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Kumar D, Koyanagi I, Carrier-Ruiz A, Vergara P, Srinivasan S, Sugaya Y, Kasuya M, Yu TS, Vogt KE, Muratani M, Ohnishi T, Singh S, Teixeira CM, Chérasse Y, Naoi T, Wang SH, Nondhalee P, Osman BAH, Kaneko N, Sawamoto K, Kernie SG, Sakurai T, McHugh TJ, Kano M, Yanagisawa M, Sakaguchi M. Sparse Activity of Hippocampal Adult-Born Neurons during REM Sleep Is Necessary for Memory Consolidation. Neuron 2020; 107:552-565.e10. [PMID: 32502462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of dreaming during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep prompts interest in the role of REM sleep in hippocampal-dependent episodic memory. Within the mammalian hippocampus, the dentate gyrus (DG) has the unique characteristic of exhibiting neurogenesis persisting into adulthood. Despite their small numbers and sparse activity, adult-born neurons (ABNs) in the DG play critical roles in memory; however, their memory function during sleep is unknown. Here, we investigate whether young ABN activity contributes to memory consolidation during sleep using Ca2+ imaging in freely moving mice. We found that contextual fear learning recruits a population of young ABNs that are reactivated during subsequent REM sleep against a backdrop of overall reduced ABN activity. Optogenetic silencing of this sparse ABN activity during REM sleep alters the structural remodeling of spines on ABN dendrites and impairs memory consolidation. These findings provide a causal link between ABN activity during REM sleep and memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deependra Kumar
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Iyo Koyanagi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Alvaro Carrier-Ruiz
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Pablo Vergara
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Sakthivel Srinivasan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugaya
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kasuya
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Tzong-Shiue Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kaspar E Vogt
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Department of Genome Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ohnishi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sima Singh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Catia M Teixeira
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Yoan Chérasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Toshie Naoi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Szu-Han Wang
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Pimpimon Nondhalee
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Boran A H Osman
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan; Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Steven G Kernie
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Masanori Sakaguchi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan.
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Wang LC, Wang MH, Ge CF, Ji BW, Guo ZJ, Wang XL, Yang B, Li CY, Liu JQ. The use of a double-layer platinum black-conducting polymer coating for improvement of neural recording and mitigation of photoelectric artifact. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 145:111661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Jarvis S, Nikolic K, Schultz SR. Neuronal gain modulability is determined by dendritic morphology: A computational optogenetic study. PLoS Comput Biol 2018. [PMID: 29522509 PMCID: PMC5862493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the gain of the neuronal input-output function may be modulated have been the subject of much investigation. However, little is known of the role of dendrites in neuronal gain control. New optogenetic experimental paradigms based on spatial profiles or patterns of light stimulation offer the prospect of elucidating many aspects of single cell function, including the role of dendrites in gain control. We thus developed a model to investigate how competing excitatory and inhibitory input within the dendritic arbor alters neuronal gain, incorporating kinetic models of opsins into our modeling to ensure it is experimentally testable. To investigate how different topologies of the neuronal dendritic tree affect the neuron’s input-output characteristics we generate branching geometries which replicate morphological features of most common neurons, but keep the number of branches and overall area of dendrites approximately constant. We found a relationship between a neuron’s gain modulability and its dendritic morphology, with neurons with bipolar dendrites with a moderate degree of branching being most receptive to control of the gain of their input-output relationship. The theory was then tested and confirmed on two examples of realistic neurons: 1) layer V pyramidal cells—confirming their role in neural circuits as a regulator of the gain in the circuit in addition to acting as the primary excitatory neurons, and 2) stellate cells. In addition to providing testable predictions and a novel application of dual-opsins, our model suggests that innervation of all dendritic subdomains is required for full gain modulation, revealing the importance of dendritic targeting in the generation of neuronal gain control and the functions that it subserves. Finally, our study also demonstrates that neurophysiological investigations which use direct current injection into the soma and bypass the dendrites may miss some important neuronal functions, such as gain modulation. New experimental techniques based on optogenetics allow neuronal activity to be manipulated with a high degree of spatial and temporal precision. This opens up new prospects for testing computational models of neuronal function, including questions such as the role of dendrites in neuronal gain control. However, compartmental models in computational neuroscience have not, until now, incorporated the kinetic models of opsins that are required in order to directly match the predictions of a computational model with observed optogenetic experimental results. Here, we introduce an approach for computational optogenetic modeling to test hypotheses, demonstrating it with application to the role of dendrites in neuronal gain control. We find that gain modulability is indicated by dendritic morphology, with pyramidal cell-like shapes optimally receptive to modulation. All dendritic subdomains are required for gain modulation—partial illumination is insufficient. Due to the simulation framework used, these results are directly testable through optogenetic experiments. Computational optogenetic models thus can be used to improve and refine experimental protocols for direct testing of theories of neural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jarvis
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin Nikolic
- Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology and Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Schultz
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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4
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Haidar I, Pasillas-Lépine W, Chaillet A, Panteley E, Palfi S, Senova S. Closed-loop firing rate regulation of two interacting excitatory and inhibitory neural populations of the basal ganglia. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2016; 110:55-71. [PMID: 26837751 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-015-0678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper develops a new closed-loop firing rate regulation strategy for a population of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus, derived using a model-based analysis of the basal ganglia. The system is described using a firing rate model, in order to analyse the generation of beta-band oscillations. On this system, a proportional regulation of the firing rate reduces the gain of the subthalamo-pallidal loop in the parkinsonian case, thus impeding pathological oscillation generation. A filter with a well-chosen frequency is added to this proportional scheme, in order to avoid a potential instability of the feedback loop due to actuation and measurement delays. Our main result is a set of conditions on the parameters of the stimulation strategy that guarantee both its stability and a prescribed delay margin. A discussion on the applicability of the proposed method and a complete set of mathematical proofs is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Haidar
- Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes, CNRS - CentraleSupélec - Univ. Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - William Pasillas-Lépine
- Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes, CNRS - CentraleSupélec - Univ. Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Antoine Chaillet
- Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes, CNRS - CentraleSupélec - Univ. Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elena Panteley
- Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes, CNRS - CentraleSupélec - Univ. Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor, Service de Neurochirurgie, Créteil, France
- IMRB, Inserm, U955, Equipe 14, Créteil, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Suhan Senova
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor, Service de Neurochirurgie, Créteil, France
- IMRB, Inserm, U955, Equipe 14, Créteil, France
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
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5
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Williams JC, Entcheva E. Optogenetic versus Electrical Stimulation of Human Cardiomyocytes: Modeling Insights. Biophys J 2016; 108:1934-45. [PMID: 25902433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics provides an alternative to electrical stimulation to manipulate membrane voltage, and trigger or modify action potentials (APs) in excitable cells. We compare biophysically and energetically the cellular responses to direct electrical current injection versus optical stimulation mediated by genetically expressed light-sensitive ion channels, e.g., Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Using a computational model of ChR2(H134R mutant), we show that both stimulation modalities produce similar-in-morphology APs in human cardiomyocytes, and that electrical and optical excitability vary with cell type in a similar fashion. However, whereas the strength-duration curves for electrical excitation in ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes closely follow the theoretical exponential relationship for an equivalent RC circuit, the respective optical strength-duration curves significantly deviate, exhibiting higher nonlinearity. We trace the origin of this deviation to the waveform of the excitatory current-a nonrectangular self-terminating inward current produced in optical stimulation due to ChR2 kinetics and voltage-dependent rectification. Using a unifying charge measure to compare energy needed for electrical and optical stimulation, we reveal that direct electrical current injection (rectangular pulse) is more efficient at short pulses, whereas voltage-mediated negative feedback leads to self-termination of ChR2 current and renders optical stimulation more efficient for long low-intensity pulses. This applies to cardiomyocytes but not to neuronal cells (with much shorter APs). Furthermore, we demonstrate the cell-specific use of ChR2 current as a unique modulator of intrinsic activity, allowing for optical control of AP duration in atrial and, to a lesser degree, in ventricular myocytes. For self-oscillatory cells, such as Purkinje, constant light at extremely low irradiance can be used for fine control of oscillatory frequency, whereas constant electrical stimulation is not feasible due to electrochemical limitations. Our analysis offers insights for designing future new energy-efficient stimulation strategies in heart or brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Institute for Molecular Cardiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
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6
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Krook-Magnuson E, Ledri M, Soltesz I, Kokaia M. How might novel technologies such as optogenetics lead to better treatments in epilepsy? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 813:319-36. [PMID: 25012388 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8914-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances open exciting avenues for improving the understanding of mechanisms in a broad range of epilepsies. This chapter focuses on the development of optogenetics and on-demand technologies for the study of epilepsy and the control of seizures. Optogenetics is a technique which, through cell-type selective expression of light-sensitive proteins called opsins, allows temporally precise control via light delivery of specific populations of neurons. Therefore, it is now possible not only to record interictal and ictal neuronal activity, but also to test causality and identify potential new therapeutic approaches. We first discuss the benefits and caveats to using optogenetic approaches and recent advances in optogenetics related tools. We then turn to the use of optogenetics, including on-demand optogenetics in the study of epilepsies, which highlights the powerful potential of optogenetics for epilepsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Krook-Magnuson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, 192 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA,
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7
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Optical control of neuronal excitation and inhibition using a single opsin protein, ChR2. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3110. [PMID: 24173561 PMCID: PMC3813941 DOI: 10.1038/srep03110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of electrical stimulation on neuronal membrane potential is frequency dependent. Low frequency electrical stimulation can evoke action potentials, whereas high frequency stimulation can inhibit action potential transmission. Optical stimulation of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expressed in neuronal membranes can also excite action potentials. However, it is unknown whether optical stimulation of ChR2-expressing neurons produces a transition from excitation to inhibition with increasing light pulse frequencies. Here we report optical inhibition of motor neuron and muscle activity in vivo in the cooled sciatic nerves of Thy1-ChR2-EYFP mice. We also demonstrate all-optical single-wavelength control of neuronal excitation and inhibition without co-expression of inhibitory and excitatory opsins. This all-optical system is free from stimulation-induced electrical artifacts and thus provides a new approach to investigate mechanisms of high frequency inhibition in neuronal circuits in vivo and in vitro.
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8
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El Hady A, Afshar G, Bröking K, Schlüter OM, Geisel T, Stühmer W, Wolf F. Optogenetic stimulation effectively enhances intrinsically generated network synchrony. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:167. [PMID: 24155695 PMCID: PMC3805139 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronized bursting is found in many brain areas and has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. Despite extensive studies of network burst synchronization, it is insufficiently understood how this type of network wide synchronization can be strengthened, reduced, or even abolished. We combined electrical recording using multi-electrode array with optical stimulation of cultured channelrhodopsin-2 transducted hippocampal neurons to study and manipulate network burst synchronization. We found low frequency photo-stimulation protocols that are sufficient to induce potentiation of network bursting, modifying bursting dynamics, and increasing interneuronal synchronization. Surprisingly, slowly fading-in light stimulation, which substantially delayed and reduced light-driven spiking, was at least as effective in reorganizing network dynamics as much stronger pulsed light stimulation. Our study shows that mild stimulation protocols that do not enforce particular activity patterns onto the network can be highly effective inducers of network-level plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Hady
- Theoretical Neurophysics, Department of Non-linear Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization Göttingen, Germany ; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany ; Bernstein Focus for Neurotechnology Göttingen, Germany ; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, Germany ; The Interdisciplinary Collaborative Research Center 889 "Cellular Mechanisms of Sensory Processing" Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Govorunova EG, Sineshchekov OA, Li H, Janz R, Spudich JL. Characterization of a highly efficient blue-shifted channelrhodopsin from the marine alga Platymonas subcordiformis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29911-22. [PMID: 23995841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.505495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin photosensors of phototactic algae act as light-gated cation channels when expressed in animal cells. These proteins (channelrhodopsins) are extensively used for millisecond scale photocontrol of cellular functions (optogenetics). We report characterization of PsChR, one of the phototaxis receptors in the alga Platymonas (Tetraselmis) subcordiformis. PsChR exhibited ∼3-fold higher unitary conductance and greater relative permeability for Na(+) ions, as compared with the most frequently used channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR2). Photocurrents generated by PsChR in HEK293 cells showed lesser inactivation and faster peak recovery than those by CrChR2. Their maximal spectral sensitivity was at 445 nm, making PsChR the most blue-shifted channelrhodopsin so far identified. The λmax of detergent-purified PsChR was 437 nm at neutral pH and exhibited red shifts (pKa values at 6.6 and 3.8) upon acidification. The purified pigment undergoes a photocycle with a prominent red-shifted intermediate whose formation and decay kinetics match the kinetics of channel opening and closing. The rise and decay of an M-like intermediate prior to formation of this putative conductive state were faster than in CrChR2. PsChR mediated sufficient light-induced membrane depolarization in cultured hippocampal neurons to trigger reliable repetitive spiking at the upper threshold frequency of the neurons. At low frequencies spiking probability decreases less with PsChR than with CrChR2 because of the faster recovery of the former. Its blue-shifted absorption enables optogenetics at wavelengths even below 400 nm. A combination of characteristics makes PsChR important for further research on structure-function relationships in ChRs and potentially useful for optogenetics, especially for combinatorial applications when short wavelength excitation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Govorunova
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Membrane Biology and
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10
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Ohta A, Kuhara A. Molecular mechanism for trimetric G protein-coupled thermosensation and synaptic regulation in the temperature response circuit of Caenorhabditis elegans. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:119-24. [PMID: 23542220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
How the nervous system controls the sensation and memory of information from the environment is an essential question. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model for elucidating neural information processing that mediates sensation and memory. The entire nervous system of C. elegans consists of only 302 neurons, and their wiring diagram has been revealed by electron microscopy analysis. Here, we review the molecular and physiological mechanisms responsible for the neural circuit-mediated temperature-seeking behavior (thermotaxis) in C. elegans. Recent molecular biology studies and optogenetic analyses, such as the optical manipulation of neural activity, and neural imaging have revealed the novel concept of neural calculation. Most significantly, trimetric G proteincoupled thermosensation, single sensory neuron-based memory, and the orchestrated synaptic transmission system have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Ohta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
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11
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Khurram A, Seymour JP. Investigation of the photoelectrochemical effect in optoelectrodes and potential uses for implantable electrode characterization. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2013:3032-3035. [PMID: 24110366 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6610179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The combination of optical stimulation and electrical recording is commonly employed in neuroscience research. Researchers using optogenetics are familiar with the photo-induced "artifacts" that arise from illumination of an electrode array. We sought to characterize this photoelectrochemical (PEC) effect to understand the underlying mechanism seen on NeuroNexus optoelectrodes. In doing so, we discovered that the phenomenon is inversely proportional to electrode site area in the same manner as electrical impedance measurements. We have applied the PEC effect as a method of electrode evaluation and show that a PEC measurement system can be both faster and more effective than impedance at sensing defects in high-throughput biomedical device testing.
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12
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Meier JC, Harvey RJ, Seeburg P. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience - résumé and perspective. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 4:58. [PMID: 22232574 PMCID: PMC3248788 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen C Meier
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Germany
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13
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Chow BY, Han X, Boyden ES. Genetically encoded molecular tools for light-driven silencing of targeted neurons. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 196:49-61. [PMID: 22341320 PMCID: PMC3553588 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59426-6.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to silence, in a temporally precise fashion, the electrical activity of specific neurons embedded within intact brain tissue, is important for understanding the role that those neurons play in behaviors, brain disorders, and neural computations. "Optogenetic" silencers, genetically encoded molecules that, when expressed in targeted cells within neural networks, enable their electrical activity to be quieted in response to pulses of light, are enabling these kinds of causal circuit analyses studies. Two major classes of optogenetic silencer are in broad use in species ranging from worm to monkey: light-driven inward chloride pumps, or halorhodopsins, and light-driven outward proton pumps, such as archaerhodopsins and fungal light-driven proton pumps. Both classes of molecule, when expressed in neurons via viral or other transgenic means, enable the targeted neurons to be hyperpolarized by light. We here review the current status of these sets of molecules, and discuss how they are being discovered and engineered. We also discuss their expression properties, ionic properties, spectral characteristics, and kinetics. Such tools may not only find many uses in the quieting of electrical activity for basic science studies but may also, in the future, find clinical uses for their ability to safely and transiently shut down cellular electrical activity in a precise fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Y Chow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Kleinlogel S, Terpitz U, Legrum B, Gökbuget D, Boyden ES, Bamann C, Wood PG, Bamberg E. A gene-fusion strategy for stoichiometric and co-localized expression of light-gated membrane proteins. Nat Methods 2011; 8:1083-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Bernstein JG, Boyden ES. Optogenetic tools for analyzing the neural circuits of behavior. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 15:592-600. [PMID: 22055387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand how the brain generates behaviors, it is important to be able to determine how neural circuits work together to perform computations. Because neural circuits are made of a great diversity of cell types, it is critical to be able to analyze how these different kinds of cell work together. In recent years, a toolbox of fully genetically encoded molecules has emerged that, when expressed in specific neurons, enables the electrical activity of the targeted neurons to be controlled in a temporally precise fashion by pulses of light. We describe this optogenetic toolbox, how it can be used to analyze neural circuits in the brain and how optogenetics is impacting the study of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Bernstein
- MIT Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Neural coding in a single sensory neuron controlling opposite seeking behaviours in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Commun 2011; 2:355. [PMID: 21673676 PMCID: PMC3156818 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Unveiling the neural codes for intricate behaviours is a major challenge in neuroscience. The neural circuit for the temperature-seeking behaviour of Caenorhabditis elegans is an ideal system to dissect how neurons encode sensory information for the execution of behavioural output. Here we show that the temperature-sensing neuron AFD transmits both stimulatory and inhibitory neural signals to a single interneuron AIY. In this circuit, a calcium concentration threshold in AFD acts as a switch for opposing neural signals that direct the opposite behaviours. Remote control of AFD activity, using a light-driven ion pump and channel, reveals that diverse reduction levels of AFD activity can generate warm- or cold-seeking behaviour. Calcium imaging shows that AFD uses either stimulatory or inhibitory neuronal signalling onto AIY, depending on the calcium concentration threshold in AFD. Thus, dual neural regulation in opposite directions is directly coupled to behavioural inversion in the simple neural circuit. The neuronal mechanisms responsible for thermal seeking behaviour in Caenorhabditis. elegans are not fully understood. In this study, the sensory neuron AFD is shown to be involved in the responses to both cold and warm temperatures by transmitting inhibitory and excitatory signals to the interneuron AIY.
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Abstract
A significant challenge for neuroscientists is to determine how both electrical and chemical signals affect the activity of cells and circuits and how the nervous system subsequently translates that activity into behavior. Remote, bidirectional manipulation of those signals with high spatiotemporal precision is an ideal approach to addressing that challenge. Neuroscientists have recently developed a diverse set of tools that permit such experimental manipulation with varying degrees of spatial, temporal, and directional control. These tools use light, peptides, and small molecules to primarily activate ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that in turn activate or inhibit neuronal firing. By monitoring the electrophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral effects of such activation/inhibition, researchers can better understand the links between brain activity and behavior. Here, we review the tools that are available for this type of experimentation. We describe the development of the tools and highlight exciting in vivo data. We focus primarily on designer GPCRs (receptors activated solely by synthetic ligands, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) and microbial opsins (e.g., channelrhodopsin-2, halorhodopsin, Volvox carteri channelrhodopsin) but also describe other novel techniques that use orthogonal receptors, caged ligands, allosteric modulators, and other approaches. These tools differ in the direction of their effect (activation/inhibition, hyperpolarization/depolarization), their onset and offset kinetics (milliseconds/minutes/hours), the degree of spatial resolution they afford, and their invasiveness. Although none of these tools is perfect, each has advantages and disadvantages, which we describe, and they are all still works in progress. We conclude with suggestions for improving upon the existing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Rogan
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 120 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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Chow BY, Chuong AS, Klapoetke NC, Boyden ES. Synthetic physiology strategies for adapting tools from nature for genetically targeted control of fast biological processes. Methods Enzymol 2011; 497:425-43. [PMID: 21601097 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385075-1.00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The life and operation of cells involve many physiological processes that take place over fast timescales of milliseconds to minutes. Genetically encoded technologies for driving or suppressing specific fast physiological processes in intact cells, perhaps embedded within intact tissues in living organisms, are critical for the ability to understand how these physiological processes contribute to emergent cellular and organismal functions and behaviors. Such "synthetic physiology" tools are often incredibly complex molecular machines, in part because they must operate at high speeds, without causing side effects. We here explore how synthetic physiology molecules can be identified and deployed in cells, and how the physiology of these molecules in cellular contexts can be assessed and optimized. For concreteness, we discuss these methods in the context of the "optogenetic" light-gated ion channels and pumps that we have developed over the past few years as synthetic physiology tools and widely disseminated for use in neuroscience for probing the role of specific brain cell types in neural computations, behaviors, and pathologies. We anticipate that some of the insights revealed here may be of general value for the field of synthetic physiology, as they raise issues that will be of importance for the development and use of high-performance, high-speed, side-effect free physiological control tools in heterologous expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Y Chow
- Synthetic Neurobiology Group, The Media Laboratory and McGovern Institute, Departments of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Molecular and cellular approaches for diversifying and extending optogenetics. Cell 2010; 141:154-165. [PMID: 20303157 PMCID: PMC4160532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetic technologies employ light to control biological processes within targeted cells in vivo with high temporal precision. Here, we show that application of molecular trafficking principles can expand the optogenetic repertoire along several long-sought dimensions. Subcellular and transcellular trafficking strategies now permit (1) optical regulation at the far-red/infrared border and extension of optogenetic control across the entire visible spectrum, (2) increased potency of optical inhibition without increased light power requirement (nanoampere-scale chloride-mediated photocurrents that maintain the light sensitivity and reversible, step-like kinetic stability of earlier tools), and (3) generalizable strategies for targeting cells based not only on genetic identity, but also on morphology and tissue topology, to allow versatile targeting when promoters are not known or in genetically intractable organisms. Together, these results illustrate use of cell-biological principles to enable expansion of the versatile fast optogenetic technologies suitable for intact-systems biology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wisden
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London London, UK
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Adamantidis A, Carter MC, de Lecea L. Optogenetic deconstruction of sleep-wake circuitry in the brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2010; 2:31. [PMID: 20126433 PMCID: PMC2814554 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.02.031.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
How does the brain regulate the sleep–wake cycle? What are the temporal codes of sleep and wake-promoting neural circuits? How do these circuits interact with each other across the light/dark cycle? Over the past few decades, many studies from a variety of disciplines have made substantial progress in answering these fundamental questions. For example, neurobiologists have identified multiple, redundant wake-promoting circuits in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain. Sleep-promoting circuits have been found in the preoptic area and hypothalamus. One of the greatest challenges in recent years has been to selectively record and manipulate these sleep–wake centers in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolution. Recent developments in microbial opsin-based neuromodulation tools, collectively referred to as “optogenetics,” have provided a novel method to demonstrate causal links between neural activity and specific behaviors. Here, we propose to use optogenetics as a fundamental tool to probe the necessity, sufficiency, and connectivity of defined neural circuits in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Adamantidis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Wisden W, Murray AJ, McClure C, Wulff P. Studying Cerebellar Circuits by Remote Control of Selected Neuronal Types with GABA(A) Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2009; 2:29. [PMID: 20076763 PMCID: PMC2805427 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.02.029.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition of cerebellar Purkinje cells by molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) has been studied intensely at the cellular level, it has remained unclear how this inhibition regulates cerebellum-dependent behaviour. We have implemented two complementary approaches to investigate the function of the MLI-Purkinje cell synapse on the behavioural level. In the first approach we permanently disrupted inhibitory fast synaptic transmission at the synapse by genetically removing the postsynaptic GABAA receptors from Purkinje cells (PC-Δγ2 mice). We found that chronic disruption of the MLI-Purkinje cell synapse strongly impaired cerebellar learning of the vestibular occular reflex (VOR), presumably by disrupting the temporal patterns of Purkinje cell activity. However, in PC-Δγ2 mice the baseline VOR reflex was only mildly affected; indeed PC-Δγ2 mice show no ataxia or gait abnormalities, suggesting that MLI control of Purkinje cell activity is either not involved in ongoing motor tasks or that the system compensates for its loss. To investigate the latter possibility we developed an alternative genetic technique; we made the MLI-Purkinje cell synapse selectively sensitive to rapid manipulation with the GABAA receptor modulator zolpidem (PC-γ2-swap mice). Minutes after intraperitoneal zolpidem injection, these PC-γ2-swap mice developed severe motor abnormalities, revealing a substantial contribution of the MLI-Purkinje cell synapses to real time motor control. The cell-type selective permanent knockout of synaptic GABAergic input and the fast reversible modulation of GABAergic input at the same synapse illustrate how pursuing both strategies gives a fuller view.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wisden
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London London, UK
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White BH, Peabody NC. Neurotrapping: cellular screens to identify the neural substrates of behavior in Drosophila. Front Mol Neurosci 2009; 2:20. [PMID: 19949456 PMCID: PMC2783026 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.02.020.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of new tools for manipulating neuronal activity, coupled with the development of increasingly sophisticated techniques for targeting these tools to subsets of cells in living, behaving animals, is permitting neuroscientists to tease apart brain circuits by a method akin to classical mutagenesis. Just as mutagenesis can be used to introduce changes into an organism's DNA to identify the genes required for a given biological process, changes in activity can be introduced into the nervous system to identify the cells required for a given behavior. If the changes are introduced randomly, the cells can be identified without any prior knowledge of their properties. This strategy, which we refer to here as “neurotrapping,” has been implemented most effectively in Drosophila, where transgenes capable of either suppressing or stimulating neuronal activity can be reproducibly targeted to arbitrary subsets of neurons using so-called “enhancer-trap” techniques. By screening large numbers of enhancer-trap lines, experimenters have been able to identify groups of neurons which, when suppressed (or, in some cases, activated), alter a specific behavior. Parsing these groups of neurons to identify the minimal subset required for generating a behavior has proved difficult, but emerging tools that permit refined transgene targeting are increasing the resolution of the screening techniques. Some of the most recent neurotrapping screens have identified physiological substrates of behavior at the single neuron level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H White
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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