the CVR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey Igolkin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Road, 0110, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, 7535, Bellville, South Africa
| | | | - Ivan Kolbin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Andrey Shotin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Fedor Korennoy
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901, Vladimir, Russia.
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3
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Das PJ, Sonowal J, Sengar GS, Pegu SR, Deb R, Kumar S, Banik S, Rajkhowa S, Gupta VK. Characterization of an African swine fever virus outbreak in India and comparative analysis of immune genes in infected and surviving crossbreed vs. indigenous Doom pigs. Arch Virol 2024; 169:145. [PMID: 38864875 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Since 2020, African swine fever (ASF) has affected all pig breeds in Northeast India except Doom pigs, a unique indigenous breed from Assam and the closest relatives of Indian wild pigs. ASF outbreaks result in significant economic losses for pig farmers in the region. Based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the B646L (p72) gene, it has been determined that ASFV genotype II is responsible for outbreaks in this region. Recent studies have shown that MYD88, LDHB, and IFIT1, which are important genes of the immune system, are involved in the pathogenesis of ASFV. The differential expression patterns of these genes in surviving ASFV-infected and healthy Doom breed pigs were compared to healthy controls at different stages of infection. The ability of Doom pigs to withstand common pig diseases, along with their genetic resemblance to wild pigs, make them ideal candidates for studying tolerance to ASFV infection. In the present study, we investigated the natural resistance to ASF in Doom pigs from an endemic area in Northeast India. The results of this study provide important molecular insights into the regulation of ASFV tolerance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Jyoti Das
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Assam, 781131, India.
- Principal Scientist Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
| | - Joyshikh Sonowal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Assam, 781131, India
- Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
| | | | - Seema Rani Pegu
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Santanu Banik
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Swaraj Rajkhowa
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Assam, 781131, India
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4
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Sai Balaji KG, Karikalan M, Saravanan S, Mahajan S, Rajeshkumar K, Vaseem M, Nautiyal S, Subash A, Sharma K, Biswas SK, Nandi S, Pawde AM, Singh KP, Sharma GK. High mortality in free-ranging wild boars associated with African swine fever virus in India. Arch Virol 2024; 169:137. [PMID: 38847873 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the pathological and molecular characterization of African swine fever virus (ASFV) associated with an outbreak in wild boars in two national parks in southern India in 2022-2023. Significant mortality was observed among free-ranging wild boars at Bandipur National Park, Karnataka, and Mudumalai National Park, Tamil Nadu. Extensive combing operations were undertaken in both national parks, spanning an area of around 100 km2, originating from the reported epicenter, to estimate the mortality rate. Recovered carcasses were pathologically examined, and ASFV isolates was genetically characterized. Our findings suggested spillover infection of ASFV from nearby domestic pigs, and the virus was equally pathogenic in wild boars and domestic pigs. ASFV intrusion was reported in the Northeastern region of the country, which borders China and Myanmar, whereas the current outbreak is very distantly located, in southern India. Molecular data will help in tracing the spread of the virus in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Sai Balaji
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - M Karikalan
- Center for wildlife, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - S Saravanan
- National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - S Mahajan
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - K Rajeshkumar
- Wildlife Veterinary Officer, Mudumalai National Park, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mirza Vaseem
- Wildlife Veterinary Officer, Bandipur National Park, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushmita Nautiyal
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Athira Subash
- Center for wildlife, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Kirtika Sharma
- Center for wildlife, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Sukdeb Nandi
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Abhijit M Pawde
- Center for wildlife, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India.
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5
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Qin G, Sun W, Wang A, Wang Y, Zhang G, Zhao J. On-site detection and differentiation of African swine fever virus variants using an orthogonal CRISPR-Cas12b/Cas13a-based assay. iScience 2024; 27:109050. [PMID: 38571763 PMCID: PMC10987800 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) and its variants have induced substantial economic losses in China, prompting a critical need for efficient detection methods. Several PCR-based methods have been developed to discriminate between wild-type ASFV and gene-deleted variants. However, the requirement for sophisticated equipment and skilled operators limits their use in field settings. Here, we developed a CRISPR-Cas12b/Cas13a-based detection assay that can identify ASFV variants with minimal equipment requirements and a short turnaround time. The assay utilizes the distinct DNA/RNA collateral cleavage preferences of Cas12b/Cas13a to detect two amplified targets from multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) in a single tube, and the results can be visualized through fluorescent or lateral-flow readouts. When tested with clinical samples in field settings, our assay successfully detected all ASFV-positive samples in less than 60 min. This assay provides a rapid on-site surveillance tool for detecting ASFV and its emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guosong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Shi K, Qian X, Shi Y, Wei H, Pan Y, Long F, Zhou Q, Mo S, Hu L, Li Z. A triplex crystal digital PCR for the detection of genotypes I and II African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1351596. [PMID: 38628942 PMCID: PMC11019002 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1351596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in pigs. It keeps spreading around the world, posing a severe socioeconomic risk and endangering biodiversity and domestic food security. ASF first outbroke in China in 2018, and has spread to most provinces nationwide. Genotypes I and II ASF virus (ASFV) as the etiological pathogens have been found in China. In this study, three pairs of specific primers and probes targeting the ASFV B646L gene, F1055L gene, and E183L gene were designed to detect universal, genotype I, and genotype II strains, respectively. A triplex crystal digital PCR (cdPCR) was established on the basis of optimizing various reaction conditions. The assay demonstrated remarkably sensitive with low limits of detection (LODs) of 5.120, 4.218, 4.588 copies/reaction for B646L, F1055L, and E183L gene, respectively; excellent repeatability with 1.24-2.01% intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) and 1.32-2.53% inter-assay CVs; good specificity for only detection of genotypes I and II ASFV, without cross-reactivity with PCV2, PRV, SIV, PRRSV, PEDV, FMDV, and CSFV. The triplex cdPCR was used to test 1,275 clinical samples from Guangxi province of China, and the positivity rates were 5.05, 3.22, and 1.02% for genotype I, genotype II, and co-infection of genotypes I and II, respectively. These 1,275 clinical samples were also detected using a reported reference triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the agreements of detection results between these two methods were more than 98.98%. In conclusion, the developed triplex cdPCR could be used as a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method to detect and differentiate genotypes I and II strains of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xinxiu Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Rajkhowa S, Sonowal J, Pegu SR, Sanger GS, Deb R, Das PJ, Doley J, Paul S, Gupta VK. Natural co-infection of pigs with African swine fever virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in India. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1017-1022. [PMID: 38041718 PMCID: PMC10920511 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and African swine fever (ASF) are economically important diseases of pigs throughout the world. During an outbreak, all age groups of animals except piglets < 1 month of age were affected with symptoms of high fever, cutaneous hemorrhages, vomition with blood, diarrhea, poor appetite, ataxia, and death. The outbreak was confirmed by the detection of the N gene of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the VP72 gene of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) by PCR in representative blood samples from affected pigs followed by Sanger sequencing. Mixed infection was also confirmed by simultaneous detection of both the viruses using multiplex PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of both the viruses revealed that the outbreak was related to ASFV and PRRSV strains from China which were also closely related to the PRRSV and ASFV strains from the recent outbreak from India. The study confirmed the involvement of genotype II of ASFV and genotype 2 of PRRSV in the present outbreak. Interestingly, PRRSV associated with the present outbreak was characterized as a highly pathogenic PRRSV. Therefore, the present study indicates the possibility of future waves or further outbreaks of these diseases (PRRS and ASF) in this region. This is the first report of ASFV and PRRSV co-infection in pigs from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaraj Rajkhowa
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
| | - Joyshikh Sonowal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | | | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Pranab Jyoti Das
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Juwar Doley
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Souvik Paul
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
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Qian X, Hu L, Shi K, Wei H, Shi Y, Hu X, Zhou Q, Feng S, Long F, Mo S, Li Z. Development of a triplex real-time quantitative PCR for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1278714. [PMID: 37929278 PMCID: PMC10620837 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1278714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) was first identified in 1921 and is extensively prevalent around the world nowadays, which has a significant negative impact on the swine industry. In China, genotype II ASFV was first discovered in 2018, and has spread quickly to different provinces in a very short time; genotype I ASFV was first found in 2020, and has been reported in several provinces since then. To establish an accurate method for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II ASFV, three primers and probes were designed targeting the ASFV B646L gene for different genotypes, the F1055L gene for genotype I, and the E183L gene for genotype II, and a triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for differential detection of genotypes I and II ASFV was developed after optimizing the reaction conditions. The assay showed high sensitivity, and the limits of detection (LOD) of the B646L, F1055L, and E183L genes were 399.647 copies/reaction, 374.409 copies/reaction, and 355.083 copies/reaction, respectively; the coefficients of variation (CVs) of the intra-assay and the inter-assay were 0.22-1.88% and 0.16-1.68%, respectively, showing that this method had good repeatability; the assay could detect only ASFV, without cross-reactivity with other swine viruses including PRRSV, PEDV, PDCoV, CSFV, PRV, and PCV2, showing excellent specificity of this method. A total of 3,519 clinical samples from Guangxi province, southern China, were tested by the developed assay, and 8.16% (287/3,519) samples were found to be positive for ASFV, of which 0.17% (6/3,519) samples were positive for genotype I, 7.19% (253/3,519) samples for genotype II, and 0.80% (28/3,519) samples for genotypes I and II. At the same time, these clinical samples were also tested by a previously reported multiplex qPCR, and the agreement between these two methods was more than 99.94%. In summary, the developed triplex qPCR provided a fast, specific and accurate method for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Ito S, Kawaguchi N, Bosch J, Aguilar-Vega C, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. What can we learn from the five-year African swine fever epidemic in Asia? Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1273417. [PMID: 37841468 PMCID: PMC10569053 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1273417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Today's global swine industry is exposed to the unprecedented threat of African swine fever (ASF). Asia, the site of the most recent epidemics, could serve as a huge viral reservoir for the rest of the world given the severity of the damage, the huge swine industry, and the high volume of trade with other countries around the world. As the majority of ASF notifications in Asia today originate from pig farms, the movement of live pigs and associated pork products are considered critical control points for disease management. Particularly, small-scale or backyard farms with low biosecurity levels are considered major risk factors. Meanwhile, wild boars account for most notified cases in some countries and regions, which makes the epidemiological scenario different from that in other Asian countries. As such, the current epidemic situation and higher risk factors differ widely between these countries. A variety of studies on ASF control have been conducted and many valuable insights have been obtained in Asia; nevertheless, the overall picture of the epidemic is still unclear. The purpose of this review is to provide an accurate picture of the epidemic situation across Asia, focusing on each subregion to comprehensively explain the disease outbreak. The knowledge gained from the ASF epidemics experienced in Asia over the past 5 years would be useful for disease control in areas that are already infected, such as Europe, as well as for non-affected areas to address preventive measures. To this end, the review includes two aspects: a descriptive analytical review based on publicly available databases showing overall epidemic trends, and an individualized review at the subregional level based on the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ito
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nijiho Kawaguchi
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jaime Bosch
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Aguilar-Vega
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Shotin AR, Chernyshev RS, Morozova EO, Igolkin AS, Gruzdev KN, Kolbin IS, Lavrentiev IA, Mazloum A. [Molecular and biological properties of the African swine fever virus (Asfarviridae: Asfivirus) isolate ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:302-314. [PMID: 38156587 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up-to-date data and full characterization of circulating ASFV isolates play a crucial role in virus eradication and control in endemic regions and countries. The aim of the study was to evaluate and characterize the molecular and biological properties of the ASFV isolate ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276, conduct phylogenetic analysis, and compare the results with isolates circulating in Europe and Asia. MATERIALS AND METHODS For bioassay, eight heads of the Large White pigs weighing 15-20 kg/head were used. Detection of specific anti-ASFV antibodies by ELISA and immunoperoxidase method. Detection of ASFV genome was performed by qPCR. Isolation of ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276 and determination of titer were performed in pig spleen cell culture. Sequencing was carried out by the Sanger method. RESULTS The virus was characterized as highly virulent and capable of causing acute to subacute forms of ASF. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substitutions in the genome of the ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276 isolate (IGR/I73R-I329L and I267L markers) that supported the clustering of the studied variant with isolates prevalent in most of Europe and Asia. CONCLUSION For the first time, the molecular and biological properties of the ASF/Tatarstan 20/WB-12276 virus isolate taken from a wild boar shot on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan were studied and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Shotin
- Federal Center for Animal Health (ARRIAH)
| | | | | | | | | | - I S Kolbin
- Federal Center for Animal Health (ARRIAH)
| | | | - A Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health (ARRIAH)
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11
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Shi K, Zhao K, Wei H, Zhou Q, Shi Y, Mo S, Long F, Hu L, Feng S, Mo M. Triplex Crystal Digital PCR for the Detection and Differentiation of the Wild-Type Strain and the MGF505-2R and I177L Gene-Deleted Strain of African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:1092. [PMID: 37764900 PMCID: PMC10534775 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe and highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars, characterized by a high fever and internal bleeding. The disease is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which is prevalent worldwide and has led to significant economic losses in the global pig industry. In this study, three pairs of specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed for the ASFV B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes. After optimizing the reaction conditions of the annealing temperature, primer concentration and probe concentration, triplex crystal digital PCR (cdPCR) and triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were developed for the detection and differentiation of the wild-type ASFV strain and the MGF505-2R and/or I177L gene-deleted ASFV strains. The results indicate that both triplex cdPCR and triplex qPCR were highly specific, sensitive and repeatable. The assays could detect only the B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes, without cross-reaction with other swine viruses (i.e., PRRSV, CSFV, PCV2, PCV3, PEDV, PDCoV and PRV). The limit of detection (LOD) of triplex cdPCR was 12 copies/reaction, and the LOD of triplex qPCR was 500 copies/reaction. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for repeatability and reproducibility were less than 2.7% for triplex cdPCR and less than 1.8% for triplex qPCR. A total of 1510 clinical tissue samples were tested with both methods, and the positivity rates of ASFV were 14.17% (214/1510) with triplex cdPCR and 12.98% (196/1510) with triplex qPCR, with a coincidence rate of 98.81% between the two methods. The positivity rate for the MGF505-2R gene-deleted ASFV strains was 0.33% (5/1510), and no I177L gene-deleted ASFV strain was found. The results indicate that triplex cdPCR and triplex qPCR developed in this study can provide rapid, sensitive and accurate methods for the detection and differentiation of the ASFV B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Kang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Meilan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
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12
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Kim G, Kim SJ, Kim WJ, Kim JH, Kim JC, Lee SG, Kim ES, Lee SH, Jheong WH. Emergence and Prevalence of an African Swine Fever Virus Variant in Wild Boar Populations in South Korea from 2019 to 2022. Viruses 2023; 15:1667. [PMID: 37632010 PMCID: PMC10459476 DOI: 10.3390/v15081667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), a viral disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is associated with high mortality rates in domestic pigs and wild boars. ASF has been spreading since its discovery in wild boars in Korea in October 2019. Genomic analyses have provided insights into the genetic diversity of the ASFV isolated from various regions, enabling a better understanding of the virus origin and transmission patterns. We conducted a genome analysis to evaluate the diversity and mutations of ASFV spreading among wild boars in Korea during 2019-2022. We compared the genomes of ASFV strains isolated from Korean wild boars and publicly available ASFV genomes. Genomic analysis revealed several single-nucleotide polymorphisms within multigene families (MGFs) 360-1La and 360-4L in Korean ASFV. MGF 360-1La and 360-4L variations were not observed in other ASFV strains, including those of genotype II. Finally, we partially analyzed MGFs 360-1La and 360-4L in ASFV-positive samples between 2019 and 2022, confirming the geographical distribution of the variants. Our findings can help identify new genetic markers for epidemiological ASFV analysis and provide essential information for effective disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weon-Hwa Jheong
- Wildlife Disease Response Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), 1 Songam-gil, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 62407, Republic of Korea; (G.K.); (S.-J.K.); (W.-J.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-C.K.); (S.-G.L.); (E.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.)
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13
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Wang J, Bai J, Zhang L, Xia T, Yang X, Zhang K, Gao Y, Jiang P. A new B cell epitope of pC129R protein of African swine fever virus identified by monoclonal antibodies. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109744. [PMID: 37094439 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a most important pathogen which causes huge damage in swine production in the world. pC129R protein is one of the most abundant ASFV proteins in infected Vero cells and WSL-HP cells, which consequently could be a target for ASF detection and surveillance. In this study, 5-6-week-old female BALB/c mice were immunized with rpC129R protein expressed by a prokaryotic system. And three hybridomas, 1B1, 1B4 and 4H4, steadily secreted anti-pC129R monoclonal antibodies were screened by an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among them, 1B4 and 4H4 had IgG2a isotype with Kappa light chain, while 1B1 had IgG1 isotype with Kappa light chain. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specifically reacted with ASFV. Epitope mapping was performed with truncated polypeptides. And a new B cell epitope, 18KHYVLIPK25 was identified by the mAbs, which was highly conserved in most genotypes of ASFV. These findings not only provide a monoclonal antibody tool for further study of the function of C129R, but also lay the foundation for serological diagnosis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tingting Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yanni Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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14
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Hakizimana JN, Yona C, Makange MR, Kasisi EA, Netherton CL, Nauwynck H, Misinzo G. Complete genome analysis of African swine fever virus genotypes II, IX and XV from domestic pigs in Tanzania. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5318. [PMID: 37002287 PMCID: PMC10066019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) caused by ASF virus (ASFV) is an infectious transboundary animal disease notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health causing high mortality in domestic pigs and wild boars threatening the global domestic pig industry. To date, twenty-four ASFV genotypes have been described and currently genotypes II, IX, X, XV and XVI are known to be circulating in Tanzania. Despite the endemic status of ASF in Tanzania, only one complete genome of ASFV from the country has been described. This study describes the first complete genome sequence of ASFV genotype XV. In addition, the first Tanzanian complete genome of ASFV genotype IX and three ASFV strains belonging to genotype II collected during ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs in Tanzania were determined in this study using Illumina sequencing and comparative genomics analysis. The generated ASFV complete genome sequences ranged from 171,004 to 184,521 base pairs in length with an average GC content of 38.53% and encoded 152 to 187 open reading frames. The results of this study provide insights into the genomic structure of ASFV and can be used to monitor changes within the ASFV genome and improve our understanding of ASF transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean N Hakizimana
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Clara Yona
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Biosciences, Solomon Mahlangu College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mariam R Makange
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ester A Kasisi
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Christopher L Netherton
- African Swine Fever Vaccinology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, Surrey, UK
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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15
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Mazloum A, van Schalkwyk A, Chernyshev R, Igolkin A, Heath L, Sprygin A. A Guide to Molecular Characterization of Genotype II African Swine Fever Virus: Essential and Alternative Genome Markers. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030642. [PMID: 36985215 PMCID: PMC10056344 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a contagious viral disease that has been spreading through Europe and Asia since its initial report from Georgia in 2007. Due to the large genome size of the causative agent, the African swine fever virus (ASFV), the molecular epidemiology, and virus evolution are analyzed by employing different markers. Most of these markers originate from single nucleotide polymorphisms or disparities in the copy number of tandem repeat sequences observed during the comparisons of full genome sequences produced from ASFVs isolated during different outbreaks. Therefore, consistent complete genome sequencing and comparative analysis of the sequence data are important to add innovative genomic markers that contribute to the delineation of ASFV phylogeny and molecular epidemiology during active circulation in the field. In this study, the molecular markers currently employed to assess the genotype II ASFVs circulating in Europe and Asia have been outlined. The application of each of these markers to differentiate between ASFVs from related outbreaks is described to implement a guideline to their suitability for analyzing new outbreaks. These markers do not signify the complete repertoire of genomic differences between ASFVs, but will be beneficial when analyzing the first outbreaks in a new region or a large number of samples. Furthermore, new markers must be determined via complete genome sequence analyses for enabling in-depth insights into the molecular epidemiology of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | | | - Alexey Igolkin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Livio Heath
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Alexander Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (A.S.)
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Gallardo C, Casado N, Soler A, Djadjovski I, Krivko L, Madueño E, Nieto R, Perez C, Simon A, Ivanova E, Donescu D, Milicevik V, Chondrokouki E, Nurmoja I, Frant M, Feliziani F, Václavek P, Pileviciene S, Marisa A. A multi gene-approach genotyping method identifies 24 genetic clusters within the genotype II-European African swine fever viruses circulating from 2007 to 2022. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1112850. [PMID: 36761884 PMCID: PMC9905734 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1112850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease of pigs and wild boar that poses a major threat to the global swine industry. The genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) entered the European Union (EU) in 2014 and since then fourteen countries have been affected, Italy and North Macedonia being the last in 2022. While whole genome sequencing remains the gold standard for the identification of new genetic markers, sequencing of multiple loci with significant variations could be used as a rapid and cost-effective alternative to track outbreaks and study disease evolution in endemic areas. Materials and methods To further our understanding of the epidemiology and spread of ASFV in Europe, 382 isolates collected during 2007 to 2022 were sequenced. The study was initially performed by sequencing the central variable region (CVR), the intergenic region (IGR) between the I73R and I329L genes and the O174L and K145R genes. For further discrimination, two new PCRs were designed to amplify the IGR between the 9R and 10R genes of the multigene family 505 (MGF505) and the IGR between the I329L and I215L genes. The sequences obtained were compared with genotype II isolates from Europe and Asia. Results The combination of the results obtained by sequencing these variable regions allowed to differentiate the European II-ASFV genotypes into 24 different groups. In addition, the SNP identified in the IGR I329L-I215L region, not previously described, grouped the viruses from North Macedonia that caused the 2022 outbreaks with viruses from Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece, differentiating from other genotype II isolates present in Europe and Asia. Furthermore, tandem repeat sequence (TRS) within the 9R-10R genes of the multigene family 505 (MGF505) revealed eight different variants circulating. Discussion These findings describe a new multi-gene approach sequencing method that can be used in routine genotyping to determine the origin of new introductions in ASF-free areas and track infection dynamics in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Gallardo
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Carmina Gallardo ✉
| | - Nadia Casado
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- 2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Laura Krivko
- 3Latvia NRL: Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Enviroment, BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Encarnación Madueño
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Nieto
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Perez
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Simon
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- 4Bulgaria NRL: National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDVRI), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Donescu
- 5Romania NRL: Institute for Diagnostic and Animal Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vesna Milicevik
- 6Republic of Serbia NRL: Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eleni Chondrokouki
- 7Greece NRL: Greek Ministry of Rural Development and Food FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- 8Estonian NRL: National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maciej Frant
- 9Poland NRL: National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- 10Italy NRL: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale (IZS) dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Petr Václavek
- 11Czech Republic NRL: State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Jihlava, Czechia
| | - Simona Pileviciene
- 12Lithuania NRL: National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arias Marisa
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Kim G, Park JE, Kim SJ, Kim Y, Kim W, Kim YK, Jheong W. Complete genome analysis of the African swine fever virus isolated from a wild boar responsible for the first viral outbreak in Korea, 2019. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1080397. [PMID: 36713858 PMCID: PMC9875005 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious and severe hemorrhagic viral disease in swine, is emerging as a major threat not only in Korea but also worldwide. The first confirmed case of ASF in Korea was reported in 2019. Despite the occurrence of ASF in Korea, only a few studies have genetically characterized the causative ASF virus (ASFV). In this study, we aimed to genetically characterize the ASFV responsible for the 2019 outbreak in Korea. The genome of the ASFV isolated during the first outbreak in Korea was analyzed. The Korea/YC1/2019 strain has 188,950 base pairs, with a GC content of 38.4%. The complete genome sequence was compared with other ASFV genomes annotated in the NCBI database. The Korea/YC1/2019 strain shared the highest similarity with Georgia 2007, Belgium 2018/1, and ASFV-wbBS01 strains. This study expands our knowledge of the genetic diversity of ASFV, providing valuable information for epidemiology, diagnostics, therapies, and vaccine development.
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Genetic Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus from Pig Farms in South Korea during Outbreaks in 2019-2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122621. [PMID: 36560625 PMCID: PMC9784228 DOI: 10.3390/v14122621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Korea, a total of 21 African swine fever (ASF) infected farms were confirmed during 2019-2021. ASF viruses (ASFVs) were isolated from the blood and spleen samples of the 21 affected farms and their genetic characteristics were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 21 Korean ASFV strains belonged to p72 genotype II and serogroup 8. All isolates were of the intergenic region (IGR) II variant with 10 tandem repeat sequences between I73R and I329L and the central variable region (CVR) 1 variant of the B602L gene. There were no IGR variations between the A179L and A137R and between the MGF 505 9R and10R nor mutations in the O174L, K145R, MGF 505-5R, CP204L, and Bt/Sj regions. The genes of the 21 ASFV strains were identical to those of Georgia 2007/1 and Chinese and Vietnamese strains (Pig/HLJ/2018, China/2018/AnhuiXCGQ, and ASFV_NgheAn_2019); however, X69R of the J268L region of the 18th isolate (Korea/Pig/Goseong/2021) had three nucleotide (CTA) insertions at the 209th position, which led to the addition of one tyrosine (Y) at the C-terminal. This suggests that there are variations among ASFVs circulating in South Korea and the 18th ASFV-infected farm was due to a variant different from those of the other 20 pig farms.
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