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Karastergiou A, Gancel AL, Jourdes M, Teissedre PL. Valorization of Grape Pomace: A Review of Phenolic Composition, Bioactivity, and Therapeutic Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1131. [PMID: 39334790 PMCID: PMC11428247 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitis vinifera L., commonly known as grapes, is one of the most widely cultivated crops worldwide, with over 80% used for wine production. However, the winemaking process generates substantial residues, including grape pomace (GP), wine lees, and wastewater, which can pose significant environmental and economic challenges. Among these, GP stands out not only as a waste product but also as a rich source of polyphenols-bioactive compounds with recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent advancements have expanded the application of GP-derived extracts, particularly in the health and food industries, due to their potent bioactive properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the valorization of GP, focusing on its phenolic composition and therapeutic potential. It evokes innovative, environmentally friendly extraction techniques and integrated methods for the chemical analysis of these valuable compounds. Additionally, the health benefits of GP polyphenols are explored, with recent experimental findings examining their metabolism and highlighting the key role of gut microbiota in these processes. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the biological activity of GP extracts and underscore their growing significance as a high-added-value product. By illustrating how winemaking by-products can be transformed into natural therapeutic agents, this review emphasizes the importance of sustainable development and eco-friendly waste management practices, significantly contributing to the advancement of a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pierre-Louis Teissedre
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1366, OENO, ISVV, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.K.); (A.-L.G.); (M.J.)
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2
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Nathan VB, Eckrote S, Li S, Reddivari L. Crude Blueberry Phenolic Extracts Improve Gut Barrier Integrity and Exert Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activity in an In Vitro Weaning Stress Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1044. [PMID: 39334703 PMCID: PMC11428930 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Piglet weaning is accompanied by gastrointestinal tract (GIT) dysfunction, resulting in post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). The treatment involves antibiotics due to the susceptibility of the weaned GIT to pathogens. However, antibiotic resistance has shifted attitudes toward a nutraceutical approach by enriching feed with functional compounds. Polyphenols are touted for their antimicrobial activity and ability to improve GIT function. Thus, we investigated the protective effects of crude blueberry phenolic extracts (BPE) in vitro using porcine cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a weaning model. Cells were pretreated with 1 µg/mL and 2.5 µg/mL BPE for 24 h, followed by 10 µg/mL LPS stimulation for 6 h. Antioxidant status, paracellular permeability, the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and tight junction proteins were measured. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was evaluated against porcine pathogens. The pretreatment of cells with 1 µg/mL BPE preserved catalase (CAT) activity. Reduced paracellular permeability was observed in a dose-dependent manner. The BPE preserved the relative mRNA abundance of tight junctions and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression. Pretreatment with the BPE was able to preserve occludin (OCLN) protein levels. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the BPE against Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Salmonella typhimurium (ST) was 62.50 µg/mL. These findings indicate that blueberry polyphenols hold potential as feed additives in swine weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lavanya Reddivari
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (V.B.N.); (S.E.); (S.L.)
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3
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Magklaras G, Skoufos I, Bonos E, Tsinas A, Zacharis C, Giavasis I, Petrotos K, Fotou K, Nikolaou K, Vasilopoulou K, Giannenas Ι, Tzora A. Innovative Use of Olive, Winery and Cheese Waste By-Products as Novel Ingredients in Weaned Pigs Nutrition. Vet Sci 2023; 10:397. [PMID: 37368783 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
New sustainable sources of feeds, which can enhance the health and welfare of farm animals, lower feeding costs, and lead to safer products, are of high priority in modern animal production systems. In the present study, a novel silage created from Greek olive, winery, and feta cheese waste by-products, was evaluated as a feed ingredient at different inclusion rates (0%, 5% or 10%) in 34-day-old weaned pigs. The potential beneficial effects on performance, health and intestinal digesta microflora balance of the pigs were evaluated. Additionally, chemical, microbiological and quality analysis of the meat was carried out. Results showed no detrimental effects (p > 0.05) on the pigs' performance and no significant changes (p > 0.05) in meat pH, color and chemical analysis. Ileum and cecum microflora populations (total anaerobes, Lactobacillaceae) were positively affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the dietary usage of the silage. The microbial populations (Clostridium spp.) of belly meat cuts were positively modified (p ≤ 0.01). The concentration of total phenols in the meat cuts were increased (p ≤ 0.05) and their resistance to oxidation was improved (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, the fatty acid profile of the meat lipids (polyunsaturated and n-3 fatty acids) was positively modified (p ≤ 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Magklaras
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Anastasios Tsinas
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Christos Zacharis
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Ioannis Giavasis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karditsa Campus, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Kostas Petrotos
- Department of Agrotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Geopolis Campus, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Konstantina Fotou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Konstantina Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Konstantina Vasilopoulou
- Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ιlias Giannenas
- Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina Tzora
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece
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4
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Bešlo D, Golubić N, Rastija V, Agić D, Karnaš M, Šubarić D, Lučić B. Antioxidant Activity, Metabolism, and Bioavailability of Polyphenols in the Diet of Animals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1141. [PMCID: PMC10294820 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the world’s population grows, so does the need for more and more animal feed. In 2006, the EU banned the use of antibiotics and other chemicals in order to reduce chemical residues in food consumed by humans. It is well known that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes must be combated to achieve higher productivity. The adverse effects of the use of pharmaceuticals and other synthetic compounds on animal health and product quality and safety have increased interest in phytocompounds. With the use of plant polyphenols in animal nutrition, they are gaining more attention as a supplement to animal feed. Livestock feeding based on a sustainable, environmentally friendly approach (clean, safe, and green agriculture) would also be a win–win for farmers and society. There is an increasing interest in producing healthier products of animal origin with a higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to saturated fatty acids by modulating animal nutrition. Secondary plant metabolites (polyphenols) are essential chemical compounds for plant physiology as they are involved in various functions such as growth, pigmentation, and resistance to pathogenic organisms. Polyphenols are exogenous antioxidants that act as one of the first lines of cell defense. Therefore, the discoveries on the intracellular antioxidant activity of polyphenols as a plant supplement have contributed significantly to the improvement of antioxidant activity, as polyphenols prevent oxidative stress damage and eliminate excessively produced free radicals. To achieve animal welfare, reduce stress and the need for medicines, and increase the quality of food of animal origin, the addition of polyphenols to research and breeding can be practised in part with a free-choice approach to animal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Bešlo
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Nataša Golubić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Vesna Rastija
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Dejan Agić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Maja Karnaš
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Domagoj Šubarić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Bono Lučić
- NMR Center, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Petcu CD, Mihai OD, Tăpăloagă D, Gheorghe-Irimia RA, Pogurschi EN, Militaru M, Borda C, Ghimpețeanu OM. Effects of Plant-Based Antioxidants in Animal Diets and Meat Products: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061334. [PMID: 36981260 PMCID: PMC10047951 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The perceived level of risk associated with a food product can influence purchase and consumption decisions. Thus, current trends in food safety address an issue of general interest-the identification of healthy and economical alternatives to synthetic antioxidants that may have harmful effects on human health. Still, the processors' target is to increase the shelf life of food products using preserving substances. Natural antioxidants can be extracted and used in the food industry from different plants, such as blueberry, broccoli, chokeberry, cinnamon, ginger, olives, oregano, etc. The identification of the main natural antioxidant types that have been used in the food industry is very important in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the researched topic. In this regard, the aim of this paper was to illustrate the positive aspects of using natural antioxidants with preservative roles in meat products, while, at the same time, highlighting the potential risks induced by these compounds. All of those aspects are correlated with the impact of sensorial attributes and the improvement of the nutritional value of meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Daniela Petcu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Blvd., Splaiul Independentei, 050097 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Diana Mihai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Blvd., Splaiul Independentei, 050097 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Tăpăloagă
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Blvd., Splaiul Independentei, 050097 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca-Aniela Gheorghe-Irimia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Blvd., Splaiul Independentei, 050097 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Narcisa Pogurschi
- Faculty of Animal Productions Engineering and Management, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 59 Blvd., Marasti, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Manuella Militaru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Blvd., Splaiul Independentei, 050097 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristin Borda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mânăștur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana-Mărgărita Ghimpețeanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Blvd., Splaiul Independentei, 050097 Bucharest, Romania
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Martínez-Antequera FP, López-Ruiz R, Martos-Sitcha JA, Mancera JM, Moyano FJ. Assessing differences in the bioaccessibility of phenolics present in two wine by-products using an in-vitro model of fish digestion. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1151045. [PMID: 37205229 PMCID: PMC10186350 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1151045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention is currently being paid to the protective role of polyphenols in health and oxidative status in fish. For this reason, the potential use of different natural sources of such compounds, like wine by products, is under study. One key step required to gain a better understanding on the biological roles of polyphenols for a given species is to assess the different factors affecting their digestive bioaccessibility, and a great number of such studies is based in the use of in vitro digestion models. In the present study the potential digestive bioavailability of the phenolic compounds present in wine bagasse and lees was evaluated for two fish species showing great differences in their digestive phisyiology: the omnivorous gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and the herbivorous flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). The study was developed using in vitro models adapted to simulate their digestion and a factorial experimental design that simultaneously evaluated the effects of the ingredient used as source of polyphenols, presence or absence of feed matrix, fish species and digestion time. The release of the phenolic compounds was evaluated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) detection. Both the presence of feed matrix and the type of wine by-product showed a significant effect on the digestive release of both total and specific types of polyphenols while fish species showed to be significant only for some specific compounds, like eriodyctiol or syringic acid. The time of digestion was not identified as a statistically significant factor in the release of phenolic compounds due to the great variability in the patterns observed that were classified as early, sustained and late. The observed great variations in the patterns of release of different types of phenolic compounds with time suggest an important effect of gut transit rates on the net bioavailability of a given phenolic compound in the live fish. The present study is, to our knowledge, the first one on which an in vitro approach was applied to assess to what extent the possible complexation of wine polyphenols present in wine by-products with either digestive enzymes or components of the feed matrix could limit their bioaccessibility if included in diets of two different fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca P. Martínez-Antequera
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Cádiz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisca P. Martínez-Antequera,
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Moyano
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Cádiz, Spain
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Ponnampalam EN, Kiani A, Santhiravel S, Holman BWB, Lauridsen C, Dunshea FR. The Importance of Dietary Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress, Meat and Milk Production, and Their Preservative Aspects in Farm Animals: Antioxidant Action, Animal Health, and Product Quality-Invited Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233279. [PMID: 36496798 PMCID: PMC9738477 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological effects of oxidative stress and associated free radicals on farm animal performance, productivity, and product quality may be managed via dietary interventions-specifically, the provision of feeds, supplements, and forages rich in antioxidants. To optimize this approach, it is important first to understand the development of free radicals and their contributions to oxidative stress in tissue systems of farm animals or the human body. The interactions between prooxidants and antioxidants will impact redox homeostasis and, therefore, the well-being of farm animals. The impact of free radical formation on the oxidation of lipids, proteins, DNA, and biologically important macromolecules will likewise impact animal performance, meat and milk quality, nutritional value, and longevity. Dietary antioxidants, endogenous antioxidants, and metal-binding proteins contribute to the 'antioxidant defenses' that control free radical formation within the biological systems. Different bioactive compounds of varying antioxidant potential and bio-accessibility may be sourced from tailored feeding systems. Informed and successful provision of dietary antioxidants can help alleviate oxidative stress. However, knowledge pertaining to farm animals, their unique biological systems, and the applications of novel feeds, specialized forages, bioactive compounds, etc., must be established. This review summarized current research to direct future studies towards more effective controls for free radical formation/oxidative stress in farm animals so that productivity and quality of meat and milk can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N. Ponnampalam
- Animal Production Sciences, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ali Kiani
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad P.O. Box 465, Iran
| | - Sarusha Santhiravel
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Benjamin W. B. Holman
- Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Charlotte Lauridsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- The Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Bocsan IC, Măgureanu DC, Pop RM, Levai AM, Macovei ȘO, Pătrașca IM, Chedea VS, Buzoianu AD. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Polyphenols from Red and White Grape Pomace in Ischemic Heart Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102337. [PMID: 36289599 PMCID: PMC9598344 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape pomace (GP) represents a very reliable source of polyphenols because it could be found globally as a remnant of the wine industry. During the winemaking process, two types of GP are generated: red GP and white GP, according to the produced wine, red or white. Grape pomace represents a viable source of polyphenols, mainly flavanols, procyanidins anthocyanins, and resveratrol which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Multiple differences were observed between red and white GP in terms of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Although most studies are focused on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of red grape pomace, there are still many variables that need to be taken into consideration, as well as extensive study of the white GP. It was observed that in both in vitro and in vivo studies, the GP polyphenols have a direct antioxidant activity by acting as a free radical scavenger or donating a hydrogen atom. It also possesses an indirect antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κβ), and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (Iκκβ) levels or nitrate oxide-4 (NOX4) expression and by increasing the levels of antioxidants enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) glutathione reductase (GRx) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx). Besides these activities, many beneficial effects in ischemic heart diseases were also observed, such as the maintenance of the ventricular function as close as possible to normal, and the prevention of infarcted area extension. In this context, this review intends to present the actual knowledge of grape pomace’s potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in ischemic heart disease, knowledge gathered from existing in vitro and in vivo studies focused on this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Corina Bocsan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 23, Marinescu Street, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Claudiu Măgureanu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Maria Pop
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 23, Marinescu Street, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonia Mihaela Levai
- Faculty of Medicine, Department Mother and Child, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 3-5, Clinicilor Street, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ștefan Octavian Macovei
- Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Maria Pătrașca
- Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Veronica Sanda Chedea
- Research Station for Viticulture and Enology Blaj (SCDVV Blaj), 515400 Blaj, Romania
| | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 23, Marinescu Street, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania
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9
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Alfaia CM, Costa MM, Lopes PA, Pestana JM, Prates JAM. Use of Grape By-Products to Enhance Meat Quality and Nutritional Value in Monogastrics. Foods 2022; 11:2754. [PMID: 36140881 PMCID: PMC9497639 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape by-products could be used in monogastric animals' nutrition to reduce feeding costs with conventional crops (e.g., maize and soybean meal) and to improve meat quality. The main grape by-products with the largest expression worldwide, particularly in the Mediterranean region, are grape pomace, grape seed, grape seed oil and grape skins. These by-products are rich sources of bioactive polyphenols, dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), more specifically, the beneficial n-3 PUFA, that could be transferred to pork and poultry meat. The potential biological activities, mainly associated with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, make them putative candidates as feed supplements and/or ingredients capable of enhancing meat quality traits, such as color, lipid oxidation and shelf life. However, grape by-products face several limitations, namely, the high level of lignified cell wall and tannin content, both antinutritional compounds that limit nutrients absorption. Therefore, it is imperative to improve grape by-products' bioavailability, taking advantage of enzyme supplementation or pretreatment processes, to use them as feed alternatives contributing to boost a circular agricultural economy. The present review summarizes the current applications and challenges of using grape by-products from the agro-industrial sector in pig and poultry diets aiming at improving meat quality and nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Alfaia
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica M. Costa
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Lopes
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M. Pestana
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José A. M. Prates
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Evaluation of a Dietary Grape Extract on Oxidative Status, Intestinal Morphology, Plasma Acute-Phase Proteins and Inflammation Parameters of Weaning Piglets at Various Points of Time. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081428. [PMID: 35892630 PMCID: PMC9394324 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of the underlying mechanisms of dietary grape extract (GE) in overcoming weaning challenges in piglets have been partly inconsistent. Furthermore, evaluations of the effects of GE at weaning in comparison to those of widely used therapeutic antibiotics have been scarce. To explore the mode of action of GE in selected tissues and plasma, we evaluated gut morphology, antioxidant and inflammation indices. Accordingly, 180 weaning piglets were allocated to three treatment groups: negative control (NC), NC and antibiotic treatment for the first 5 days of the trial (positive control, PC), and NC and GE (entire trial). The villus surface was positively affected by GE and PC on day 27/28 of the trial in the jejunum and on day 55/56 of the trial in the ileum. In the colon, NC tended (p < 0.10) to increase crypt parameters compared to PC on day 55/56. The PC group tended (p < 0.10) to increase catalase activity in the ileum and decrease Cu/Zn-SOD activity in the jejunum, both compared to NC. There were no additional effects on antioxidant measurements of tissue and plasma, tissue gene expression, or plasma acute-phase proteins. In conclusion, GE supplementation beneficially affected the villus surface of the small intestine. However, these changes were not linked to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of GE.
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11
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Zhao X, Wang J, Gao G, Bontempo V, Chen C, Schroyen M, Li X, Jiang X. The Influence of Dietary Gallic Acid on Growth Performance and Plasma Antioxidant Status of High and Low Weaning Weight Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113323. [PMID: 34828054 PMCID: PMC8614436 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of dietary gallic acid (GA) on growth performance, diarrhea incidence and plasma antioxidant status of weaned piglets regardless of whether weaning weight was high or low. A total of 120 weaned piglets were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 42-day experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement comparing different weaning weights (high weight (HW) or low weight (LW), 8.49 ± 0.18 kg vs. 5.45 ± 0.13 kg) and dietary treatment (without supplementation (CT) or with supplementation of 400 mg/kg of GA). The results showed that HW piglets exhibited better growth performance and plasma antioxidant capacity. Piglets supplemented with GA had higher body weight (BW) on day 42 and average daily gain (ADG) from day 0 to 42 compared to the control piglets, which is mainly attributed to the specific improvement on BW and ADG of LW piglets by the supplementation of GA. The decreased values of diarrhea incidence were seen in piglets fed GA, more particularly in LW piglets. In addition, dietary GA numerically reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in plasma of LW piglets. In conclusion, our study suggests that dietary GA may especially improve the growth and health in LW weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.); (J.W.); (G.G.); (X.L.)
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Jizhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.); (J.W.); (G.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.); (J.W.); (G.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Valentino Bontempo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Chiqing Chen
- Wufeng Chicheng Biotech Co., Ltd., Yichang 443413, China;
| | - Martine Schroyen
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Xilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.); (J.W.); (G.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Xianren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.); (J.W.); (G.G.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Muhammad Z, Ramzan R, Zhang R, Zhao D, Gul M, Dong L, Zhang M. Assessment of In Vitro and In Vivo Bioremediation Potentials of Orally Supplemented Free and Microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS Strains to Mitigate the Chronic Lead Toxicity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:698349. [PMID: 34796165 PMCID: PMC8592972 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.698349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a pestilent and relatively nonbiodegradable heavy metal, which causes severe health effects by inducing inflammation and oxidative stress in animal and human tissues. This is because of its significant tolerance and capability to bind Pb (430 mg/L) and thermodynamic fitness to sequester Pb in the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.98421) in vitro. Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS1.1003 was selected for further in vivo study both in free and maize resistant starch (MRS)–based microencapsulated forms to assess its bioremediation aptitude against chronic Pb lethality using adult female BALB/c mice as a model animal. Orally administered free and microencapsulated KLDS 1.1003 provided significant protection by reducing Pb levels in the blood (127.92 ± 5.220 and 101.47 ± 4.142 µg/L), kidneys (19.86 ± 0.810 and 18.02 ± 0.735 µg/g), and liver (7.27 ± 0.296 and 6.42 ± 0.262 µg/g). MRS-microencapsulated KLDS 1.0344 improved the antioxidant index and inhibited changes in blood and serum enzyme concentrations and relieved the Pb-induced renal and hepatic pathological damages. SEM and EDS microscopy showed that the Pb covered the surfaces of cells and was chiefly bound due to the involvement of the carbon and oxygen elements. Similarly, FTIR showed that the amino, amide, phosphoryl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl functional groups of bacteria and MRS were mainly involved in Pb biosorption. Based on these findings, free and microencapsulated L. acidophilus KLDS 1.0344 could be considered a potential dietetic stratagem in alleviating chronic Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafarullah Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rabia Ramzan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mehak Gul
- Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Lihong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Mavrommatis A, Simitzis PE, Kyriakaki P, Giamouri E, Myrtsi ED, Evergetis E, Filippi K, Papapostolou H, Koulocheri SD, Pappas AC, Koutinas A, Haroutounian SA, Tsiplakou E. Immune-Related Gene Expression Profiling of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Supplemented with Vinification Byproducts: A Valorization Approach II. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113038. [PMID: 34827771 PMCID: PMC8614383 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The valorization of grape byproducts appears to be a sustainable bioeconomic strategy that could promote the substitution of synthetic with natural antioxidant compounds in the food and feed industry. The nutritional physiology of broiler chickens requires special attention to the interactions between nutrients and antioxidant mechanisms since the stressor signals of factory farming could impair the immune status, resulting in detrimental effects on broilers’ performance. The objective of this study was to assess the inclusion of grape byproducts (grape pomace, wine lees, and stem extract) on the transcriptional profiling of genes regulating the immune system in the liver, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen. The dietary supplementation of grape byproducts rich in polyphenolic compounds decreased the mRNA levels of the predominant pro-inflammatory receptor in the liver, while in the spleen, the stem extract diet upregulated the aforementioned receptor. Upregulation of interleukin 8 was observed in the bursa of Fabricius and spleen of the stems extract-fed broilers. Although grape byproducts depicting a sustainable source of bioactive compounds with vast antioxidant potential, there were unveiled preliminary insights for immune stimulation at the transcriptional level. Abstract The valorization of vinification byproducts portrays a promising bioprocess for the enrichment of animals’ diet with bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, which could regulate the immune response. Therefore, the impact of dietary grounded grape pomace (GGP), wine lees extract (WYC), and grape stem extract (PE) on the relative transcript level of immune related genes of broiler chickens were examined. Two hundred forty, one-day-old as hatched (male/female) chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to four dietary groups, with four replicate pens each with 15 birds. Birds were fed either a basal diet (CON) or the basal diet supplemented with 2.5% GGP, or 0.2% WYC, or 0.1% PE for 42 d. The relative expression of immune-related genes was investigated using a real-time PCR platform. The mRNA levels of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) were downregulated (p = 0.039) in the liver of broilers fed the GGP-containing diet compared to the CON, while in the spleen of PE-fed broilers, TLR4 was significantly upregulated (p = 0.043). The mRNA levels of interleukin 8 (IL8) tended to upregulate (p = 0.099) in the bursa of Fabricius and were significantly increased (p = 0.036) in the spleen of broilers fed the PE diet. Vinification byproducts depict a promising sustainable source of polyphenols for the poultry feed industry, but more research is needed under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Mavrommatis
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.G.); (E.D.M.); (E.E.); (S.D.K.); (A.C.P.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Panagiotis E. Simitzis
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding & Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiota Kyriakaki
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.G.); (E.D.M.); (E.E.); (S.D.K.); (A.C.P.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Elisavet Giamouri
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.G.); (E.D.M.); (E.E.); (S.D.K.); (A.C.P.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Eleni D. Myrtsi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.G.); (E.D.M.); (E.E.); (S.D.K.); (A.C.P.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Epameinondas Evergetis
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.G.); (E.D.M.); (E.E.); (S.D.K.); (A.C.P.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Katiana Filippi
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (K.F.); (H.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Harris Papapostolou
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (K.F.); (H.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Sofia D. Koulocheri
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.G.); (E.D.M.); (E.E.); (S.D.K.); (A.C.P.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Athanasios C. Pappas
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.G.); (E.D.M.); (E.E.); (S.D.K.); (A.C.P.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Apostolis Koutinas
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (K.F.); (H.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Serkos A. Haroutounian
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.G.); (E.D.M.); (E.E.); (S.D.K.); (A.C.P.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Eleni Tsiplakou
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.G.); (E.D.M.); (E.E.); (S.D.K.); (A.C.P.); (S.A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2105294435; Fax: +30-2105294413
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14
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García-Martínez DJ, Arroyo-Hernández M, Posada-Ayala M, Santos C. The High Content of Quercetin and Catechin in Airen Grape Juice Supports Its Application in Functional Food Production. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071532. [PMID: 34359402 PMCID: PMC8306294 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring healthy lives and well-being constitutes one of the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 2030 agenda. Consequently, research into how natural products may promote health is essential for the new generation of nutraceuticals and functional foods that are in high demand today. Grape juice is a natural foodstuff composed of water, sugars, minerals, vitamins and a wide array of polyphenols. Polyphenols are bioactive compounds of great interest due to their antioxidant properties and benefits to health, supporting antimicrobial, anti-aging, and anticarcinogenic activity. The majority of grape juice produced in the world is used for the production of wine, although a small part is used in the food industry, mainly in baby food and sports drinks. The aim of this work is to determine the polyphenol content in the natural and concentrated juice of Airen grapes, the main white grape variety produced in Spain. For this, fresh juices from five grape varietals (Airen, Sauvignon Blanc, Gewürztraminer, Verdejo and Tempranillo) and concentrated Airen juice were analyzed and compared. Results showed similar contents of phenolic acids and stilbenes in all grape varietals studied, although the Airen variety demonstrated a higher concentration of two flavonoids: quercetin and catechin. It can be concluded that the grape juice concentration process negatively affects the stability of these compounds, causing a reduction in the polyphenol content that ranges between 54–71%, with the exception of quercetin and catechin.
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15
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Ianni A, Innosa D, Oliva E, Bennato F, Grotta L, Saletti MA, Pomilio F, Sergi M, Martino G. Effect of olive leaves feeding on phenolic composition and lipolytic volatile profile in goat milk. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8835-8845. [PMID: 34024611 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate phenolic composition, antioxidant potential, and lipolytic events in raw milk obtained from goat fed a dietary supplementation with olive leaves (OL), a by-product of the olive oil production chain. For this purpose, 30 Saanen goats were randomly allocated into 2 groups of 15 goats each: the control group received a standard diet that was prepared by taking into account the nutritional needs of lactating goats, whereas the experimental group (EG) was fed with an OL-supplemented diet (10% on a dry matter basis). At the end of the 30 d of the trial, the individual milk samples were collected and immediately analyzed for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (AOA). Subsequently, the individual phenolic compounds have been identified and quantified through an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system and a characterization of free fatty acids released in milk has been performed. The results showed a positive effect of dietary OL supplementation in improving total phenolic content and AOA; furthermore, 19 phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, simple phenols, and secoiridoids, have been identified in EG milk. In addition to this, a reduced accumulation of free fatty acids has been found in EG milk, and this finding leads us to hypothesize an inhibitory action of the identified phenolic compounds toward the enzymes responsible for lipolytic events. The use of the molecular docking approach verified the interactions, defining a fairly interesting framework for cinnamic acid, which should be able to noncovalently bind these enzymes, interfering with the recruitment of the substrate and therefore, slowing down their hydrolytic activity. In any case, this information will be subjected to in vitro evaluations for an accurate characterization of the biochemical mechanisms that can be established in milk naturally enriched with bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ianni
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - D Innosa
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - E Oliva
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - F Bennato
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - L Grotta
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - M A Saletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - F Pomilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - M Sergi
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - G Martino
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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16
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Corino C, Prost M, Pizzi B, Rossi R. Dietary Plant Extracts Improve the Antioxidant Reserves in Weaned Piglets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:702. [PMID: 33946752 PMCID: PMC8145250 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the use of antibiotics in livestock in order to contain antibiotic resistance and studying natural substance additives are key to sustainability. Among the various biological activities of plant extracts, antioxidant activity plays an important role. The present study assesses the total antioxidant activity and antioxidant reserves using the Kit Radicaux Libres test (KRL™ Kirial International, Couternon, France). One hundred and sixty piglets (Topics × Tempo) weaned at 28 days of age were divided into four dietary treatment groups that were fed a commercial diet (the control group, C); 500 mg/kg Boswellia extract (BOS); 200 and 50 mg/kg Uncaria and Tanacetum extracts (UT) respectively; and 225 mg/kg of an antioxidant plant extract mixture (AOX). The blood antioxidant activity of the piglets was measured using the KRL test and the reserves were analyzed on whole blood samples after hydrolysis with glucosidase, sulfatase and glucuronidase. No significant differences were observed in growth performance. The delta KRL values of the whole blood showed a significantly higher total antioxidant status of the piglets from the BOS and AOX groups than the UT and C groups (+30.7 BOS; +27.7 AOX vs. +17.81 UT +13.30 C; p = 0.002) between 18 and 28 days post-weaning. The delta KRL values of red blood cells (RBCs) showed a significantly higher total antioxidant status of the piglets from the AOX groups than the UT and BOS groups (+22.2 AOX; vs. +9.90 UT +9.4 BOS; p = 0.016) between the two sampling times. Reserves of UT and AOX were higher than C and BOS for all enzymes, glucosides, sulphates, and glucuronides. The biological KRL test proved to be an extremely sensitive tool to evaluate the piglets' antioxidant status. Determining the antioxidant reserve also provides a better understanding of the real antioxidant status of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Corino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | | | | | - Raffaella Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
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17
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Orengo J, Hernández F, Martínez-Miró S, Sánchez CJ, Peres Rubio C, Madrid J. Effects of Commercial Antioxidants in Feed on Growth Performance and Oxidative Stress Status of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020266. [PMID: 33494343 PMCID: PMC7912010 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the effect of adding two different commercial antioxidants (AOX) products to pre-starter and starter diets using low vitamin E (Vit E as DL-α-tocopheryl acetate) levels on the growth performance and oxidative stress of piglets for the first six weeks post-weaning (PW). They were sorted by initial body weight (BW: 6.175 ± 0.931 kg) and randomly allotted to four dietary treatments (with six replicates per treatment): a positive control (PC) and a negative control (NC) diet, with normal and low dose of vitamin E (80 and 15 mg kg-1, respectively), both without AOX; the other two experimental diets with a low dose of vitamin E (LVE) plus LOXIDAN VD100 (LVE + AOX1) or LOXIDAN E Ros (LVE + AOX2). Growth data were recorded, and blood samples were taken, at the beginning (day 0) and at the end of each feeding period: pre-starter and starter (at days 14 and 42, respectively). No differences among dietary treatments were found with respect to growth performance in the pre-starter period (p ≥ 0.05). However, at the end of the starter period, a lower BW was found in piglets fed the NC diet compared to the other dietary treatments. Differences in daily gain and feed conversion ratio were also found either for the starter period or when the whole period was considered (p < 0.05), whereby piglets fed PC or LVE diets supplemented with AOX showed better growth performance compared to piglets fed the NC diet. Regarding Vit E (α-tocopherol) serum levels, there were no differences among treatments at day 0; but the serum values of this vitamin decreased in LVE diets at 14 and 42 days, but not in the PC. On day 42, the highest levels of α-tocopherol in liver were also found in piglets fed PC (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, in general, from a metabolic point of view and after checking the serum biochemical profile of piglets, there were no differences in other oxidative stress markers (p ≥ 0.05). The results showed that the AOX products used were able to compensate for the lower Vit E supply with respect to growth performance in the starter phase. The use of AOXs or usual levels of Vit E in feed constitutes a key factor in achieving optimal growth performance of piglets in the PW period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Orengo
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (F.H.); (S.M.-M.); (C.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.O.); (J.M.); Tel.: +34-868884745 (J.O.); +34-868884750 (J.M.)
| | - Fuensanta Hernández
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (F.H.); (S.M.-M.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (F.H.); (S.M.-M.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Cristian Jesús Sánchez
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (F.H.); (S.M.-M.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Josefa Madrid
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (F.H.); (S.M.-M.); (C.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.O.); (J.M.); Tel.: +34-868884745 (J.O.); +34-868884750 (J.M.)
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Caprarulo V, Hejna M, Giromini C, Liu Y, Dell’Anno M, Sotira S, Reggi S, Sgoifo-Rossi CA, Callegari ML, Rossi L. Evaluation of Dietary Administration of Chestnut and Quebracho Tannins on Growth, Serum Metabolites and Fecal Parameters of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1945. [PMID: 33105748 PMCID: PMC7690424 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In pig livestock, alternatives to in-feed antibiotics are needed to control enteric infections. Plant extracts such as tannins can represent an alternative as a natural source of functional compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro digestibility and in vivo effects of oral supplementation of combined chestnut (Ch) and quebracho (Qu) tannins in order to establish if they can induce a positive effect on weaned piglets' performance, metabolic status and fecal parameters. In vitro digestibility (dry matter, DM) of diets was calculated using a multi-step enzymatic technique. In vitro digested diet samples were further tested on an intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2). Weaned piglets (n = 120; 28 ± 2 day old) were randomly allotted to two groups (12 pens in total with 10 pigs per pen): control (Ctrl) and treatment (Ch/Qu). After one week of adaptation (day 0), 35-day-old piglets in the Ctrl group were fed a Ctrl diet and the Ch/Qu group were fed with 1.25% Ch/Qu for 40 days. Body weight and feed intake per pen were recorded weekly. At day 40, blood and fecal samples were collected. Principal metabolic parameters were evaluated from blood samples by enzymatic colorimetric analysis. Total phenolic compounds, urea, and ammonia in feces were analyzed (Megazyme International, Bray, Ireland). In vitro digestibility and cell viability assays showed that the inclusion of 1.25% Ch/Qu slightly reduced diet digestibility compared with the Ctrl diet, while intestinal cell viability was not altered with low concentrations of Ch/Qu digesta compared with Ctrl. In vivo results did not show any adverse effects of Ch/Qu on feed intake and growth performance, confirming that dietary inclusion of Ch/Qu at a concentration of 1.25% did not impair animal performance. The decreased diet DM digestibility in the Ch/Qu diet may cause increased serum concentration of albumin (Ctrl: 19.30 ± 0.88; Ch/Qu: 23.05 ± 0.88) and albumin/globulin ratio (Ctrl: 0.58 ± 0.04; Ch/Qu: 0.82 ± 0.04), but decreased creatinine (Ctrl: 78.92 ± 4.18; Ch/Qu: 54.82 ± 4.18) and urea (Ctrl: 2.18 ± 0.19; Ch/Qu: 0.95 ± 0.19) compared with Ctrl. Pigs in the Ch/Qu group contained higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of fecal phenolic compounds and nitrogen than the Ctrl group, while fecal ammonia and urea were not affected by tannins. In conclusion, Ch/Qu tannin supplementation did not influence growth performance. Although lower digestibility was observed in the diet supplemented with Ch/Qu tannins, Ch/Qu supplementation did not show any adverse effect on intestinal epithelial cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caprarulo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Monika Hejna
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Carlotta Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Matteo Dell’Anno
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Stefania Sotira
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Serena Reggi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Carlo Angelo Sgoifo-Rossi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Maria Luisa Callegari
- Department of sustainable food process, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Luciana Rossi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
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Sirohi R, Tarafdar A, Singh S, Negi T, Gaur VK, Gnansounou E, Bharathiraja B. Green processing and biotechnological potential of grape pomace: Current trends and opportunities for sustainable biorefinery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123771. [PMID: 32653247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grape pomace is a high quality biodegradable residue of the winery industry. It is comprised of grape seed, skin and stalks, and is blessed with substantial quantities of phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins with high antioxidant potential. Currently, there is huge emphasis on the isolation of bioactive molecules of grape pomace using green technologies such as microwave, ultrasound, supercritical fluids, high voltage discharge, enzymatic methods and other hybrid techniques. The major applications of these bioactives are contemplatedas nutraceuticals and extension in shelf-life of perishable foodstuffs. Alternatively, the crude form of grape pomace residues can be used for the production of energy, biofertilizers, biochar, biopolymers, composites, feed for ruminants and also, mushroom cultivation through microbial processing. This review discusses value-addition to grape pomace through biotechnological interventions and green processing, providing state-of-art knowledge on current scenario and opportunities for sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India.
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Division of Livestock Production and Management, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Shikhangi Singh
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India
| | - Taru Negi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gaur
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Edgard Gnansounou
- Bioenergy and Energy Planning Research Group, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Bharathiraja
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600 062, India
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Nutrigenomic Effects of Long-Term Grape Pomace Supplementation in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040714. [PMID: 32325906 PMCID: PMC7222749 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape pomace (GP), the polyphenol-rich agricultural by-product, on dairy cows’ whole-blood transcriptome, milk production and composition. Twelve lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were randomly assigned to two groups; the first received a GP-supplemented diet for 60 days (group GP), whereas the second was given only a basal diet (CTR). The results reveal 40 protein-coding genes differentially expressed in the GP group when compared with the CTR group, but no effects were noticed on milk production, concentrations of crude protein, fat, casein, lactose and urea, or somatic cell count. Compared to CTR, GP had a transcriptomic signature mainly reflecting a reinforced immunogenic response. Abstract The increasing demand for more animal products put pressure on improving livestock production efficiency and sustainability. In this context, advanced animal nutrition studies appear indispensable. Here, the effect of grape pomace (GP), the polyphenol-rich agricultural by-product, was evaluated on Holstein-Friesian cows’ whole-blood transcriptome, milk production and composition. Two experimental groups were set up. The first one received a basal diet and served as a control, while the second one received a 7.5% GP-supplemented diet for a total of 60 days. Milk production and composition were not different between the group; however, the transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 40 genes significantly affected by GP supplementation. Among the most interesting down-regulated genes, we found the DnaJ heat-shock protein family member A1 (DNAJA1), the mitochondrial fission factor (MFF), and the impact RWD domain protein (IMPACT) genes. The gene set enrichment analysis evidenced the positive enrichment of ‘interferon alpha (IFN-α) and IFN-γ response’, ‘IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling’ and ‘complement’ genes. Moreover, the functional analysis denoted positive enrichment of the ‘response to protozoan’ and ‘negative regulation of viral genome replication’ biological processes. Our data provide an overall view of the blood transcriptomic signature after a 60-day GP supplementation in dairy cows which mainly reflects a GP-induced immunomodulatory effect.
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Effects of Forsythia Suspense Extract as an Antibiotics Substitute on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Antioxidant Capacity, Fecal Escherichia coli Concentration and Intestinal Morphology of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100729. [PMID: 31561574 PMCID: PMC6826561 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Weaning stress may reduce feed intake, weight gain and health status of piglets. Antibiotics are used to overcome post-weaning disorders. However, the abuse of antibiotics in pig feed has become a worldwide problem. Previous studies show Chinese herbs have been used as a potential non-antibiotic way to enhance anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial functions of piglets. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Forsythia suspense extract (FSE) as an antibiotics substitute on performance, nutrient digestibility, serum antioxidant capacity, fecal Escherichia coli concentration and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. The results show that dietary FSE supplementation can substitute antibiotics in improving antioxidant capacity, nutrients digestibility and reducing fecal E. coli content, so as to reduce nitrogen output and diarrhea rate, and eventually enhance growth performance in weaned piglets. Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the efficiency of Forsythia suspense extract (FSE) as an antibiotics substitute on performance, nutrient digestibility, serum antioxidant capacity, fecal Escherichia coli concentration and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. A total of 108 Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) weaned piglets (28 days (d) weaned, average body weight of 8.68 ± 1.36 kg) were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments, six pens per treatment, three barrows and three gilts per pen. The treatments contained a corn-soybean meal basal diet (CTR), an antibiotic diet (basal diet + 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline; CTC), and an FSE diet (basal diet + 200 mg/kg FSE; FSE). The experiment included phase 1 (d 1 to 14), phase 2 (d 15 to 28) and phase 3 (d 29 to 35). Compared with CTR, piglets fed FSE show improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake in phase 2, as well as enhanced (p < 0.05) ADG from day 15 to 35 and day 1 to 28. Piglets supplemented with CTC and FSE showed a reduced (p < 0.05) diarrhea rate in phase 1, while piglets fed FSE showed enhanced (p < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and gross energy, as well as lower (p < 0.05) nitrogen output in phase 2 compared with CTR and CTC. The content in the form of Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) of fecal E. coli on day 14 and 28 was lower (p < 0.05) in piglets fed FSE in comparison with CTR. The contents of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and catalase in serum are enhanced (p < 0.05) compared with CTR and CTC, whereas the concentration of malondialdehyde in serum was decreased (p < 0.05) for piglets fed FSE on day 28 compared with CTC. The villus height to crypt depth ratio in ileum was numerically higher (p < 0.05) in piglets fed FSE in comparison with CTR. In conclusion, dietary FSE supplementation could substitute CTC in improving antioxidant capacity, nutrients digestibility and reducing fecal E. coli content, so as to reduce nitrogen output and diarrhea rate, and eventually improve performance in weaned piglets.
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