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Reiske L, Schmucker S, Pfaffinger B, Weiler U, Steuber J, Stefanski V. Intravenous Infusion of Cortisol, Adrenaline, or Noradrenaline Alters Porcine Immune Cell Numbers and Promotes Innate over Adaptive Immune Functionality. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3205-3216. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Heyer CME, Schmucker S, Burbach K, Weiss E, Eklund M, Aumiller T, Capezzone F, Steuber J, Rodehutscord M, Hoelzle LE, Seifert J, Mosenthin R, Stefanski V. Phytate degradation, intestinal microbiota, microbial metabolites and immune values are changed in growing pigs fed diets with varying calcium-phosphorus concentration and fermentable substrates. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1185-1197. [PMID: 30934140 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed effects of diets containing varying calcium-phosphorus (CaP) concentration and fermentable substrates on digestibility of diets, intestinal microbiota and immune system using 32 crossbred pigs (initial BW 54.7 kg). In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, pigs were fed either a corn-soybean meal (CSB) or corn-field pea (CFP) diet with either low [-] (4.4 g Ca/kg; 4.2 g total P/kg) or high [+] (8.3 g Ca/kg; 7.5 g total P/kg; supplemented with monocalcium phosphate) CaP content for a period of 9 weeks. In week 8, blood samples were taken, and at the end of the trial, all pigs were euthanized to collect digesta and mesenteric lymphoid tissue. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P was greater (p < 0.05) for pigs fed the CaP+ and CFP diets than CaP- and CSB diets. The myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6 ) concentration in jejunal digesta was higher (p < 0.05) for CaP+ than in CaP- fed pigs. In addition, caecal and faecal InsP5 isomer concentration were greater (p < 0.05) for CSB than CFP diets. In the caecum, gene copy numbers of saccharolytic bacteria, such as Eubacterium rectale and Roseburia spp., as well as SCFA concentration were higher (p < 0.05) for CaP+ than CaP- diets. In particular, innate immune cell numbers, such as natural killer cells, dendritic cells, monocytes and neutrophils, were greater (p < 0.05) for CaP+ than CaP- fed pigs. Diets high in CaP resulted in higher abundance of potential beneficial bacteria and might promote the first line of defence enhancing the activation of the cellular adaptive immune response, thereby possibly decreasing the risk for intestinal disturbances. These results strongly suggest that both, CaP supply and dietary ingredients differing in fermentability, may beneficially affect gut health through increase in SCFA-producing bacteria and/or bacteria with anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Maria Elisabeth Heyer
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Burbach
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva Weiss
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Meike Eklund
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Aumiller
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Filippo Capezzone
- Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Steuber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Mosenthin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Schalk C, Pfaffinger B, Schmucker S, Weiler U, Stefanski V. Pregnancy-Associated Alterations of Peripheral Blood Immune Cell Numbers in Domestic Sows Are Modified by Social Rank. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E112. [PMID: 30909543 PMCID: PMC6466169 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the maternal immune system is characterized by a shift from adaptive to innate immune functions. Besides, the immune system can be influenced by social rank. Detailed knowledge of pregnancy-associated immune changes and of the interplay of rank-associated and gestation-induced immunomodulations is still fragmentary in sows. This study investigates both the numbers of various blood leukocyte subpopulations during pregnancy and the influence of social rank position on progressing pregnancy-associated alterations in group-housed sows. Sows were classified as low (LR), middle (MR), or high-ranking (HR). Five blood samples were collected from each of the 35 sows throughout pregnancy to evaluate the distribution of blood lymphocyte subpopulations and plasma cortisol concentrations. The numbers of T, natural killer (NK), and B cells, cytotoxic T cells (CTL), and CD8⁺ γδ- T cells decreased during the last trimester of pregnancy, while neutrophils and plasma cortisol concentration increased before parturition. Social rank revealed different effects on B cells and monocytes with MR sows showing higher numbers than LR sows. Plasma cortisol concentrations also tended to be higher in MR sows as compared to LR sows. In conclusion, sows show pregnancy-associated alterations in the immune system, which are influenced by social rank, as middle-ranking sows in particular display signs of stress-induced immunomodulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schalk
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Birgit Pfaffinger
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Schalk C, Pfaffinger B, Schmucker S, Weiler U, Stefanski V. Effects of repeated social mixing on behavior and blood immune cells of group-housed pregnant sows (Sus scrofa domestica). Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Engert LC, Weiler U, Pfaffinger B, Stefanski V, Schmucker SS. Diurnal rhythms in peripheral blood immune cell numbers of domestic pigs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:11-20. [PMID: 29017838 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal rhythms within the immune system are considered important for immune competence. Until now, they were mostly studied in humans and rodents. However, as the domestic pig is regarded as suitable animal model and due to its importance in agriculture, this study aimed to characterize diurnal rhythmicity in porcine circulating leukocyte numbers. Eighteen pigs were studied over periods of up to 50 h. Cosinor analyses revealed diurnal rhythms in cell numbers of most investigated immune cell populations in blood. Whereas T cell, dendritic cell, and eosinophil counts peaked during nighttime, NK cell and neutrophil counts peaked during daytime. Relative amplitudes of cell numbers in blood differed in T helper cell subtypes with distinctive differentiation states. Mixed model analyses revealed that plasma cortisol concentration was negatively associated with cell numbers of most leukocyte types, except for NK cells and neutrophils. The observed rhythms mainly resemble those found in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C Engert
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Birgit Pfaffinger
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sonja S Schmucker
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Heyer CME, Schmucker S, Aumiller T, Föll A, Uken K, Rodehutscord M, Hoelzle LE, Seifert J, Stefanski V, Mosenthin R, Eklund M, Weiss E. The impact of dietary phosphorus and calcium on the intestinal microbiota and mitogen-induced proliferation of mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes in pigs1. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wesoly R, Stefanski V, Weiler U. Influence of sampling procedure, sampling location and skin contamination on skatole and indole concentrations in adipose tissue of pigs. Meat Sci 2015; 111:85-91. [PMID: 26348413 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skatole leads to off-odor in pork and is influenced by several factors such as sex and management conditions of pigs, but the causal relationships have not yet been clarified. In the present study, physiological skatole concentrations along the carcass were monitored and the transdermal diffusion of skatole was experimentally studied with skatole-spiked feces. Additionally, the impact of different biopsy techniques on skatole in fat and blood was studied. Monitoring of skatole along the carcass revealed higher skatole concentrations in the belly than in dorsal cuts. Topical application of spiked feces increased skatole in fat strictly at the application site. In contrast to punch biopsies, surgical biopsies significantly affected skatole and cortisol levels in blood, but not in fat. We conclude that biopsies for skatole measurements should be taken without anesthesia from the dorsal side of the animals. Fecal contaminations on the ventral side are not likely to influence overall concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Wesoly
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Garbenstrasse 17, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Garbenstrasse 17, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Garbenstrasse 17, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Grün V, Schmucker S, Schalk C, Flauger B, Stefanski V. Characterization of the adaptive immune response following immunization in pregnant sows (Sus scrofa) kept in two different housing systems1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3388-97. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Grün
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S. Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C. Schalk
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B. Flauger
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - V. Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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