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Costa RS, Winslow CM, Veltri CA, Lozoya M, Norris JW. Pharmacokinetic profile and physiological effects of oral and compounded intravenous gabapentin in goats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:539-547. [PMID: 39142986 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and physiological effects following oral and intravenous (IV) administration of gabapentin in goats. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, crossover study with a 3 week washout period between treatments. ANIMALS A total of eight healthy, client-owned, female goats. METHODS Gabapentin (10 mg kg-1) was administered to goats either orally or IV. Gabapentin concentrations were measured in serum samples collected 0-96 hours post-administration using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and temperature were recorded before and throughout the study. Correlations of the mean serum concentrations of gabapentin to those of each physiological parameter were determined using the Pearson method. RESULTS The mean and standard deviation of oral bioavailability for gabapentin was 60.9 ± 11.2%. Maximum serum concentration of gabapentin was lower following oral (1.19 ± 0.29 μg mL-1) than after IV administration (59.76 ± 14.38 μg mL-1, p < 0.0001). Half-lives were longer following PO (8.18 ± 0.57 hours) than after IV administration (1.79 ± 0.06 hours, p < 0.0001). Time to maximum concentration was 6.86 ± 2.27 hours following oral administration. Heart rate was inversely correlated with serum gabapentin concentrations. Slight ataxia was observed in three animals, and one became recumbent following IV gabapentin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gabapentin is well-absorbed following oral administration to goats but yielded significantly lower serum concentrations than the IV route. The longer half-life of gabapentin following oral than after IV administration may result from prolonged absorption throughout the caprine gastrointestinal tract. IV gabapentin may cause slight ataxia in some goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata S Costa
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University Companion Animal Hospital, Glendale, AZ, USA.
| | - Christine M Winslow
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University Companion Animal Hospital, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Charles A Veltri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Lozoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Norris
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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Sato S, Yamano Y, Kanno C, Maeda Y, Takahashi F. Cardiopulmonary function, anesthetic effects, quality of arousal, hematology, and blood biochemistry during continuous intravenous infusion of a combination solution of xylazine, butorphanol, and propofol in calves. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2295-2308. [PMID: 38748076 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
General anesthesia in calves is easier to perform under field conditions, total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) than using inhalation anesthesia. In the present study, cardiopulmonary function, anesthetic effects, quality of arousal, hematology, and blood biochemistry were assessed during continuous infusion of a combination solution of 0.01% xylazine, 0.001% butorphanol, and 0.2% propofol (XBP) at doses of 6 (G6; 10 μg/kg/min xylazine, 1 μg/kg/min butorphanol, 200 μg/kg/min propofol) and 9 mL/kg/h (G9; 15 μg/kg/min xylazine, 1.5 μg/kg/min butorphanol 300 μg/kg/min propofol). For both groups, five castrated Holstein calves received intravenous injections of xylazine (0.2 mg/kg) and propofol (2 mg/kg), followed by a continuous infusion of XBP for 60 min to maintain anesthesia. Respiratory management consisted of tracheal intubation followed by spontaneous inhalation of pure oxygen. Cardiopulmonary, anesthesia, hematology, and blood biochemistry variables were assessed at rest (baseline) and every 5 or 15 min after the start of the XBP infusion. Quality of arousal was assessed based on the swallowing reflex recovery time from the stop of XBP infusion, and the sternal position time and standing time after atipamezole administration. XBP produced adequate sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation in all calves and maintained stable anesthesia for 60 min. As XBP infusion time passed, rectal temperature and heart rate became lower, and mean arterial blood pressure increased. In both groups, hematologic and blood biochemical effects were mild. The quality of arousal was not different, and all calves were standing. The results of the present study suggested that XBP is useful for TIVA in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Sato
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1, Higashi-23Bancho, Towadashi, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yuri Yamano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1, Higashi-23Bancho, Towadashi, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kanno
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1, Higashi-23Bancho, Towadashi, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yosuke Maeda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1, Higashi-23Bancho, Towadashi, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Takahashi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1, Higashi-23Bancho, Towadashi, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan.
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Tomacheuski RM, de Oliveira AR, Trindade PHE, Lopez-Soriano M, Merenda VR, Luna SPL, Pairis-Garcia MD. Real-time and video-recorded pain assessment in beef cattle: clinical application and reliability in young, adult bulls undergoing surgical castration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15257. [PMID: 38956118 PMCID: PMC11220004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine pain assessment relies on validated behavioral scales related to normal and pain-related behaviors. This study investigated the reliability and applicability of real-time and video-recorded pain assessment, and their agreement, in young, adult bulls undergoing surgical castration. Ten Nelore and nine Angus bulls underwent general anesthesia and surgical castration. Three-minute real-time observations and simultaneous videos were recorded at - 48 h (M0), before sedation, under fasting (M1), after surgery, 3 h after sternal recumbency (M2), after rescue analgesia (M3) and at 24 h (M4). Animals received morphine (after M2), dipyrone (after M3), and flunixin meglumine after surgical castration (M4). Two trained evaluators assessed real-time (n = 95) and video-recorded time-points (n = 95) using the Unesp-Botucatu Cattle Pain Scale (UCAPS). Both assessment methods inferred 'very good' reliability (≥ 0.81) with minimal bias, however, video-recorded assessment (4.33 ± 2.84) demonstrated slightly higher scores compared to real-time (3.08 ± 2.84). The results from this study suggest that UCAPS can be used in real-time or video-recorded to assess pain and guide analgesic therapy in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia Mitalli Tomacheuski
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Alice Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magdiel Lopez-Soriano
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Victoria Rocha Merenda
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Stelio P Loureiro Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique D Pairis-Garcia
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
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Roche SM, Ralston BJ, Olson B, Sharpe BD, Schatz C, Beaugrand K, Ross JA, Broomfield MA, Allan N, Olson M. Efficacy of a Lidocaine-Impregnated Elastrator Band for Castration and Tail Docking in Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1403. [PMID: 38791621 PMCID: PMC11117278 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the non-inferiority between lidocaine-impregnated ligation bands (LLBs) and control bands (CBs) with respect to the efficacy of castration and tail docking. Secondary objectives were to compare castration and tail-docking success, evaluate local site reactions, and compare average daily gain (ADG) between the treatment groups. A total of 238 male lambs were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive LLBs or CBs on their tail and scrotum. Lambs were weighed, had a health assessment, and the band site was observed on -3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after the bands were applied. A linear regression model was built to assess average daily gain, whereas a repeated measures model was used to evaluate body weight differences at each of the measured timepoints. Furthermore, logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations with casting outcomes. Few differences were noted between treatment groups with respect to casting success for the scrotum and tail and ADG over the entire experimental period. Non-inferiority calculations demonstrated no differences in tail docking and scrotal casting success, with casting occurring for the majority of animals by d 21 and d 42 for castration and tail docking, respectively. However, lambs receiving LLBs gained more weight from d -3 to 7 (+0.03 kg/d; 95% CI: 0 to 0.07), which may be an indication of effective pain control during the first week following band application. Overall, the use of an LLB does not affect the time to successful casting of the tail and could improve short-term growth when compared to a control band. Further studies are needed to compare LLBs to multimodal methods of pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brenda J. Ralston
- Applied Research Team, Lakeland College, Vermilion, AB T9X 1K5, Canada;
| | - Barbara Olson
- Alberta Veterinary Laboratories, Calgary, AB T2C 5N6, Canada; (B.O.); (M.O.)
| | | | - Crystal Schatz
- Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada; (C.S.); (K.B.); (J.A.R.); (N.A.)
| | - Kendall Beaugrand
- Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada; (C.S.); (K.B.); (J.A.R.); (N.A.)
| | - Joseph A. Ross
- Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada; (C.S.); (K.B.); (J.A.R.); (N.A.)
| | | | - Nicolas Allan
- Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada; (C.S.); (K.B.); (J.A.R.); (N.A.)
| | - Merle Olson
- Alberta Veterinary Laboratories, Calgary, AB T2C 5N6, Canada; (B.O.); (M.O.)
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5
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Olivares-Hernández R, Riaño-Umbarila L, Becerril B, Alagón A, Vázquez-López H. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a single chain antibody fragment against scorpion toxins in sheep. Toxicon 2024; 242:107691. [PMID: 38522587 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
A key aspect during the development of antivenoms is the evaluation of the efficiency and security of the therapeutic molecules. In this work, we report the pharmacokinetic analysis of a neutralizing single chain antibody fragment named LR (scFv LR) where three sheep were used as a large animal model. The animals were injected through i.v. route with 2 mg of scFv LR. Blood samples were drawn every minute within the first 15 min, the sampling continues at 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min, subsequently at 1-h intervals, 3, 4, 5, 6 h, two more samples at 9 and 12 h and, two more samples at 24 and 48 h and finally at one-day intervals during 4 days. scFv LR levels were measured from blood serum and urine samples by an ELISA. The pharmacokinetics of the experimental data was analyzed using the three-exponential kinetics. The value of the fast initial component (τ1=0.409±0.258min) indicated that the scFv is distributed rapidly into the tissues. The mean residence time, MRT, was 45 ± 0.51 min and the clearance (CL), 114.3 ± 14.3 mL/min. From urine samples it was possible to detect significant amounts of scFv LR, which is evidence of renal elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Olivares-Hernández
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, Ciudad de México, 05348, Mexico
| | - Lidia Riaño-Umbarila
- Investigadora por México, CONAHCYT. Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Baltazar Becerril
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Hilda Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
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Uzae KZ, Trindade PHE, Rattes PZ, Campos ALDS, Bornal LG, Teixeira MB, García HDM, Pupulim AG, Denadai R, Rossi EDS, Kastelic JP, Ferreira JCP. Acute post-orchiectomy pain does not reduce alpha rams' interest in feed resources. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1299550. [PMID: 38566752 PMCID: PMC10985335 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1299550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sheep pain is an animal welfare issue monitored based on behavioral responses, including appetite. Dominant (alpha) males have priority for accessing limited feed resources, however, the effects of pain on feed interest in members of a group with defined social hierarchy are unknown. Our objective was to investigate effects of acute post-orchiectomy pain on alpha rams' interest in accessing a limited feed resource. Eighteen rams were randomly housed in pens of 3 rams. After acclimation, the first 5-d (consecutive) battery of a behavior test was performed. In this test, 180 g of the regular diet concentrate was placed in a portable trough in the center of the pen; this feed was supplemental to the diet and represented a limited, albeit strongly preferable feed resource. Rams were filmed for 5 min after the feed introduction. Hierarchical levels (alpha, beta, and gamma) were defined based on the social hierarchical index according to higher initiator and lower receptor agonistic behaviors from the social network analyses. After 15 d, a second 5-d behavioral test battery was repeated. On the following day, alpha rams were castrated. Flunixin meglumine was given immediately before surgery and a final behavioral test was performed 8 h post-orchiectomy, concurrent with an expected peak in postoperative pain. For all recordings, the latency, frequency, and duration of time that each ram had its mouth inside the feed trough were recorded, and the Unesp-Botucatu sheep acute pain scale pain scale (USAPS) was applied. The social hierarchical index was highest in alpha rams, followed by beta and gamma. The pain scores were statistically equivalent across the 11 evaluation days for beta and gamma rams, whereas there was an increase in the final evaluation for alpha. There was no difference in latency, frequency, and duration between alpha, beta, and gamma rams across evaluations. We concluded that acute post-orchiectomy pain did not decrease alpha rams' interest in accessing limited feed. Routine feeding offers a valuable chance to detect pain-related behavior using the USAPS in rams. However, dominance may confound appetite-related behaviors in assessing acute pain, as alpha rams' interest in limited feed remained unaffected by the pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauany Zorzenon Uzae
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Paula Zanin Rattes
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Anna Laura de Sousa Campos
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Leornado Garcia Bornal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marina Belucci Teixeira
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Henry David Mogollón García
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Antônio Guilherme Pupulim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Renan Denadai
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Eduardo dos Santos Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - João Carlos Pinheiro Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
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Jokela A, Nyrhilä A, Adam M, Salla K, Raekallio M, Aho R, Norring M, Hokkanen AH. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in pre-ruminant calves after intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:143-149. [PMID: 37897203 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Meloxicam is routinely used for pain alleviation in pre-ruminant calves during husbandry procedures. The pharmacokinetics of a single dose (0.5 mg/kg) of meloxicam was investigated after intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administration in 30 pre-ruminant calves. Each group included 10 calves. Oral meloxicam was administered at least 1 h after feeding. Plasma samples were collected for up to 168 h, and the meloxicam concentration was analysed with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, followed by a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The maximum meloxicam concentrations in plasma were 1.91 ± 0.27 μg/mL and 1.77 ± 0.16 μg/mL after SC and PO routes, respectively. The time of maximum concentration was 7.6 ± 2.8 h after SC and 10.0 ± 5.7 h after PO administration. The approximate bioavailability of meloxicam was 97% for SC and PO routes. The elimination half-lives were 79.2 ± 12.4, 84.6 ± 24.8, and 84.8 ± 22.3 h after IV, SC, and PO routes, respectively. The results suggest that the therapeutic meloxicam concentrations in plasma that are required for pain relief in other species, such as horses, may be maintained for several days following a single dose (0.5 mg/kg) administered IV, SC, or PO in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemari Jokela
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandra Nyrhilä
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Magdy Adam
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Kati Salla
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Aho
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Norring
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ann-Helena Hokkanen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hyndman TH, Bowden RS, Woodward AP, Pang DSJ, Hampton JO. Uncontrolled pain: a call for better study design. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1328098. [PMID: 38420206 PMCID: PMC10899387 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1328098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies assessing animal pain in veterinary research are often performed primarily for the benefit of animals. Frequently, the goal of these studies is to determine whether the analgesic effect of a novel treatment is clinically meaningful, and therefore has the capacity to improve the welfare of treated animals. To determine the treatment effect of a potential analgesic, control groups are necessary to allow comparison. There are negative control groups (where pain is unattenuated) and positive control groups (where pain is attenuated). Arising out of animal welfare concerns, there is growing reluctance to use negative control groups in pain studies. But for studies where pain is experimentally induced, the absence of a negative control group removes the opportunity to demonstrate that the study methods could differentiate a positive control intervention from doing nothing at all. For studies that are controlled by a single comparison group, the capacity to distinguish treatment effects from experimental noise is more difficult; especially considering that pain studies often involve small sample sizes, small and variable treatment effects, systematic error and use pain assessment measures that are unreliable. Due to these limitations, and with a focus on farm animals, we argue that many pain studies would be enhanced by the simultaneous inclusion of positive and negative control groups. This would help provide study-specific definitions of pain and pain attenuation, thereby permitting more reliable estimates of treatment effects. Adoption of our suggested refinements could improve animal welfare outcomes for millions of animals globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H. Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Harry Butler Research Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Ross S. Bowden
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, Chemistry and Physics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | | | - Daniel S. J. Pang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jordan O. Hampton
- Harry Butler Research Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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9
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Crawford PE, Hamer K, Lovatt F, Behnke MC, Robinson PA. Improving analgesia provision for sheep: An analysis of farm medicine records and attitudes towards pain relief on sheep farms in Northern Ireland. Vet Rec Open 2023; 10:e75. [PMID: 37876850 PMCID: PMC10591906 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Management of pain is critical to improve the welfare of farmed livestock and meet consumer expectations. There is limited published information about the use of analgesic drugs in the sheep sector. Methods A mixed-method approach was followed. The range of analgesic drugs used on 52 Northern Irish sheep farms was determined through analysis of medicine purchase records. Through interview and discussion groups, with both farmer and veterinarian participants, attitudes towards the use and adoption of such medicines were explored. Results The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was widespread and highly variable. One-third of farmers in the sample did not purchase any NSAID. Meloxicam was the most commonly purchased NSAID by mass (72%) and standardised dose (73%). During interviews and discussions, farmers outlined the benefits they saw in using NSAIDs and how veterinarians influenced their uptake of these medicines. Use of corticosteroid was evidenced on 50% of the farms that supplied medicine records for analysis. Conclusions Veterinarians can influence farmers to adopt NSAIDs for the provision of analgesia in their sheep and farmers observed the benefits they delivered. However, many farmers are still to be reached with this message, perhaps due to being largely self-sufficient and rarely engaging with veterinarians. Veterinarians have the opportunity to challenge farmers about the provision of analgesia, especially when farmers seek antibiotics for painful conditions such as lameness. Currently, the lack of an authorised product in the UK, with associated treatment guidance and industry promotion, may limit veterinarians' confidence in prescribing drugs for pain control in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Crawford
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and WelfareHarper Adams UniversityShropshireUK
| | - Kim Hamer
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of Glasgow, Garscube CampusGlasgowUK
| | - Fiona Lovatt
- School of Veterinary ScienceSutton Bonington CampusUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Flock Health Ltd., Egglesburn Farm, Eggleston, Barnard CastleDurhamUK
| | - Malgorzata C. Behnke
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and WelfareHarper Adams UniversityShropshireUK
| | - Philip A. Robinson
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and WelfareHarper Adams UniversityShropshireUK
- Harper & Keele Veterinary SchoolHarper Adams University CampusShropshireUK
- Keele UniversityStaffordshireUK
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10
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da Silva GV, Pivato GM, Peres BG, Luna SPL, Pairis-Garcia MD, Trindade PHE. Simplified assessment of castration-induced pain in pigs using lower complexity algorithms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21237. [PMID: 38040949 PMCID: PMC10692155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are raised on a global scale for commercial or research purposes and often experience pain as a by product of management practices and procedures performed. Therefore, ensuring pain can be effectively identified and monitored in these settings is critical to ensure appropriate pig welfare. The Unesp-Botucatu Pig Composite Acute Pain Scale (UPAPS) was validated to diagnose pain in pre-weaned and weaned pigs using a combination of six behavioral items. To date, statistical weighting of supervised and unsupervised algorithms was not compared in ranking pain-altered behaviors in swine has not been performed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify if supervised and unsupervised algorithms with different levels of complexity can improve UPAPS pain diagnosis in pigs undergoing castration. The predictive capacity of the algorithms was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC). Lower complexity algorithms containing fewer pain-altered behaviors had similar AUC (90.1-90.6) than algorithms containing five (89.18-91.24) and UPAPS (90.58). In conclusion, utilizing a short version of the UPAPS did not influence the predictive capacity of the scale, and therefore it may be easier to apply and be implemented consistently to monitor pain in commercial and experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Venâncio da Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence in Health (LAAIH), Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Mancilla Pivato
- Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence in Health (LAAIH), Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Granetti Peres
- Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence in Health (LAAIH), Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia
- Global Production Animal Welfare Laboratory, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence in Health (LAAIH), Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Global Production Animal Welfare Laboratory, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA.
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11
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Trindade PHE, Lopez-Soriano M, Merenda VR, Tomacheuski RM, Pairis-Garcia MD. Effects of assessment method (real-time versus video-recorded) on a validated pain-altered behavior scale used in castrated piglets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18680. [PMID: 37907564 PMCID: PMC10618161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to compare two assessment methodologies (real-time vs. video-recorded) using the Unesp-Botucatu Pig Composite Acute Pain Scale (UPAPS) in piglets before and after castration. Twenty-nine male piglets were castrated. Four observers scored the UPAPS over three perioperative timepoints of castration following two assessment methodologies. In real-time assessments, the observers were in-person observing the piglets in front of the pen. After two weeks, the observers did video-recorded assessments randomizing piglets and timepoints. Modeling was conducted to compare the UPAPS and each pain-altered behavior between methodologies. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were conducted to investigate agreement between methodologies. UPAPS was statistically equivalent between methodologies (P = 0.4371). The ICC for each method was very good (0.85 to 0.91). The agreement of the UPAPS assessed between methodologies had minimal bias (- 0.04), no proportion bias, and 53% of the assessments presented a perfect agreement. However, CCC of the UPAPS was moderate (0.65), and only one pain-altered behavior ("presents difficulty in overcoming obstacles or other animals") occurred more in real-time assessments (P = 0.0444). In conclusion, piglet pain assessment by UPAPS can be conducted in real-time based on a suitable agreement between the real-time and video-recorded assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, 27607, USA.
- Anesthesiology Graduation Program, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, 18618-687, Brazil.
| | - Magdiel Lopez-Soriano
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, 27607, USA
| | - Victoria Rocha Merenda
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, 27607, USA
| | - Rubia Mitalli Tomacheuski
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, 27607, USA
| | - Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, 27607, USA
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12
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Whittaker AL, Muns R, Wang D, Martínez-Burnes J, Hernández-Ávalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mota-Rojas D. Assessment of Pain and Inflammation in Domestic Animals Using Infrared Thermography: A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2065. [PMID: 37443863 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain assessment in domestic animals has gained importance in recent years due to the recognition of the physiological, behavioral, and endocrine consequences of acute pain on animal production, welfare, and animal model validity. Current approaches to identifying acute pain mainly rely on behavioral-based scales, quantifying pain-related biomarkers, and the use of devices monitoring sympathetic activity. Infrared thermography is an alternative that could be used to correlate the changes in the superficial temperature with other tools and thus be an additional or alternate acute pain assessment marker. Moreover, its non-invasiveness and the objective nature of its readout make it potentially very valuable. However, at the current time, it is not in widespread use as an assessment strategy. The present review discusses scientific evidence for infrared thermography as a tool to evaluate pain, limiting its use to monitor acute pain in pathological processes and invasive procedures, as well as its use for perioperative monitoring in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Whittaker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia
| | - Ramon Muns
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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13
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Lopez-Soriano M, Merenda VR, Anderson S, Trindade PHE, Leidig MS, Messenger K, Ferreira JB, Pairis-Garcia MD. Efficacy of inguinal buffered lidocaine and intranasal flunixin meglumine on mitigating physiological and behavioral responses to pain in castrated piglets. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1156873. [PMID: 37346473 PMCID: PMC10279844 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1156873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing castration pain on US sow farms is hindered by the lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved products for mitigating pain. Previous work assessing flunixin meglumine (FM) efficacy in mitigating castration pain has shown the drug to be effective in pigs, meanwhile, results from previous work evaluating lidocaine efficacy are contradictory. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of inguinal buffered lidocaine (BL) and FM in mitigating castration pain in piglets. This study was divided into Part I (physiological response) and Part II (behavioral response). For part I piglets were randomly assigned to the following treatments: T1: (C) Castration plus physiological saline; T2: (S) Sham plus physiological saline; T3: (CL) Castration plus BL; T4: (SL) Sham plus BL; T5: (CF) Castration plus FM; T6: (SF) Sham plus FM; T7: (CLF) Castration plus BL and FM; T8: (SLF) Sham plus BL and FM. Blood was collected 24 h prior to castration, 1 h, and 24 h post castration for cortisol quantification. For Part II another cohort of piglets was enrolled and randomly assign to the following treatments: T1: (C) Castration plus physiological saline and T7: (CLF) Castration plus BL and FM. Behavior scoring was obtained in real-time by observing each piglet for 4-min continuously using Unesp-Botucatu pig acute pain scale (UPAPS) at the following timepoints: 1 h before castration (-1 h), immediately post-castration (0 h), and 3 h post-castration (+3 h). Average cortisol concentrations did not differ at -24 h (P > 0.05) or at 24 h post-castration (P > 0.05) between treatments. At 1 h post-castration, castrated piglets (C and CL) demonstrated greater cortisol concentrations (P < 0.05). Castrated piglets in the CF and CLF group had lower cortisol concentrations compared to C and CL-treated pigs (P < 0.05). For behavioral response, there were no differences between treatments on total UPAPS scores (C and CLF, P > 0.05). Intranasal FM was able to effectively reduce the physiological piglet's response immediately post-castration. Inguinal buffered lidocaine had no effect on the either physiological or behavioral response to pain. Long-term research should focus on refining injection techniques for inguinal BL and consider administration frequency and dosing of intranasal FM to control pain for a longer period post-castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel Lopez-Soriano
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Victoria Rocha Merenda
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie Anderson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Kristen Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Juliana Bonin Ferreira
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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14
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Edwards-Callaway LN, Keller KP, Oselinsky K, Johnstone E, Cramer C, Román-Muñiz N, Stallones L, Coetzee JF. A nationwide survey on producer and veterinarian perceptions of the painfulness of procedures and disease states in dairy and beef cattle. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1059224. [PMID: 36817621 PMCID: PMC9929155 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1059224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure to adequately manage pain in cattle causes suffering and is thus a welfare concern for the livestock industry. The objectives of this study were to summarize caregiver perceptions of the painfulness of various procedures and disease conditions in cattle. This survey also assessed factors that impact the perception of painfulness and determined relationships between pain perception and mitigation in producers and veterinarians in the United States beef and dairy cattle industries. An online survey was distributed via organization listservs and social media groups representing beef and dairy veterinarians and producers. The survey included questions about respondent demographics and pain perception and frequency of pain mitigation use for a variety of common husbandry procedures and disease conditions in cattle less than 2 months, 2-12 months, and greater than 12 months of age. Descriptive statistics were generated, and ordinal logistic regressions were used to assess the relationship between perceived pain level, frequency of pain mitigation use, and respondent demographic factors (e.g., gender, age, and role). There was a relatively low percentage of respondents that identified there was "no pain" associated with the listed procedures and conditions. Across the majority of procedures and conditions and cattle age categories, men perceived procedures to be less painful than women (P < 0.05). Veterinarians and producer-veterinarians perceived procedures to be more painful than producers (P < 0.05) for the majority of procedures and conditions. There were some differences identified between respondent age groups in pain perception but the trends were not consistent across procedures and conditions. There was a significant positive linear trend, with greater perceived pain associated with greater likelihood of providing local and systemic analgesia for all procedures and conditions across all cattle age categories (P ≤ 0.02). Perception of pain is complex and multifactorial, and it influences the likelihood to treat pain in cattle. This research highlighted the importance of understanding how these factors may play a role in increasing the use of pain mitigation within the beef and dairy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily N. Edwards-Callaway
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States,Correspondence: Lily N. Edwards-Callaway
| | - Kayleigh P. Keller
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katrina Oselinsky
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Johnstone
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Catie Cramer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Noa Román-Muñiz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lorann Stallones
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Johann F. Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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15
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Klonner ME, Verdier N, Otero PE. Bilateral ultrasound‐guided lateral quadratus lumborum block in a minipig undergoing ovariectomy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moriz Ettore Klonner
- Clinical Unit for Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care Medicine University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Natali Verdier
- Clinical Unit for Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care Medicine University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Pablo E. Otero
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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16
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Tomacheuski RM, Oliveira AR, Trindade PHE, Oliveira FA, Candido CP, Teixeira Neto FJ, Steagall PV, Luna SPL. Reliability and Validity of UNESP-Botucatu Cattle Pain Scale and Cow Pain Scale in Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bulls to Assess Postoperative Pain of Surgical Orchiectomy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030364. [PMID: 36766253 PMCID: PMC9913732 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain assessment guides decision-making in pain management and improves animal welfare. We aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of the UNESP-Botucatu cattle pain scale (UCAPS) and the cow pain scale (CPS) for postoperative pain assessment in Bos taurus (Angus) and Bos indicus (Nelore) bulls after castration. METHODS Ten Nelore and nine Angus bulls were anaesthetised with xylazine-ketamine-diazepam-isoflurane-flunixin meglumine. Three-minute videos were recorded at -48 h, preoperative, after surgery, after rescue analgesia and at 24 h. Two evaluators assessed 95 randomised videos twice one month apart. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the pain scores between breeds. Intra and inter-rater reliability varied from good (>0.70) to very good (>0.81) for all scales. The criterion validity showed a strong correlation (0.76-0.78) between the numerical rating scale and VAS versus UCAPS and CPS, and between UCAPS and CPS (0.76). The UCAPS and CPS were responsive; all items and total scores increased after surgery. Both scales were specific (81-85%) and sensitive (82-87%). The cut-off point for rescue analgesia was >4 for UCAPS and >3 for CPS. CONCLUSIONS The UCAPS and CPS are valid and reliable to assess postoperative pain in Bos taurus and Bos indicus bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia M. Tomacheuski
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.M.T.); (S.P.L.L.)
| | - Alice R. Oliveira
- Department Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. E. Trindade
- Department Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia A. Oliveira
- University Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Northern Tocantins, Araguaína 77804-970, TO, Brazil
| | - César P. Candido
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco J. Teixeira Neto
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
- Department Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo V. Steagall
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Companion Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Stelio P. L. Luna
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
- Department Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.M.T.); (S.P.L.L.)
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17
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Mijares S, Edwards-Callaway L, Roman-Muniz IN, Coetzee JF, Applegate TJ, Cramer MC. Veterinarians' perspectives of pain, treatment, and diagnostics for bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1076100. [PMID: 36910252 PMCID: PMC9997724 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1076100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy calves. Early detection and therefore treatment are essential to minimize animal welfare concerns, particularly given that recent research also demonstrates that BRD is painful. Veterinarians are essential to ensuring calves with BRD receive appropriate treatment, but little to no research exists regarding veterinarians' perspectives about BRD detection and treatment in dairy calves. This is a critical step to determine education and outreach needs that can target BRD treatment to improve calf welfare. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to describe US veterinarians' current detection methods and treatment practices for BRD in preweaned dairy calves, understand veterinarians' rationale for treatment decisions, and identify gaps in knowledge regarding treatment and management of calf BRD. Methods An online survey was sent to two veterinarian-focused list-serves and newsletter. Final responses (n = 47) were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analyses. Results On-farm necropsy was the diagnostic tool most considered "extremely important" (26, 55.3%). All veterinarians indicated that BRD was at least mildly painful. However, only 53% of veterinarians (n = 25) assess pain in preweaned calves with BRD in order to make treatment decisions. Furthermore, of the veterinarians that assessed pain, 40% (n = 10) reported that their knowledge of pain assessment and treatment was adequate, but most (n = 24) considered a calf's pain-level at least "moderately important" to make BRD treatment decisions. The most important ancillary therapy for antimicrobials were NSAIDs (21, 44.7%). The ancillary therapy most often considered "extremely important" for treating BRD was NSAIDs. Qualitative analysis identified the following as factors that influenced veterinarians' willingness to provide analgesia: the farm's willingness to administer drugs, clinical signs, perceived severity of pain, the need for anti-inflammatories, and the presence of fever and comorbidities. Discussion This study included a small sample size and an extremely low response rate; results should therefore be interpreted with caution. Despite this limitation, important gaps in knowledge were identified, including pain assessment and consideration when making treatment decisions, and diagnostic tools. Addressing these needs in future research and outreach efforts could help ensure appropriate and timely treatment of calf BRD, including pain mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mijares
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - L Edwards-Callaway
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - I N Roman-Muniz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - T J Applegate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - M C Cramer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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18
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Shi R, Shu H, Yu R, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Gu X. Current Attitudes of Chinese Dairy Practitioners to Pain and Its Management in Intensively Raised Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223140. [PMID: 36428368 PMCID: PMC9686729 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain in dairy cattle is gaining attention globally. This study investigated the current attitudes of Chinese dairy practitioners to pain and its management in intensively raised dairy cattle. A total of 465 valid questionnaires with 26 painful conditions scored on numerical rating scales were collected from dairy practitioners. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and multivariate regression models. Dystocia was perceived as the most painful, while mild mastitis with milk changes only was perceived as the least painful. Respondents who agreed with the statement “pain management is worthwhile” tended to give a higher pain score. Young respondents (≤23 years old) and those from farms with ≤1000 cattle had lower pain scores for conditions with severe pain and low variability but higher pain scores for conditions with less severe pain and high variability, whereas highly educated respondents had consistently lower pain scores. As for pain management, older respondents (≥24 years old) tended to choose non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and farms with >1000 cattle were more likely to use analgesics. Training in pain perception and management should be emphasised with the hope of promoting animal welfare and reducing unnecessary production losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruyang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xianhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (X.G.)
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19
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Diwan AD, Melrose J. Intervertebral disc degeneration and how it leads to low back pain. JOR Spine 2022; 6:e1231. [PMID: 36994466 PMCID: PMC10041390 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to pain generation. IVD degeneration and associated spinal pain is a complex multifactorial process, its complexity poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic target to focus on of many potential candidates in the formulation of strategies to alleviate pain perception and to effect disc repair and regeneration and the prevention of associated neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Nerve ingrowth and increased numbers of nociceptors and mechanoreceptors in the degenerate IVD are mechanically stimulated in the biomechanically incompetent abnormally loaded degenerate IVD leading to increased generation of low back pain. Maintenance of a healthy IVD is, thus, an important preventative measure that warrants further investigation to preclude the generation of low back pain. Recent studies with growth and differentiation factor 6 in IVD puncture and multi-level IVD degeneration models and a rat xenograft radiculopathy pain model have shown it has considerable potential in the prevention of further deterioration in degenerate IVDs, has regenerative properties that promote recovery of normal IVD architectural functional organization and inhibits the generation of inflammatory mediators that lead to disc degeneration and the generation of low back pain. Human clinical trials are warranted and eagerly anticipated with this compound to assess its efficacy in the treatment of IVD degeneration and the prevention of the generation of low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish D. Diwan
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Kolling Institute, Sydney University Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Sydney Area Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Limited Effects of Pain Control Treatments on Behaviour and Weight Gain of Pure and Crossbred Nellore Heifer Calves When Subjected to Hot-Iron Branding. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223143. [PMID: 36428371 PMCID: PMC9686943 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot-iron branding is still commonly performed in cattle farming in tropical countries, and possibly has negative consequences for animal welfare and weight gain. This study examined the behavioural and weight gain responses of pure and crossbred Nellore heifer calves subjected to hot-iron branding on the cheek, without and with use of anaesthesia and analgesia. Ninety-two heifer calves, around 120 days old, were studied prospectively when subjected to hot-iron branding on the cheek (a statutory procedure in Brazil following brucellosis vaccination). Four randomly selected groups of calves were allocated to four treatments: no pain control (CO); subcutaneous anaesthetic local block (LA); intramuscular analgesia (meloxicam) (LT); and local anaesthesia plus meloxicam (LL). Behaviour, flight speed and body weight were evaluated before, during, and five (5-d) and 60 days (60-d) after branding. For these parameters, the only difference observed was higher tension in the CO group 5-d post-branding, suggesting a short-term negative effect of branding without pain control. The limited effects of the pain control treatments suggest interference in pain assessment by other factors, such as expression of fear and stress. Despite the lack of differences observed in behaviour and production parameters, facial hot-iron branding is an obvious welfare issue and, due to the additional handling involved, adoption of a simple pain relief protocol is not sufficient to minimise the welfare impact.
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Fadel C, Łebkowska‐Wieruszewska B, Sartini I, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:550-557. [PMID: 35899473 PMCID: PMC9796919 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of robenacoxib (RX), a COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in sheep after single subcutaneous (SC), oral (PO), and intravenous (IV) administration. Five healthy female sheep underwent a three-phase parallel study design with a washout period of 4 weeks, in which sheep received a 4 mg/kg SC dose in phase 1, a 4 mg/kg PO administration in phase 2, and a 2 mg/kg IV administration in phase 3. Plasma RX concentrations were measured over a 48 h period for each treatment using HPLC coupled to a UV multiple wavelength detector, and the PK parameters were estimated using a non-compartmental method. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution at steady state, and total clearance were 2.64 h, 0.077 L/kg, and 0.056 L/h kg, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentrations following SC and PO administrations were 7.04 and 3.01 μg/mL, respectively. The mean bioavailability following SC and PO administrations were 45.98% and 16.58%, respectively. The SC route may be proposed for use in sheep. However, the multi-dose and pharmacodynamic studies are necessary to establish more accurately its safety and efficacy in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Fadel
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | | | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity ConservationUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of PharmacologyKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly,Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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Monteiro BP, Lascelles BDX, Murrell J, Robertson S, Steagall PVM, Wright B. 2022
WSAVA
guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain. J Small Anim Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Monteiro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Université de Montréal 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - B. D. X. Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory and Surgery Section North Carolina State University 4700 Hillsborough Street Raleigh NC USA
| | - J. Murrell
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals 615 Wells Rd, Whitchurch Bristol BS149BE UK
| | - S. Robertson
- Senior Medical Director Lap of Love Veterinary Hospice 17804 N US Highway 41 Lutz FL 33549 USA
| | - P. V. M. Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Université de Montréal 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - B. Wright
- Mistral Vet 4450 Thompson Pkwy Fort Collins CO 80534 USA
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Role of Topical Anaesthesia in Pain Management of Farm Animals, a Changing Paradigm. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182459. [PMID: 36139319 PMCID: PMC9495143 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Field evidence indicates that livestock producers are motivated by access to products that readily deliver pain management during husbandry interventions and, more recently, viral epidermal infectious diseases, including FMD. There has been impressive adoption in Australia of a farmer-applied spray-on topical anaesthetic wound formulation (TAF; Tri-Solfen®, Medical Ethics, Australia), initially for managing pain of the breech modification ‘mulesing’ procedure that reduces susceptibility of sheep to flystrike. Over 120 million lambs have now received pain relief and cattle producers have commenced using the TAF for a range of husbandry procedures. This product has demonstrated efficacy for surgical castration and tail docking of lambs, surgical castration and dehorning of calves, surgical castration of piglets, debridement of lesions of the hoof for lame cattle and, importantly, treatment of clinical FMD lesions, including decubitus ulcerations occurring from prolonged recumbency. Multimodal use of an NSAID for improved pain management is advocated, particularly meloxicam, available by prescription from veterinarians for injection and as an oral formulation (Ilium Buccalgesic®, Troy Laboratories, Australia), with current work assessing the potential for prolonged delivery in molasses blocks. Increased use of TAF with NSAIDs significantly reduces pain and suffering in livestock, with enhanced healing of FMD lesions, reduced viral loads from Orf infections in lambs and diminished necessity of ‘antibiotic cover’, assisting antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) stewardship.
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Preparation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetics of Tolfenamic Acid-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091929. [PMID: 36145677 PMCID: PMC9503184 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is limited by their poor water solubility, unstable absorption, and low bioavailability. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) exhibit high biocompatibility and the ability to improve the bioavailability of drugs with low water solubility. Therefore, in this study, a tolfenamic acid solid lipid nanoparticle (TA-SLN) suspension was prepared by a hot melt–emulsification ultrasonication method to improve the sustained release and bioavailability of TA. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the TA-SLN suspension were 82.50 ± 0.63%, 25.13 ± 0.28%, 492 ± 6.51 nm, 0.309 ± 0.02 and −21.7 ± 0.51 mV, respectively. The TA-SLN suspension was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence microscopy (FM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The TA-SLN suspension showed improved sustained drug release in vitro compared with the commercially available TA injection. After intramuscular administration to pigs (4 mg/kg), the TA-SLN suspension displayed increases in the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, T1/2, and MRT0–∞ by 4.39-, 3.78-, and 3.78-fold, respectively, compared with TA injection, and showed a relative bioavailability of 185.33%. Thus, this prepared solid lipid nanosuspension is a promising new formulation.
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25
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The Welfare of Fighting Dogs: Wounds, Neurobiology of Pain, Legal Aspects and the Potential Role of the Veterinary Profession. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172257. [PMID: 36077977 PMCID: PMC9454875 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dog fights are cruel and harmful events which have a clear impact on animal welfare. For this reason, many countries have banned these events via statute. However, in some regions of the world they are still legal. Moreover, the enforcement of legal bans can be problematic in countries where they are illegal, and they may still occur. This article provides background information on dog fighting and the welfare implications of it. This includes consideration for the pain inflicted, and its mechanisms of perception and recognition. It also analyzes the injuries and emotions experienced by the animals and considers the profile of the breeders and handlers involved in the activity. Since welfare concerns often extend beyond the animals’ fighting lives, a discussion around the possibilities of reintroduction into suitable environments for these animals is also made. Finally, attention is turned to the role that veterinarians can and should play in dealing with these issues of welfare. Abstract Throughout history it has been common to practice activities which significantly impact on animal welfare. Animal fighting, including dogfighting, is a prime example where animals often require veterinary care, either to treat wounds and fractures or to manage pain associated with tissue and where death may even result. Amongst the detrimental health effects arising are the sensory alterations that these injuries cause, which not only include acute or chronic pain but can also trigger a greater sensitivity to other harmful (hyperalgesia) or even innocuous stimuli (allodynia). These neurobiological aspects are often ignored and the erroneous assumption made that the breeds engaged in organized fighting have a high pain threshold or, at least, they present reduced or delayed responses to painful stimuli. However, it is now widely recognized that the damage these dogs suffer is not only physical but psychological, emotional, and sensory. Due to the impact fighting has on canine welfare, it is necessary to propose solution strategies, especially educational ones, i.e., educating people and training veterinarians, the latter potentially playing a key role in alerting people to all dog welfare issues. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe the risk factors associated with dogfighting generally (dog temperament, age, sex, nutrition, testosterone levels, environment, isolation conditions, socialization, education, or training). A neurobiological approach to this topic is taken to discuss the impact on dog pain and emotion. Finally, a general discussion of the format of guidelines and laws that seek to sanction them is presented. The role that veterinarians can play in advancing dog welfare, rehabilitating dogs, and educating the public is also considered.
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Atkinson L, Doyle RE, Woodward A, Jongman EC. Exposure to humans after weaning does not reduce the behavioural reactivity of extensively reared Merino lambs. Behav Processes 2022; 201:104709. [PMID: 35878682 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human-directed fear in extensively reared sheep is often high due to the aversive nature of common husbandry procedures and infrequent interactions with humans. This study investigated whether additional human exposure provided to weaned lambs reduced human-directed fear and behavioural reactivity. Ninety Merino lambs were either exposed to low or moderately stressful human exposure sessions, or had no additional human contact, and their fear responses and behavioural reactivity to humans, a startle stimulus and confinement were tested. Overall, the imposed interventions did not reduce behavioural reactivity during these tests, suggesting fear towards humans had not been altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Atkinson
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Building 400, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rebecca E Doyle
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Building 400, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ellen C Jongman
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Building 400, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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Neary JM, Porter ND, Viscardi AV, Jacobs L. Recognizing Post-Castration Pain in Piglets: A Survey of Swine Industry Stakeholders and the General Public. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.937020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We need validated, practical methods for pain assessment in piglets. Pain assessment can help researchers, veterinarians and industry professionals identify the need for analgesia or other pain management approaches when applying painful procedures, such as surgical castration. A pain assessment tool, the Piglet Grimace Scale (PGS), was previously validated in this context, but it is not widely applied. It is important that the PGS can be applied by a range of people, not just pain assessment experts. Our objective was to study the validity and reliability of PGS ratings applied by swine industry professionals and the general public, to assess its potential utility in non-research applications. To do so, we conducted an online Qualtrics survey in which, after completing a brief online training module and a practice test, 119 respondents were asked to rate 9 piglet images showing facial expressions immediately after surgical castration or sham-handling. Respondents were provided information on the castration treatment for each image and had continuous access to the scale throughout the survey. The survey also contained demographic questions. Industry respondents were recruited through networking, and participants from the general public were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Four trained experts scored each image, and these scores were averaged to produce gold standard scores. Intraclass correlations indicated strong internal consistency among experts, industry and public. ANOVA demonstrated scoring to be moderately comparable between groups. Campbell and Fiske’s Multi-Trait Multi-Method framework provided qualified support for the internal validity and reliability of the PGS scale, even applied by non-experts (industry and public). Both response groups were able to recognize pain in castrated piglets. However, public respondents attributed higher levels of pain to sham-handled piglets than industry respondents (2.83 vs. 2.35; p=0.047), and both response groups systematically overestimated pain experience compared to the experts, suggesting more training may be necessary before using the scale in a diagnostic capacity. Nevertheless, overall findings support wide applicability of PGS, even with minimal training, to improve awareness, recognition and monitoring of swine pain among veterinarians, industry professionals and even members of the public.
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Tschoner T, Feist M. Substance P concentrations in the blood plasma and serum of adult cattle and calves during different painful procedures and conditions - a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:232. [PMID: 35717202 PMCID: PMC9206354 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pain in cattle is a major welfare problem, as cattle mask their pain. Subjective and objective parameters to assess pain in cattle have been described. Among the objective parameters to evaluate pain in cattle is substance P (SP). SP is a neurotransmitter, which is involved in the processing of noxious information to the brain; it seems to be a more objective indicator for nociception than cortisol, which has long been used as a biomarker for pain and stress in cattle. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the existing literature about SP during painful procedures, conditions, and diseases in cattle in form of a systematic review. Results Following the PRISMA statement, 36 out of 236 studies were included in this systematic review. Study design, grouping, age and weight of animals, processing of blood samples for the assessment of SP, and results were heterogenous. The largest number of studies originated from the United States of America and Canada and were published in 2018. A higher number of studies were done on calves (69.4%, n = 25) compared with adult cattle (30.6%, n = 11). Most studies were done to assess SP concentrations after administration of analgesics prior to husbandry procedures in calves. Conclusions There is a manageable number of studies assessing SP concentrations during painful procedures, conditions, and diseases in cattle. SP seems to be a suitable biomarker for nociception in cattle, but results of research work are heterogenous, and SP concentrations of calves and adult cattle differ throughout studies. Basic research work is missing and is needed to assess factors others than nociception which might influence the SP concentrations in the blood plasma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03304-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Tschoner
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Melanie Feist
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Johnston CH, Whittaker AL, Franklin SH, Hutchinson MR. The Neuroimmune Interface and Chronic Pain Through the Lens of Production Animals. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:887042. [PMID: 35663552 PMCID: PMC9160236 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.887042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system has gained much attention for its fundamental role in the development of chronic and pathological pain in humans and rodent models. Following peripheral nerve injury, neuroimmune signaling within the CNS plays an important role in the pathophysiological changes in pain sensitivity that lead to chronic pain. In production animals, routine husbandry procedures such as tail docking and castration, often involve some degree of inflammation and peripheral nerve injury and consequently may lead to chronic pain. Our understanding of chronic pain in animals is limited by the difficulty in measuring this pathological pain state. In light of this, we have reviewed the current understanding of chronic pain in production animals. We discuss our ability to measure pain and the implications this has on animal welfare and production outcomes. Further research into the neuroimmune interface in production animals will improve our fundamental understanding of chronic pain and better inform human clinical pain management and animal husbandry practices and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H. Johnston
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alexandra L. Whittaker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Samantha H. Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Mark R. Hutchinson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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30
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Moono P, Fruean SN, Hampson DJ, Bryan MA. The frequency of tail damage amongst cows from a sample of New Zealand dairy farms participating in an animal welfare programme. N Z Vet J 2022; 70:248-255. [PMID: 35473563 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2069174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore factors associated with the frequency of tail damage in dairy cows on 29 New Zealand farms participating in an animal welfare monitoring programme. MATERIALS AND METHODS Herd-level tail score data were collected at the cow level and then summarised at the herd level as counts for each lactation over the period 1June 2014 to 31 May 2018. A cow's tail was considered damaged if there was evidence of any injury that deformed the anatomical structure involving either bone or soft tissue and could include loss of use. There were four categories for tail scoring. Fracture or dislocation of tail bones, was considered as a deviation (score 1). When the tail had been docked above the top of the cow's udder, this was considered as docked short tail (score 2). When there was evidence of soft tissue trauma (score 3) or bone damage but no fracture (score 4), this was recorded as damaged (other). Tails were scored for each whole dairy herd. Tail scoring was performed by trained veterinarians or veterinary technicians. The primary outcome variable was counts of deviated tails (DT). Other outcome variables were docked short, damaged (other) and total tail injuries (TTI) which was a summation of all tail injuries. The potential predictor variables were, area, season, farm, region, replacement rate and herd size. A mixed effects negative binomial or Poisson regression was fitted to the count data. RESULTS A total of 29 farms contributed data for tail scoring, with 54,831 cows individually scored. The unadjusted regional prevalence of TTI, ranged from 3.5% (64/1,835) in Taranaki in 2014-2015 to 28.7% (1,434/4,988) in Southland/Otago in 2017-2018. The unadjusted regional herd prevalence of DT ranged from 2.1% (280/6,862) in Taranaki (2014-2015) to 13.2% (4,627/30,165) in Southland /South Otago (2017-2018). The incident rate ratio (IRR) of DT in 2015-2016 was 1.74 (95% CI = 1.20-2.53; p = 0.003) times the incident rate for the reference group (2014-2015). The IRR for TTI in 2015-2016 was 1.70 (95% CI = 1.60-1.81; p = 0.001) times the incident rate for the reference group (2014-2015. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is the first quantitative study of the frequency of tail damage within New Zealand dairy farms, and whilst variable between region, indicates that the frequency is increasing. Opportunities exist to better understand the causes of tail injuries and to improve animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moono
- VetSouth, PO Box 12, Winton, 9720, New Zealand
| | - S N Fruean
- VetSouth, PO Box 12, Winton, 9720, New Zealand.,Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Cairns, Queensland, Australia 4870
| | - D J Hampson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M A Bryan
- VetSouth, PO Box 12, Winton, 9720, New Zealand.,School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Hernandez E, Llonch P, Turner PV. Applied Animal Ethics in Industrial Food Animal Production: Exploring the Role of the Veterinarian. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060678. [PMID: 35327076 PMCID: PMC8944692 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial food animal production practices are efficient for producing large quantities of milk, meat, and eggs for a growing global population, but often result in the need to alter animals to fit a more restricted environment, as well as creating new animal welfare and health problems related to animal confinement in high densities. These practices and methods have become normalized, to the extent that veterinarians and others embedded in these industries rarely question the ethical challenges associated with raising animals in this fashion. Moral ‘lock-in’ is common with those working in food animal industries, as is the feeling that it is impossible to effect meaningful change. Animal welfare issues associated with the industrialization of food animal production are ‘wicked problems’ that require a multi- and transdisciplinary approach. We argue that veterinarians, as expert animal health and welfare advocates, should be critical stakeholders and leaders in discussions with producers and the food animal sector, to look for innovative solutions and technology that will address current and future global sustainability and food security needs. Solutions will necessarily be different in different countries and regions, but ethical issues associated with industrial food animal production practices are universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elein Hernandez
- Department of Clinical Studies and Surgery, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyuca, Cuautitlán Izcallli 54714, Mexico;
| | - Pol Llonch
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Patricia V. Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Global Animal Welfare & Training, Charles River, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mainau E, Llonch P, Temple D, Goby L, Manteca X. Alteration in Activity Patterns of Cows as a Result of Pain Due to Health Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020176. [PMID: 35049798 PMCID: PMC8773241 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There are several conditions and diseases considered painful to cattle. One reason for the inconsistency in pain recognition and thus pain relief in cattle is the inadequate ability to identify and assess pain. In fact, both increased and/or reduced daily lying time can be indicative of pain in cattle. This review helps to properly interpret pain in cows through behavioural activity patterns and explores whether pain relief is capable to restore their normal activity. Abstract The main conditions and diseases considered painful in dairy cows are mastitis, lameness, calving (including dystocia and caesarean section) and metritis. The cattle literature reports that deviation from normal daily activity patterns (both increased and/or reduced daily lying time) can be indicative of painful conditions and diseases in cows. This narrative review discusses on how pain due to several health conditions in dairy cows modifies its activity pattern and explores if non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are capable of restoring it. Divergent outcomes may differ depending upon the painful cause, the severity and the moment, and consequently its interpretation should be properly explained. For instance, cows with clinical mastitis reduced their time lying and increased the number of lying bouts and stepping due to pain caused by the swollen udder when cows are lying. However, lame cows show longer lying times, with a lower number of lying bouts and longer and more variable lying bouts duration, as compared to non-lame cows. When the relationship between painful disorders and daily activity patterns is studied, factors such as parity, bedding type and severity of disease are important factors to take into consideration. The potential benefits of the NSAIDs treatment in painful health disorders depend upon the type of drug administered, its dosage and administration mode, and the time of administration relative to the painful health disorder. This narrative review can be used as a tool to properly interpret and grade pain in cows through behavioural activity patterns and proposes directions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mainau
- AWEC Advisors SL, Ed. Eureka, Parc de Recerca de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-935811352
| | - Pol Llonch
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.L.); (D.T.); (X.M.)
| | - Déborah Temple
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.L.); (D.T.); (X.M.)
| | - Laurent Goby
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany;
| | - Xavier Manteca
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.L.); (D.T.); (X.M.)
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Ferrero C, Klonner ME, Verdier N, Bradbrook C. Ultrasound‐guided saphenous and sciatic nerve block as part of multimodal pain management in a goat undergoing tibial fracture repair. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Steagall PV, Robertson S, Simon B, Warne LN, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Taylor S. 2022 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Acute Pain in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:4-30. [PMID: 34937455 PMCID: PMC10845386 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211066268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Increases in cat ownership worldwide mean more cats are requiring veterinary care. Illness, trauma and surgery can result in acute pain, and effective management of pain is required for optimal feline welfare (ie, physical health and mental wellbeing). Validated pain assessment tools are available and pain management plans for the individual patient should incorporate pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy. Preventive and multimodal analgesia, including local anaesthesia, are important principles of pain management, and the choice of analgesic drugs should take into account the type, severity and duration of pain, presence of comorbidities and avoidance of adverse effects. Nursing care, environmental modifications and cat friendly handling are likewise pivotal to the pain management plan, as is a team approach, involving the cat carer. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Pain has traditionally been under-recognised in cats. Pain assessment tools are not widely implemented, and signs of pain in this species may be subtle. The unique challenges of feline metabolism and comorbidities may lead to undertreatment of pain and the development of peripheral and central sensitisation. Lack of availability or experience with various analgesic drugs may compromise effective pain management. EVIDENCE BASE These Guidelines have been created by a panel of experts and the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) based on the available literature and the authors' experience. They are aimed at general practitioners to assist in the assessment, prevention and management of acute pain in feline patients, and to provide a practical guide to selection and dosing of effective analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo V Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada; and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Companion Animal Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Bradley Simon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Leon N Warne
- Veterinary Anaesthesia & Pain Management Australia, Perth, Western Australia; and Veterinary Cannabis Medicines Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yael Shilo-Benjamini
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Corum O, Terzi E, Durna Corum D, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of meloxicam in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock following intravascular, intramuscular, and oral administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:213-219. [PMID: 34778976 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of meloxicam were investigated after single intravascular (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral dose of 1 mg/kg in rainbow trout broodstock at 11 ± 1.2°C. A total of 36 healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock weighing 1.40 ± 0.26 kg was used for the investigation. Plasma concentrations of meloxicam were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis. The elimination half-life for IV, IM, and oral routes was 3.63, 4.55, and 2.95 h, respectively. The IV route for meloxicam showed the total clearance of 0.05 L/h/kg and volume of distribution at a steady state of 0.20 L/kg. The peak plasma concentration was 2.97 μg/ml for the IM route and 0.84 μg/ml for the oral route. The bioavailability was 78.45% for the IM route and 21.48% for the oral route. Meloxicam following IM and oral administration displayed short t1/2ʎz . The short t1/2ʎz could be an advantage for the short-term use in acute conditions. The IM route with the good bioavailability can be preferred for the treatment of various conditions. However, developing new oral formulations with the good bioavailability for meloxicam is necessary to minimize stress and trauma through minimal handling in rainbow trout broodstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Terzi
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Ward R, Po E, Gozalo‐Marcilla M. Nerve stimulation‐guided femoral and sciatic blocks in an alpaca (
Vicugna pacos
) for the removal of a sequestrum from the distal femur. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ward
- Queens Veterinary School Hospital University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Easter Bush Vet Centre Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eleonora Po
- Queens Veterinary School Hospital University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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