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Gabison EE, Rousseau A, Labetoulle M, Gazzah A, Besse B. Ocular adverse events associated with antibody-drug conjugates used in cancer: Focus on pathophysiology and management strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 103:101302. [PMID: 39303762 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are designed to maximize cancer cell death with lower cytotoxicity toward noncancerous cells and are an increasingly valuable option for targeted cancer therapies. However, anticancer treatment with ADCs may be associated with ocular adverse events (AEs) such as dry eye, conjunctivitis, photophobia, blurred vision, and corneal abnormalities. While the pathophysiology of ADC-related ocular AEs has not been fully elucidated, most ocular AEs are attributed to off-target effects. Product labelling for approved ADCs includes drug-specific guidance for dose modification and management of ocular AEs; however, limited data are available regarding effective strategies to minimize and mitigate ocular AEs. Overall, the majority of ocular AEs are reversible through dose modification or supportive care. Eye care providers play key roles in monitoring patients receiving ADC therapy for ocular signs and symptoms to allow for the early detection of ADC-related ocular AEs and to ensure the timely administration of appropriate treatment. Therefore, awareness is needed to help ophthalmologists to identify treatment-related ocular AEs and provide effective management in collaboration with oncologists as part of the patient's cancer care team. This review provides an overview of ocular AEs that may occur with approved and investigational ADC anticancer treatments, including potential underlying mechanisms for ADC-related ocular AEs. It also discusses clinical management practices relevant to ophthalmologists for prevention, monitoring, and management of ADC-related ocular AEs. In collaboration with oncologists, ophthalmologists play a vital role in caring for patients with cancer by assisting with the prompt recognition, mitigation, and management of treatment-related ocular AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Gabison
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Rousseau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares en Ophtalmologie (OPHTARA), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Ophthalmology Department III, Hôpital des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares en Ophtalmologie (OPHTARA), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Ophthalmology Department III, Hôpital des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anas Gazzah
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Paris-Saclay University, Cancer Medicine Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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2
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Rudolph B, Davis JA, Hainzl D, Walles M. A general perspective for the conduct of radiolabelled distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies for antibody-drug conjugates. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:521-532. [PMID: 39329287 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2336576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of biopharmaceuticals that combine the specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the cytotoxicity of small molecule drugs. 15 ADCs have been approved by regulatory authorities up to now, mainly for indications in oncology, however, this review paper will only focus on the 13 ADCs that have been approved by either the FDA or EMA.ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) studies are essential for the development of small molecule drugs to evaluate their disposition properties. These studies help to select drug candidates, determine the optimal dosing regimen and help to identify potential safety concerns for the drug of interest in human. Tissue distribution studies are also important as they facilitate the understanding of the efficacy and safety for parent drug and its metabolites in preclinical and clinical studies.For biologics, ADME studies are usually not required. In this paper, we review the existing approval packages and literature for approved ADCs to determine the extent of ADME studies performed as part of ADC registration packages.We conclude that ADME studies are recommended for the development of ADCs if new linkers and payloads are used that have never been used in humans before as these studies provide valuable information on the pharmacokinetic properties, optimal dosing regimen, and potential safety concerns. However, for the development of ADCs with established linker payload combinations, radiolabelled ADME studies may not be necessary if the distribution, metabolism and excretion properties have been described before. Clinical radiolabelled ADME studies are not recommended where patients are treated for life threating diseases like for indications in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Rudolph
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John A Davis
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dominik Hainzl
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Walles
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Dy GK, Farooq AV, Kang JJ. Ocular adverse events associated with antibody-drug conjugates for cancer: evidence and management strategies. Oncologist 2024:oyae177. [PMID: 39046895 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyae177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a fast-growing class of cancer drugs designed to selectively deliver cytotoxic payloads through antibody binding to cancer cells with high expression of the target antigen, thus reducing systemic exposure and minimizing off-target effects. However, ADCs are associated with various ocular adverse events (AEs) that may impact treatment administration and patient outcomes. In this review, we provide a summary of ocular AEs associated with approved and investigational ADCs, recommendations for the mitigation and management of ocular AEs, current guidelines and expert opinions, and recommendations for clinical practice. A literature search was performed, using PubMed and Google Scholar, for English-language articles published between January 1985 and January 2023 to identify studies reporting ocular AEs associated with ADC use. Search terms included generic and investigational names of all identified ADCs, and further searches were performed to identify strategies for managing ADC-associated ocular AEs. ADC-associated ocular AEs include symptoms such as blurred vision and foreign-body sensation and signs such as corneal fluorescein staining, corneal pseudomicrocysts, and conjunctivitis. Reported management strategies include ADC dose modification (eg, dose delay or reduction), cool compresses, artificial tears, topical vasoconstrictors, and topical steroids. Although ADC dose modification appears to be beneficial, the preventive and/or therapeutic benefits of the remaining interventions are unclear. Although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, most ADC-associated ocular AEs are reversible with dose delay or dose reduction. Management of ocular AEs requires a multidisciplinary approach to minimize treatment discontinuation and optimize clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace K Dy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States
| | - Asim V Farooq
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Joann J Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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Luo NY, Minne RL, Gallant JP, Gunaratne GS, West JL, Javeri S, Robertson AJ, Lake EW, Engle JW, Mixdorf JC, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Nickel KP, Hernandez R, Kimple RJ, Baschnagel AM, LeBeau AM. Development of an Engineered Single-Domain Antibody for Targeting MET in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:389-399. [PMID: 38470611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition (MET) receptor tyrosine kinase is upregulated or mutated in 5% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and overexpressed in multiple other cancers. We sought to develop a novel single-domain camelid antibody with high affinity for MET that could be used to deliver conjugated payloads to MET expressing cancers. From a naïve camelid variable-heavy-heavy (VHH) domain phage display library, we identified a VHH clone termed 1E7 that displayed high affinity for human MET and was cross-reactive with MET across multiple species. When expressed as a bivalent human Fc fusion protein, 1E7-Fc was found to selectively bind to EBC-1 (MET amplified) and UW-Lung 21 (MET exon 14 mutated) cell lines by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence imaging. Next, we investigated the ability of [89Zr]Zr-1E7-Fc to detect MET expression in vivo by PET/CT imaging. [89Zr]Zr-1E7-Fc demonstrated rapid localization and high tumor uptake in both xenografts with a %ID/g of 6.4 and 5.8 for EBC-1 and UW-Lung 21 at 24 h, respectively. At the 24 h time point, clearance from secondary and nontarget tissues was also observed. Altogether, our data suggest that 1E7-Fc represents a platform technology that can be employed to potentially both image and treat MET-altered NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Rachel L Minne
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Joseph P Gallant
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Gihan S Gunaratne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Jayden L West
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Saahil Javeri
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Austin J Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Eric W Lake
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Jason C Mixdorf
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Kwang P Nickel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Randall J Kimple
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Andrew M Baschnagel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Aaron M LeBeau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
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5
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Park WJ, Kim MJ. A New Wave of Targeting 'Undruggable' Wnt Signaling for Cancer Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081110. [PMID: 37190019 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt signaling activation is frequently observed in many cancers. The mutation acquisition of Wnt signaling leads to tumorigenesis, whereas the inhibition of Wnt signaling robustly suppresses tumor development in various in vivo models. Based on the excellent preclinical effect of targeting Wnt signaling, over the past 40 years, numerous Wnt-targeted therapies have been investigated for cancer treatment. However, Wnt signaling-targeting drugs are still not clinically available. A major obstacle to Wnt targeting is the concomitant side effects during treatment due to the pleiotropic role of Wnt signaling in development, tissue homeostasis, and stem cells. Additionally, the complexity of the Wnt signaling cascades across different cancer contexts hinders the development of optimized targeted therapies. Although the therapeutic targeting of Wnt signaling remains challenging, alternative strategies have been continuously developed alongside technological advances. In this review, we give an overview of current Wnt targeting strategies and discuss recent promising trials that have the potential to be clinically realized based on their mechanism of action. Furthermore, we highlight new waves of Wnt targeting that combine recently developed technologies such as PROTAC/molecular glue, antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), and anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASO), which may provide us with new opportunities to target 'undruggable' Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jung Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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6
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Monoclonal antibodies in breast cancer: A critical appraisal. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 183:103915. [PMID: 36702424 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer, mAbs can play multifunctional roles like targeting cancer cells, sometimes directly attacking them, helping in locating and delivering therapeutic drugs to targets, inhibiting cell growth and blocking immune system inhibitors, etc. Monoclonal antibodies are also one of the important successful treatment strategies especially against HER2 but they have not been explored much for other types of breast cancers especially in triple negative breast cancers. Monoclonal antibodies impact the feasibility of antigen specificity, bispecific and trispecific mAbs have opened new doors for more targeted specific efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies can be used diversly and with efficacy as compared to other methods of treatment thus maining it a suitable candidate for breast cancer treatment. However, mAbs treatment also causes various side effects such as fever, trembling, fatigue, headache and muscle pain, nausea/vomiting, difficulty in breathing, rashes and bleeding. Understanding the pros and cons of this strategy, we have explored in this review, the current and future potential capabilities of monoclonal antibodies with respect to diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. DATA AVAILABILITY: Not applicable.
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7
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Barreca M, Lang N, Tarantelli C, Spriano F, Barraja P, Bertoni F. Antibody-drug conjugates for lymphoma patients: preclinical and clinical evidences. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:763-794. [PMID: 36654819 PMCID: PMC9834635 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a recent, revolutionary approach for malignancies treatment, designed to provide superior efficacy and specific targeting of tumor cells, compared to systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy. Their structure combines highly potent anti-cancer drugs (payloads or warheads) and monoclonal antibodies (Abs), specific for a tumor-associated antigen, via a chemical linker. Because the sensitive targeting capabilities of monoclonal Abs allow the direct delivery of cytotoxic payloads to tumor cells, these agents leave healthy cells unharmed, reducing toxicity. Different ADCs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of a wide range of malignant conditions, both as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy, including for lymphoma patients. Over 100 ADCs are under preclinical and clinical investigation worldwide. This paper it provides an overview of approved and promising ADCs in clinical development for the treatment of lymphoma. Each component of the ADC design, their mechanism of action, and the highlights of their clinical development progress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barreca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Noémie Lang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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8
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Lee KH, Jung KH, Lee JH. Immuno-PET Imaging and Radioimmunotherapy of Lymphomas. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3484-3491. [PMID: 36046954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (Ab) have revolutionized the management of lymphomas, the most common hematologic malignancy in adults. Indeed, incorporation of rituximab into the regimen for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) has dramatically improved treatment response and disease outcome. Yet, newer Ab therapeutics against promising antigen targets need to be developed to treat refractory or relapsed patients. Treatment efficacy can be further enhanced by conjugating toxic molecules to the Abs. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) harnesses Abs as vehicles for targeted delivery of therapeutic radionuclide payloads for direct killing of targeted tumor cells. Positron emission tomography (PET) with radiolabeled Abs (called immuno-PET) can facilitate the development of new Ab therapeutics and RIT by providing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information and by quantifying tumor antigen level relevant for treatment decision. Immuno-PET has recently gravitated toward labeling Abs with 89Zr, a radiometal with a 3.3 day half-life that is trapped following Ab internalization and thus provides high-resolution PET images with excellent contrast. Immuno-PET methods against major lymphoma antigens including CD20 and other promising targets are currently under development. With continued improvements, immuno-PET has the potential to be used in lymphoma management as an imaging biomarker for patient selection and assessment of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Korea
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9
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Marei HE, Cenciarelli C, Hasan A. Potential of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:255. [PMID: 35964048 PMCID: PMC9375290 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of ADCs is to increase the efficacy of anticancer medications by minimizing systemic drug distribution and targeting specific cells. Antibody conjugates (ADCs) have changed the way cancer is treated. However, because only a tiny fraction of patients experienced long-term advantages, current cancer preclinical and clinical research has been focused on combination trials. The complex interaction of ADCs with the tumor and its microenvironment appear to be reliant on the efficacy of a certain ADC, all of which have significant therapeutic consequences. Several clinical trials in various tumor types are now underway to examine the potential ADC therapy, based on encouraging preclinical results. This review tackles the potential use of ADCs in cancer therapy, emphasizing the essential processes underlying their positive therapeutic impacts on solid and hematological malignancies. Additionally, opportunities are explored to understand the mechanisms of ADCs action, the mechanism of resistance against ADCs, and how to overcome potential resistance following ADCs administration. Recent clinical findings have aroused interest, leading to a large increase in the number of ADCs in clinical trials. The rationale behind ADCs, as well as their primary features and recent research breakthroughs, will be discussed. We then offer an approach for maximizing the potential value that ADCs can bring to cancer patients by highlighting key ideas and distinct strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | | | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Sheyi R, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Linkers: An Assurance for Controlled Delivery of Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020396. [PMID: 35214128 PMCID: PMC8874516 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the major therapeutic options for cancer treatment, chemotherapy has limited selectivity against cancer cells. Consequently, this therapeutic strategy offers a small therapeutic window with potentially high toxicity and thus limited efficacy of doses that can be tolerated by patients. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of anti-cancer therapeutic drugs that can deliver highly cytotoxic molecules directly to cancer cells. To date, twelve ADCs have received market approval, with several others in clinical stages. ADCs have become a powerful class of therapeutic agents in oncology and hematology. ADCs consist of recombinant monoclonal antibodies that are covalently bound to cytotoxic chemicals via synthetic linkers. The linker has a key role in ADC outcomes because its characteristics substantially impact the therapeutic index efficacy and pharmacokinetics of these drugs. Stable linkers and ADCs can maintain antibody concentration in blood circulation, and they do not release the cytotoxic drug before it reaches its target, thus resulting in minimum off-target effects. The linkers used in ADC development can be classified as cleavable and non-cleavable. The former, in turn, can be grouped into three types: hydrazone, disulfide, or peptide linkers. In this review, we highlight the various linkers used in ADC development and their design strategy, release mechanisms, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotimi Sheyi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Kwazulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Correspondence: (B.G.d.l.T.); (F.A.); Tel.: +27-614-047-528 (B.G.d.l.T.); +27-6140-09144 (F.A.)
| | - Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.G.d.l.T.); (F.A.); Tel.: +27-614-047-528 (B.G.d.l.T.); +27-6140-09144 (F.A.)
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11
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Li C, Chen SC, Chen Y, Girish S, Kaagedal M, Lu D, Lu T, Samineni D, Jin JY. Impact of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics, Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics in the Development of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 60 Suppl 1:S105-S119. [PMID: 33205423 PMCID: PMC7756373 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody‐drug conjugates are important molecular entities in the treatment of cancer, with 8 antibody‐drug conjugates approved by the US Food and Drug Administration since 2000 and many more in early‐ and late‐stage clinical development. These conjugates combine the target specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potent anticancer activity of small‐molecule therapeutics. The complex structure of antibody‐drug conjugates poses unique challenges to pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characterization because it requires a quantitative understanding of the PK and PD properties of multiple different molecular species (eg, conjugate, total antibody, and unconjugated payload) in different tissues. Quantitative clinical pharmacology using mathematical modeling and simulation provides an excellent approach to overcome these challenges, as it can simultaneously integrate the disposition, PK, and PD of antibody‐drug conjugates and their components in a quantitative manner. In this review, we highlight diverse quantitative clinical pharmacology approaches, ranging from system models (eg, physiologically based pharmacokinetic [PBPK] modeling) to mechanistic and empirical models (eg, population PK/PD modeling for single or multiple analytes, exposure‐response modeling, platform modeling by pooling data across multiple antibody‐drug conjugates). The impact of these PBPK and PK/PD models to provide insights into clinical dosing justification and inform drug development decisions is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunze Li
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Yuan Chen
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Lu
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tong Lu
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jin Y Jin
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Petrilli R, Pinheiro DP, de Cássia Evangelista de Oliveira F, Galvão GF, Marques LGA, Lopez RFV, Pessoa C, Eloy JO. Immunoconjugates for Cancer Targeting: A Review of Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Antibody-Functionalized Nanoparticles. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2485-2520. [PMID: 32484100 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200525161359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy has been recently highlighted due to the reduction of side effects and improvement in overall efficacy and survival from different types of cancers. Considering the approval of many monoclonal antibodies in the last twenty years, cancer treatment can be accomplished by the combination of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule chemotherapeutics. Thus, strategies to combine both drugs in a single administration system are relevant in the clinic. In this context, two strategies are possible and will be further discussed in this review: antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and antibody-functionalized nanoparticles. First, it is important to better understand the possible molecular targets for cancer therapy, addressing different antigens that can selectively bind to antibodies. After selecting the best target, ADCs can be prepared by attaching a cytotoxic drug to an antibody able to target a cancer cell antigen. Briefly, an ADC will be formed by a monoclonal antibody (MAb), a cytotoxic molecule (cytotoxin) and a chemical linker. Usually, surface-exposed lysine or the thiol group of cysteine residues are used as anchor sites for linker-drug molecules. Another strategy that should be considered is antibody-functionalized nanoparticles. Basically, liposomes, polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles can be attached to specific antibodies for targeted therapy. Different conjugation strategies can be used, but nanoparticles coupling between maleimide and thiolated antibodies or activation with the addition of ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)/ N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (1:5) and further addition of the antibody are some of the most used strategies. Herein, molecular targets and conjugation strategies will be presented and discussed to better understand the in vitro and in vivo applications presented. Also, the clinical development of ADCs and antibody-conjugated nanoparticles are addressed in the clinical development section. Finally, due to the innovation related to the targeted therapy, it is convenient to analyze the impact on patenting and technology. Information related to the temporal evolution of the number of patents, distribution of patent holders and also the number of patents related to cancer types are presented and discussed. Thus, our aim is to provide an overview of the recent developments in immunoconjugates for cancer targeting and highlight the most important aspects for clinical relevance and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Petrilli
- University for International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Institute of Health Sciences, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pascoalino Pinheiro
- Federal University of Ceara, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Fávero Galvão
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Cafe s/n, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lana Grasiela Alves Marques
- Institute of Communication and Scientific and Technological Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Fonseca Vianna Lopez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Cafe s/n, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Federal University of Ceara, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Josimar O Eloy
- Federal University of Ceará, College of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Department of Pharmacy, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
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13
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Marine sponge-derived/inspired drugs and their applications in drug delivery systems. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:487-504. [PMID: 33565317 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oceans harbor a vast biodiversity that is not represented in terrestrial habitats. Marine sponges have been the richest source of marine natural products reported to date, and sponge-derived natural products have served as inspiration for the development of several drugs in clinical use. However, many promising sponge-derived drug candidates have been stalled in clinical trials due to lack of efficacy, off-target toxicity, metabolic instability or poor pharmacokinetics. One possible solution to this high clinical failure rate is to design drug delivery systems that deliver drugs in a controlled and specific manner. This review critically analyzes drugs/drug candidates inspired by sponge natural products and the potential use of drug delivery systems as a new strategy to enhance the success rate for translation into clinical use.
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14
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Li C, Zhang C, Li Z, Samineni D, Lu D, Wang B, Chen SC, Zhang R, Agarwal P, Fine BM, Girish S. Clinical pharmacology of vc-MMAE antibody-drug conjugates in cancer patients: learning from eight first-in-human Phase 1 studies. MAbs 2021; 12:1699768. [PMID: 31852341 PMCID: PMC6927763 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1699768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
vc-MMAE antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) consist of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) covalently bound with a potent anti-mitotic toxin (MMAE) through a protease-labile valine-citrulline (vc) linker. The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and explore exposure–response relationships of eight vc-MMAE ADCs, against different targets and for diverse tumor indications, using data from eight first-in-human Phase 1 studies. PK parameters of the three analytes, namely antibody-conjugated MMAE (acMMAE), total antibody, and unconjugated MMAE, were estimated using non-compartmental approaches and compared across the eight vc-MMAE ADCs. Relationships between analytes were assessed by linear regression. Exposure–response relationships were explored with key efficacy (objective response rate) and safety (Grade 2+ peripheral neuropathy) endpoints. PK profiles of acMMAE, total antibody and unconjugated MMAE following the first dose of 2.4 mg/kg were comparable across the eight ADCs; the exposure differences between molecules were small relative to the inter-subject variability. acMMAE exposure was strongly correlated with total antibody exposure for all the eight ADCs, but such correlation was less evident between acMMAE and unconjugated MMAE exposure. For multiple ADCs evaluated, efficacy and safety endpoints appeared to correlate well with acMMAE exposure, but not with unconjugated MMAE over the doses tested. PK of vc-MMAE ADCs was well characterized and demonstrated remarkable similarity at 2.4 mg/kg across the eight ADCs. Results from analyte correlation and exposure–response relationship analyses suggest that measurement of acMMAE analyte alone might be adequate for vc-MMAE ADCs to support the clinical pharmacology strategy used during late-stage clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunze Li
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Zhang
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zao Li
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Divya Samineni
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dan Lu
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Chiung Chen
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priya Agarwal
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bernard M Fine
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sandhya Girish
- Genentech Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Daisy Precilla S, Kuduvalli SS, Thirugnanasambandhar Sivasubramanian A. Disentangling the therapeutic tactics in GBM: From bench to bedside and beyond. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:18-53. [PMID: 33049091 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common and malignant form of adult brain tumor with a high mortality rate and dismal prognosis. The present standard treatment comprising surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy using temozolomide can broaden patient's survival to some extent. However, the advantages are not palliative due to the development of resistance to the drug and tumor recurrence following the multimodal treatment approaches due to both intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity of GBM. One of the major contributors to temozolomide resistance is O6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. Furthermore, deficiency of mismatch repair, base excision repair, and cytoprotective autophagy adds to temozolomide obstruction. Rising proof additionally showed that a small population of cells displaying certain stem cell markers, known as glioma stem cells, adds on to the resistance and tumor progression. Collectively, these findings necessitate the discovery of novel therapeutic avenues for treating glioblastoma. As of late, after understanding the pathophysiology and biology of GBM, some novel therapeutic discoveries, such as drug repurposing, targeted molecules, immunotherapies, antimitotic therapies, and microRNAs, have been developed as new potential treatments for glioblastoma. To help illustrate, "what are the mechanisms of resistance to temozolomide" and "what kind of alternative therapeutics can be suggested" with this fatal disease, a detailed history of these has been discussed in this review article, all with a hope to develop an effective treatment strategy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Daisy Precilla
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Shreyas S Kuduvalli
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Puducherry, India
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16
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Yang V, Gouveia MJ, Santos J, Koksch B, Amorim I, Gärtner F, Vale N. Breast cancer: insights in disease and influence of drug methotrexate. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:646-664. [PMID: 33479665 PMCID: PMC7578709 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The previously estimated 14 million new cases in the year of 2012 are expected to rise, yearly, over the following 2 decades. Among women, breast cancer is the most common one. In 2012, almost 1.7 million people were diagnosed worldwide and half a million died from the disease. Despite having several treatments available, from surgery to chemotherapy, most of these treatments have severe adverse effects. Chemotherapy has a narrow therapeutic window and requires high dosage treatment in patients with advanced-stage cancers and further need innovative treatment strategies. Although methotrexate (MTX) is not a first line drug used against breast cancer, however, it might be valuable to fight the disease. MTX is an effective and cheap drug that might impair malignant growth without irreversible damage to normal tissues. Nevertheless, while MTX does present some disadvantages including poor solubility and low permeability, several strategies are being used to discover and provide novel and effective targeted treatment against breast cancer. In this review, we analyze the chemotherapy of breast cancer and its relationship with drug MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Yang
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology , Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS) , University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) , University of Porto , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
| | - Maria João Gouveia
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology , Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS) , University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) , University of Porto , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
| | - Joana Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) , University of Porto , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
| | - Beate Koksch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Irina Amorim
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology , Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS) , University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) , University of Porto , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology , Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS) , University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) , University of Porto , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology , Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS) , University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) , University of Porto , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
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17
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von Achenbach C, Silginer M, Blot V, Weiss WA, Weller M. Depatuxizumab Mafodotin (ABT-414)-induced Glioblastoma Cell Death Requires EGFR Overexpression, but not EGFR Y1068 Phosphorylation. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1328-1339. [PMID: 32371586 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas commonly (40%) exhibit epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification; half of these tumors carry the EGFRvIII deletion variant characterized by an in-frame deletion of exons 2-7, resulting in constitutive EGFR activation. Although EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors had only modest effects in glioblastoma, novel therapeutic agents targeting amplified EGFR or EGFRvIII continue to be developed.Depatuxizumab mafodotin (ABT-414) is an EGFR-targeting antibody-drug conjugate consisting of the mAb 806 and a toxic payload, monomethyl auristatin F. Because glioma cell lines and patient-derived glioma-initiating cell models expressed too little EGFR in vitro to be ABT-414-sensitive, we generated glioma sublines overexpressing EGFR or EGFRvIII to explore determinants of ABT-414-induced cell death.Overexpression of EGFRvIII induces sensitization to ABT-414 more readily than overexpression of EGFR in vitro and in vivo Exposure to ABT-414 in vivo eliminated EGFRvIII-expressing tumor cells, and recurrent tumors were devoid of EGFRvIII expression. There is no bystander killing of cells devoid of EGFR expression. Surprisingly, either exposure to EGF or to EGFR tyrosin kinase inhibitors reduce EGFR protein levels and are thus not strategies to promote ABT-414-induced cell killing. Furthermore, glioma cells overexpressing kinase-dead EGFR or EGFRvIII retain binding of mAb 806 and sensitivity to ABT-414, allowing to dissociate EGFR phosphorylation from the emergence of the "active" EGFR conformation required for ABT-414 binding.The combination of EGFR-targeting antibody-drug conjugates with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors carries a high risk of failure. Promoting EGFR expression rather than phosphorylation should result in glioblastoma cell sensitization to ABT-414.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline von Achenbach
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Silginer
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - William A Weiss
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Vij R, Nath R, Afar DEH, Mateos MV, Berdeja JG, Raab MS, Guenther A, Martínez-López J, Jakubowiak AJ, Leleu X, Weisel K, Wong S, Gulbranson S, Sheridan JP, Reddy A, Paiva B, Singhal A, San-Miguel JF, Moreau P. First-in-Human Phase I Study of ABBV-838, an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting SLAMF7/CS1 in Patients with Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2308-2317. [PMID: 31969330 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE ABBV-838 is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting a unique epitope of CD2 subset 1, a cell-surface glycoprotein expressed on multiple myeloma cells. This phase I/Ib first-in-human, dose-escalation study (trial registration ID: NCT02462525) evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary activity of ABBV-838 in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients (≥18 years) received ABBV-838 (3+3 design) intravenously starting from 0.6 mg/kg up to 6.0 mg/kg for 3-week dosing intervals (Q3W). Patients could continue ABBV-838 for up to 24 months. Assessment of alternate dosing intervals (Q1W and Q2W) was conducted in parallel. RESULTS As of March 2017, 75 patients received at least one dose of ABBV-838. The most common any-grade treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) were neutropenia and anemia (28.0% each), fatigue (26.7%), and nausea (25.3%). Grade 3/4/5 TEAEs were reported in 73.3% of patients across all treatment groups; most common were neutropenia (20.0%), anemia (18.7%), and leukopenia (13.3%). Grade 3/4/5 ABBV-838-related TEAEs were reported by 40.0% of patients across all treatment groups. Overall, 4.0% of patients experienced TEAEs leading to death, none ABBV-838 related. The MTD was not reached; the selected recommended dose for the expansion cohort was 5.0 mg/kg Q3W. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that exposure was approximately dose proportional. The overall response rate was 10.7%; very good partial responses and partial responses were achieved by 2 (2.7%) and 6 (8.0%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that ABBV-838 is safe and well-tolerated in patients with RRMM with a very limited efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Vij
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | | | | | - María-Victoria Mateos
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca/IBSAL/CCI-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Marc S Raab
- Universitaetsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Joaquín Martínez-López
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University, CNIO, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Leleu
- CHRU de Lille, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Katja Weisel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Paiva
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona-Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Jesús F San-Miguel
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona-Navarra, Spain
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19
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Athyala PK, Chitipothu S, Kanwar JR, Krishnakumar S, Narayanan J. Synthesis of saporin-antibody conjugates for targeting EpCAM positive tumour cells. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:90-99. [PMID: 30964044 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Ribosomal inactivating proteins derived from plants specifically target ribosomes and irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis. EpCAM antibody and saporin were conjugated using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. The mass of the conjugates were characterised using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI). The saporin-EpCAM (SAP-EpAB) conjugates were tested in-vitro against MCF-7 (breast cancer cells), WERI-Rb1 (retinoblastoma) cells. The flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were performed to show the binding efficiency of SAP-EpAB conjugate. Whole transcriptome changes of sap-conjugate treated cells were studied using affymetrix microarrays. MALDI-TOF analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the conjugation of SAP with EpCAM antibody. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy analysis revealed the binding of SAP-EpAB conjugates to the MCF-7, WERI-Rb1 cells. Apoptosis assay by annexin-V has shown an increased apoptotic and necrotic population in conjugate treated cells. MTT assay confirmed the tumour cell death and had shown the IC50 value of 0.8 µg for conjugate in MCF-7 (breast cancer cells), and 1 µg for WERI-Rb1 (retinoblastoma) cells. The microarray analysis revealed downregulation of the tumourigenic genes and upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes leading to apoptosis of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Kumar Athyala
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Srujana Chitipothu
- Central Research Instrumentation Facility, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India
| | - Jagat Rakesh Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India
| | - Janakiraman Narayanan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India.
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20
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Wang Y, Fan S, Xiao D, Xie F, Li W, Zhong W, Zhou X. Novel Silyl Ether-Based Acid-Cleavable Antibody-MMAE Conjugates with Appropriate Stability and Efficacy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070957. [PMID: 31288450 PMCID: PMC6678733 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a novel efficient drug delivery system that has been successfully used in clinical practice, and it has become a research hotspot in the anti-tumor drug field. Acid-cleavable linkers were first used in clinical ADCs, but their structural variety (e.g., hydrazone and carbonate) is still limited, and their stability is usually insufficient. Designing novel acid-cleavable linkers for the conjugation of the popular cytotoxin monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) has always been a significant topic. In this paper, we generate a novel, silyl ether-based acid-cleavable antibody-MMAE conjugate, which skillfully achieves efficient combination of amino-conjugated MMAE with the acid-triggered silyl ether group by introducing p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (PHB). The stability, acid-dependence cleavage, effective mechanism, efficacy and safety of the resulting ADC were systematically studied; the results show that it exhibits a significant improvement in stability, while maintaining appropriate efficacy and controlled therapeutic toxicity. This strategy is expected to expand a new type of acid-cleavable linkers for the development of ADCs with highly potent payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dian Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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21
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Yarian F, Alibakhshi A, Eyvazi S, Arezumand R, Ahangarzadeh S. Antibody-drug therapeutic conjugates: Potential of antibody-siRNAs in cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16724-16738. [PMID: 30908646 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Codelivery is a promising strategy of targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs for eradicating tumor cells. This rapidly growing method of drug delivery uses a conjugate containing drug linked to a smart carrier. Both two parts usually have therapeutic properties on the tumor cells. Monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives, such as Fab, scFv, and bsAb due to targeting high potent have now been attractive candidates as drug targeting carrier systems. The success of some therapeutic agents like small interfering RNA (siRNA), a small noncoding RNAs, with having problems such as enzymatic degradation and rapid renal filtration need to an appropriate carrier. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the recent enhancements in development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), especially antibody-siRNA conjugates (SRCs), its characterizations and mechanisms in innovative cancer therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yarian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Alibakhshi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Eyvazi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghaye Arezumand
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Science, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Alfaleh MA, Arora N, Yeh M, de Bakker CJ, Howard CB, Macpherson P, Allavena RE, Chen X, Harkness L, Mahler SM, Jones ML. Canine CD117-Specific Antibodies with Diverse Binding Properties Isolated from a Phage Display Library Using Cell-Based Biopanning. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E15. [PMID: 31544821 PMCID: PMC6640692 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD117 (c-Kit) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in multiple dog tumors. There is 100% homology between the juxtamembrane domain of human and canine CD117, and many cancer-causing mutations occur in this region in both species. Thus, CD117 is an important target for cancer treatment in dogs and for comparative oncology studies. Currently, there is no monoclonal antibody (mAb) specifically designed to target the exposed region of canine CD117, although there exist some with species cross-reactivity. We panned a naïve phage display library to isolate antibodies against recombinant CD117 on whole cells. Several mAbs were isolated and were shown to bind recombinant canine CD117 at low- to sub-nanomolar affinity. Additionally, binding to native canine CD117 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and by flow cytometry. Competitive binding assays also identified mAbs that competed with the CD117 receptor-specific ligand, the stem cell factor (SCF). These results show the ability of our cell-based biopanning strategy to isolate a panel of antibodies that have varied characteristics when used in different binding assays. These in vitro/ex vivo assessments suggest that some of the isolated mAbs might be promising candidates for targeting overexpressed CD117 in canine cancers for different useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Neetika Arora
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael Yeh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christopher J de Bakker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Philip Macpherson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Rachel E Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Linda Harkness
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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23
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Abstract
Targeted therapies hold great promise for cancer treatment and may exhibit even greater efficacy when combined with patient selection tools. The clinical impact of identifying likely responders includes reducing the number of unnecessary and ineffective therapies as well as more accurately determining drug effects. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using zirconium-89 radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), also referred to as zirconium-89 (89Zr)-immuno-PET, provides a potential biomarker to measure target expression and verify optimal delivery of targeted agents to tumors. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the high affinity and specificity of mAbs with the potency of cytotoxic drugs to target tumor-expressing antigen and destroy cancer cells. Thus, 89Zr-immuno-PET of whole-body biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and tumor targeting of antibodies and ADCs to predict toxicity and efficacy could help guide individualized treatment. Here, we review how 89Zr-immuno-PET is being used as a companion diagnostic with the development of ADCs. Furthermore, we discuss how 89Zr-immuno-PET may be utilized in future clinical trials as an adjunct tool with novel ADCs to select cancer patients who have the greatest potential to benefit from treatment and improve ADC dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra S Carmon
- 1 Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Azhdarinia
- 1 Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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24
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Azhdarinia A, Voss J, Ghosh SC, Simien JA, Hernandez Vargas S, Cui J, Yu WA, Liu Q, Carmon KS. Evaluation of Anti-LGR5 Antibodies by ImmunoPET for Imaging Colorectal Tumors and Development of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2448-2454. [PMID: 29718672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is highly expressed in colorectal tumors and marks colon cancer stem cells that drive tumor growth and metastasis. Recently, we showed that LGR5 is a promising target for antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapy. However, it is important to identify LGR5-positive tumors that would respond to ADC treatment. Prior to drug conjugation, we evaluated two different anti-LGR5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 8F2 and 9G5, using 89Zr-immunoPET to select the optimal mAb for ADC development and tumor imaging. Binding, specificity, and internalization were compared, and mAbs were prescreened as ADC candidates against colon cancer cells using secondary ADCs. Both mAbs demonstrated strong, specific binding in 293T-LGR5 cells but not 293T-vector cells. In DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells, which express high levels of LGR5, the mAbs rapidly internalized into lysosomes and promoted ADC-induced cytotoxicity, with 8F2 exhibiting slightly higher potency. No binding was detected in DLD-1-shLGR5 (LGR5 knockdown) cells. 89Zr-DFO-LGR5 mAbs were generated and shown to retain high affinity and LGR5-dependent uptake in vitro. PET/CT imaging of DLD-1 tumors was performed 5 days postinjection of 89Zr-DFO-LGR5 mAbs, and findings were consistent with biodistribution data, which showed significantly higher tumor uptake (%ID/g) for 89Zr-DFO-8F2 (17.9 ± 2.2) compared to 89Zr-DFO-9G5 (5.5 ± 1.2) and 89Zr-DFO-IgG (3.8 ± 1.0). No significant uptake was observed in DLD-1-shLGR5 tumors. This study identifies 8F2 as the optimal candidate for ADC development and provides initial evidence that 89Zr-DFO-LGR5 mAbs may be utilized to stratify tumors which would respond best to LGR5-targeted ADC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie Cui
- Wntrix, Inc. , Houston , Texas 77021 , United States
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25
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Barkhordari F, Raigani M, Garoosi YT, Mahboudi F, Davami F. Optimization of EnBase Fed-Batch Cultivation to Improve Soluble Fraction Ratio of α-Luffin Ribosome Inactivating Protein. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 16:e1482. [PMID: 30555837 PMCID: PMC6217263 DOI: 10.21859/ijb.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The increase of the protein expression via ribosomal manipulation is one of the suggested cellular mechanisms involved in EnBase fed-batch mode of cultivation. However, this system has not been implemented for cytotoxic proteins. Objectives Here, the expression pattern of α-Luffin, a ribosome inactivation protein (RIP) with an innate toxicity, was investigated in EnBase system and the effect of low temperature cultivation on the increase of α-Luffin solubility was determined. Materials and Methods The encoding cDNA for mature α-Luffin was synthesized and subcloned into pET28a plasmid under the control of T7 promoter. The E. coli expression yield in EnBase® Flo fed-batch system was compared with traditional batch mode at two temperatures: 25 °C and 30 °C. Sampling was performed at several time intervals and solubility of recombinant-protein was checked on SDS-PAGE in pellet and supernatant samples. The purification of recombinant protein was performed by Ni-NTA column. Results In fed-batch cultivation mode, the early incubation time was desirable at 30 °C whereas the maximum amount of soluble α-Luffin was achieved from the extended protein synthesis period (12 and 24h post induction) at 25 °C. Conclusions Our founding showed that EnBase had a greater efficacy in producing higher soluble protein ratios compared to batch cultivation growth rate, however for cytotoxic proteins, incubation temperature and time need to be optimized. Owing to the advantages of natural toxins from RIP family for producing anticancer immune-conjugates, well optimization of this protein expression is of importance regarding industrial aspects. The optimized condition proposed here is promising in terms of large scale soluble production of α-Luffin without the need for refolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Barkhordari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Science and Technology Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Raigani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Fatemeh Davami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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26
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NAMVAR S, BARKHORDARI F, RAIGANI M, JAHANDAR H, NEMATOLLAHI L, DAVAMI F. Cloning and soluble expression of mature α-luffin from Luffa cylindrica in E. coli using SUMO fusion protein. Turk J Biol 2018; 42:23-32. [PMID: 30814867 PMCID: PMC6353257 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1708-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Lufin, found in Luaf cylindrica seeds, is a type I ribosome inactivating proteins. Cytotoxic effects make it an appropriate candidate for the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates. Because of limited natural resources, recombinant technology is the best approach to achieve large-scale production of plant-based proteins. In the present study, α-lufin protein was expressed in E. coli and the effects of different temperature conditions, SUMO fusion tag, and cultivation strategies on total expression and solubility were investigated. Protein expression was evaluated at different intervals (0, 4, 6, 8, 24 h) postinduction. Our results showed that EnBase had higher eficiency than LB, and maximum solubility and total protein expression were achieved 24 h after induction at 30 °C and 25 °C, respectively. It was shown that SUMO tag is an effective strategy to improve protein solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh NAMVAR
- Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran
,
Tehran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University
,
Tehran
,
Iran
| | | | - Mozhgan RAIGANI
- Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran
,
Tehran
| | - Hoda JAHANDAR
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences &Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University
,
Tehran
,
Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University
,
Tehran
,
Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh DAVAMI
- Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran
,
Tehran
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27
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Challenges of Antibody Drug Conjugates in Cancer Therapy: Current Understanding of Mechanisms and Future Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-018-0122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Taplin S, Vashisht K, Walles M, Calise D, Kluwe W, Bouchard P, Johnson R. Hepatotoxicity with antibody maytansinoid conjugates: A review of preclinical and clinical findings. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:600-615. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Taplin
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc.; East Hanover NJ USA
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29
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Liu KF, Liu YX, Dai L, Li CX, Wang L, Liu J, Lei JD. A novel self-assembled pH-sensitive targeted nanoparticle platform based on antibody-4arm-polyethylene glycol-pterostilbene conjugates for co-delivery of anticancer drugs. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:656-665. [PMID: 32254494 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have shown potential for cancer immunotherapy by tumor-targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. However, the development of ADC is subject to many restrictions, such as the payloads, stabilities and intracellular uptake of the drugs, which has greatly restricted their clinical application. To overcome these hurdles, in this study, a novel pH-sensitive targeted nanoparticle platform based on a newly synthesized amphipathic antibody-drug conjugate (antibody-4arm-polyethylene glycol-pterostilbene, mAb-4arm-PEG-PS) was fabricated for co-delivery of another anticancer drug (10-hydroxy camptothecin, HCPT). The prepared mAb-4arm-PEG-PS/HCPT nanoparticles (NPs) had a moderate particle size (∼120 nm), a high drug to antibody ratio (∼22.4) and relatively high binary drug loading capacity (∼24.2 wt% HCPT, ∼2.9 wt% PS). Moreover, the mAb-4arm-PEG-PS/HCPT NPs exhibited enhanced intracellular uptake (∼5 fold that of mAb-4arm-PEG-PS conjugates) and excellent cytotoxicity in vitro. In subsequent Daudi lymphoma xenograft assays, compared with free drugs and mAb-4arm-PEG-PS conjugates, the mAb-4arm-PEG-PS/HCPT NPs inhibited tumor growth more efficiently. Our results indicated the great potential of mAb-4arm-PEG-PS/HCPT NPs for targeted co-delivery of anticancer drugs to solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Feng Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.
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30
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Trail PA, Dubowchik GM, Lowinger TB. Antibody drug conjugates for treatment of breast cancer: Novel targets and diverse approaches in ADC design. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 181:126-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Kelly MP, Hickey C, Makonnen S, Coetzee S, Jalal S, Wang Y, Delfino F, Shan J, Potocky TB, Chatterjee I, Andreev J, Kunz A, D'Souza C, Giurleo JT, Nittoli T, Trail PA, Thurston G, Kirshner JR. Preclinical Activity of the Novel Anti-Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) Antibody-Drug Conjugate REGN2878-DM1 in PRLR-Positive Breast Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1299-1311. [PMID: 28377489 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) is a type 1 cytokine receptor that is expressed in a subset of breast cancers and may contribute to its pathogenesis. It is relatively overexpressed in approximately 25% of human breast tumors while expressed at low levels in some normal human tissues including the mammary gland. We developed an anti-PRLR antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), to target PRLR-positive breast cancer. REGN2878-DM1 is comprised of a fully human high-affinity function-blocking anti-PRLR IgG1 antibody (REGN2878) conjugated via a noncleavable SMCC linker to the cytotoxic maytansine derivative DM1. Both unconjugated REGN2878 and conjugated REGN2878-DM1 block PRL-mediated activation in vitro and are rapidly internalized into lysosomes. REGN2878-DM1 induces potent cell-cycle arrest and cytotoxicity in PRLR-expressing tumor cell lines. In vivo, REGN2878-DM1 demonstrated significant antigen-specific antitumor activity against breast cancer xenograft models. In addition, REGN2878-DM1 showed additive activity when combined with the antiestrogen agent fulvestrant. These results illustrate promising antitumor activity against PRLR-positive breast cancer xenografts and support the evaluation of anti-PRLR ADCs as potential therapeutic agents in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(7); 1299-311. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Hickey
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | | | | | - Sumreen Jalal
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Yu Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Frank Delfino
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Jing Shan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | | | | | | | - Arthur Kunz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
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32
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Adamo M, Sun G, Qiu D, Valente J, Lan W, Song H, Bolgar M, Katiyar A, Krishnamurthy G. Drug-to-antibody determination for an antibody-drug-conjugate utilizing cathepsin B digestion coupled with reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Arakawa T, Kurosawa Y, Storms M, Maruyama T, Okumura CJ, Maluf NK. Biophysical characterization of a model antibody drug conjugate. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 10:211-7. [PMID: 27534450 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2016.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADC) are important next-generation biopharmaceuticals and thus require stringent structure characterization as is the case for monoclonal antibodies. We have tested several biophysical techniques, i.e., circular dichroism, analytical ultracentrifugation, differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy, to characterize a fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody as a model ADC. These techniques indicated possible small structure and stability changes by the conjugation, while largely retaining the tertiary structure of the antibody, consistent with unaltered biological activities. Thus, the above biophysical techniques are effective at detecting changes in the structural properties of ADC.
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34
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Zhang H, Kong X, Tang Y, Lin W. Hydrogen Sulfide Triggered Charge-Reversal Micelles for Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery and Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:16227-16239. [PMID: 27280335 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the development of polymeric micelles combining diagnosis and targeted therapy is theoretically and practically significant in cancer treatment. In addition, it has been reported that cancer cells can produce large amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and their survival depends on the content of H2S. In this study, a series of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-azide-1,8-naphthalimide ended amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (N3-Nap-PHEMA-b-PMMA-N3) micelles were prepared. Around cancer tissues, the N3-Nap-PHEMA45-b-PMMA42-N3 micelles exhibited dual characteristics of monitoring H2S and H2S triggered charge reversal with the reduction of the azido group. The surface charge of N3-Nap-PHEMA45-b-PMMA42-N3 micelles reversed from negative to positive after monitoring H2S. With H2S triggered charge reversal, the cellular uptake of DOX-loaded N3-Nap-PHEMA45-b-PMMA42-N3 micelles was effectively enhanced through electrostatic attraction mediated targeting, and a fast doxorubicin (DOX) release rate was observed. The MTT assay demonstrated that N3-Nap-PHEMA45-b-PMMA42-N3 micelles were biocompatible to HeLa cells, and DOX-loaded N3-Nap-PHEMA45-b-PMMA42-N3 micelles showed enhanced cytotoxicity in HeLa cells in the presence of H2S. Furthermore, in vivo fluorescence imaging and biodistribution experiments revealed that DOX-loaded N3-Nap-PHEMA45-b-PMMA42-N3 micelles could provide good tumor imaging and accumulate in tumor tissue. Therefore, N3-Nap-PHEMA45-b-PMMA42-N3 micelles can be used as a promising platform for tumor diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan , Jinan, Shandong 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqi Kong
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan , Jinan, Shandong 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghe Tang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan , Jinan, Shandong 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan , Jinan, Shandong 250022, People's Republic of China
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35
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Gong X, Azhdarinia A, Ghosh SC, Xiong W, An Z, Liu Q, Carmon KS. LGR5-Targeted Antibody-Drug Conjugate Eradicates Gastrointestinal Tumors and Prevents Recurrence. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1580-90. [PMID: 27207778 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in men and women worldwide. The adult stem cell marker LGR5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing, G protein-coupled receptor 5) is highly expressed in a significant fraction of gastrointestinal tumors of the colon, liver, pancreas, and stomach, relative to normal tissues. LGR5 is located on the cell surface and undergoes rapid, constitutive internalization independent of ligand. Furthermore, LGR5-high cancer cells have been shown to exhibit the properties of tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells (CSC). On the basis of these attributes, we generated two LGR5-targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) by tethering the tubulin-inhibiting cytotoxic drug monomethyl auristatin E to a highly specific anti-LGR5 mAb via a protease cleavable or noncleavable chemical linker and compared them in receptor binding, cell internalization, and cytotoxic efficacy in cancer cells. Here, we show that both ADCs bind LGR5 with high specificity and equivalent nanomolar affinity and rapidly internalize to the lysosomes of LGR5-expressing gastrointestinal cancer cells. The anti-LGR5 ADCs effectively induced cytotoxicity in LGR5-high gastrointestinal cancer cells, but not in LGR5-negative or -knockdown cancer cell lines. Overall, we demonstrate that the cleavable ADC exhibited higher potency in vitro and was able to eradicate tumors and prevent recurrence in a xenograft model of colon cancer. These findings provide preclinical evidence for the potential of LGR5-targeting ADCs as effective new therapeutics for the treatment and eradication of gastrointestinal tumors and CSCs with high LGR5 expression. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1580-90. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ali Azhdarinia
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Sukhen C Ghosh
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Qingyun Liu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| | - Kendra S Carmon
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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36
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Cao H, Tan K, Wang F, Bigelow L, Yennamalli RM, Jedrzejczak R, Babnigg G, Bingman CA, Joachimiak A, Kharel MK, Singh S, Thorson JS, Phillips GN. Structural dynamics of a methionine γ-lyase for calicheamicin biosynthesis: Rotation of the conserved tyrosine stacking with pyridoxal phosphate. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:034702. [PMID: 27191010 PMCID: PMC4851618 DOI: 10.1063/1.4948539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CalE6 from Micromonospora echinospora is a (pyridoxal 5' phosphate) PLP-dependent methionine γ-lyase involved in the biosynthesis of calicheamicins. We report the crystal structure of a CalE6 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid complex showing ligand-induced rotation of Tyr100, which stacks with PLP, resembling the corresponding tyrosine rotation of true catalytic intermediates of CalE6 homologs. Elastic network modeling and crystallographic ensemble refinement reveal mobility of the N-terminal loop, which involves both tetrameric assembly and PLP binding. Modeling and comparative structural analysis of PLP-dependent enzymes involved in Cys/Met metabolism shine light on the functional implications of the intrinsic dynamic properties of CalE6 in catalysis and holoenzyme maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongnan Cao
- Biosciences at Rice, Rice University , 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Kemin Tan
- Biosciences Division, Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, Argonne National Laboratory , Bldg. 446/Rm. A104, 970 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Fengbin Wang
- Biosciences at Rice, Rice University , 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Lance Bigelow
- Biosciences Division, Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, Argonne National Laboratory , Bldg. 446/Rm. A104, 970 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | | | - Robert Jedrzejczak
- Biosciences Division, Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, Argonne National Laboratory , Bldg. 446/Rm. A104, 970 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Gyorgy Babnigg
- Biosciences Division, Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, Argonne National Laboratory , Bldg. 446/Rm. A104, 970 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Craig A Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Biosciences Division, Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, Argonne National Laboratory , Bldg. 446/Rm. A104, 970 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Madan K Kharel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - George N Phillips
- Biosciences at Rice, Rice University , 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Christie RJ, Fleming R, Bezabeh B, Woods R, Mao S, Harper J, Joseph A, Wang Q, Xu ZQ, Wu H, Gao C, Dimasi N. Stabilization of cysteine-linked antibody drug conjugates with N-aryl maleimides. J Control Release 2015; 220:660-70. [PMID: 26387744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Maleimides are often used to covalently attach drugs to cysteine thiols for production of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). However, ADCs formed with traditional N-alkyl maleimides have variable stability in the bloodstream leading to loss of drug. Here, we report that N-aryl maleimides form stable antibody conjugates under very mild conditions while also maintaining high conjugation efficiency. Thiol-maleimide coupling and ADC stabilization via thiosuccinimide hydrolysis were accelerated by addition of N-phenyl or N-fluorophenyl groups to the ring-head nitrogen. Cysteine-linked ADCs prepared with N-aryl maleimides exhibited less than 20% deconjugation in both thiol-containing buffer and serum when incubated at 37 °C over a period of 7 days, whereas the analogous ADCs prepared with N-alkyl maleimides showed 35-67% deconjugation under the same conditions. ADCs prepared with the anticancer drug N-phenyl maleimide monomethyl-auristatin-E (MMAE) maintained high cytotoxicity following long-term exposure to serum whereas the N-alkyl maleimide MMAE ADC lost potency over time. These data demonstrate that N-aryl maleimides are a convenient and flexible platform to improve the stability of ADCs through manipulation of functional groups attached to the maleimide ring-head nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R James Christie
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Ryan Fleming
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Binyam Bezabeh
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rob Woods
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Shenlan Mao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jay Harper
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Qianli Wang
- SynChem, Inc., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007, USA
| | - Ze-Qi Xu
- SynChem, Inc., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007, USA
| | - Herren Wu
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Nazzareno Dimasi
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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Hinrichs MJM, Dixit R. Antibody Drug Conjugates: Nonclinical Safety Considerations. AAPS J 2015; 17:1055-64. [PMID: 26024656 PMCID: PMC4540738 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are biopharmaceutical molecules consisting of a cytotoxic small molecule covalently linked to a targeted protein carrier via a stable cleavable or noncleavable linker. The process of conjugation yields a highly complex molecule with biochemical properties that are distinct from those of the unconjugated components. The impact of these biochemical differences on the safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the conjugate must be considered when determining the types of nonclinical safety studies required to support clinical development of ADCs. The hybrid nature of ADCs highlights the need for a science-based approach to safety assessment that incorporates relevant aspects of small and large molecule testing paradigms. This thinking is reflected in current regulatory guidelines, where sections pertaining to conjugates allow for a flexible approach to nonclinical safety testing. The aim of this article is to review regulatory expectations regarding early assessment of nonclinical safety considerations and discuss how recent advances in our understanding of ADC-mediated toxicity can be used to guide the types of nonclinical safety studies needed to support ADC clinical development. The review will also explore nonclinical testing strategies that can be used to streamline ADC development by assessing the safety and efficacy of next generation ADC constructs using a rodent screen approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Masson Hinrichs
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA,
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40
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ElSohly AM, Netirojjanakul C, Aanei IL, Jager A, Bendall SC, Farkas ME, Nolan GP, Francis MB. Synthetically Modified Viral Capsids as Versatile Carriers for Use in Antibody-Based Cell Targeting. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1590-6. [PMID: 26076186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes an efficient and reliable method for the preparation of MS2 viral capsids that are synthetically modified with antibodies using a rapid oxidative coupling strategy. The overall protocol delivers conjugates in high yields and recoveries, requires a minimal excess of antibody to achieve modification of more than 95% of capsids, and can be completed in a short period of time. Antibody-capsid conjugates targeting extracellular receptors on human breast cancer cell lines were prepared and characterized. Notably, conjugation to the capsid did not significantly perturb the binding of the antibodies, as indicated by binding affinities similar to those obtained for the parent antibodies. An array of conjugates was synthesized with various reporters on the interior surface of the capsids to be used in cell studies, including fluorescence-based flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and mass cytometry. The results of these studies lay the foundation for further exploration of these constructs in the context of clinically relevant applications, including drug delivery and in vivo diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M ElSohly
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Chawita Netirojjanakul
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Ioana L Aanei
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,‡Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Astraea Jager
- §Baxter Laboratory and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sean C Bendall
- ∥Stanford Blood Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Michelle E Farkas
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Garry P Nolan
- §Baxter Laboratory and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew B Francis
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,‡Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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An Introduction to the Regulatory and Nonclinical Aspects of the Nonclinical Development of Antibody Drug Conjugates. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3584-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Yurkovetskiy AV, Yin M, Bodyak N, Stevenson CA, Thomas JD, Hammond CE, Qin L, Zhu B, Gumerov DR, Ter-Ovanesyan E, Uttard A, Lowinger TB. A Polymer-Based Antibody–Vinca Drug Conjugate Platform: Characterization and Preclinical Efficacy. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3365-72. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hamilton GS. Antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy: The technological and regulatory challenges of developing drug-biologic hybrids. Biologicals 2015; 43:318-32. [PMID: 26115630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of therapeutic agents that combine the targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with small molecule drugs. The combination of a mAb targeting a cancer-specific antigen with a cytotoxin has tremendous promise as a new type of targeted cancer therapy. Two ADCs have been approved and many more are in clinical development, suggesting that this new class of drugs is coming to the forefront. Because of their unique nature as biologic-small drug hybrids, ADCs are challenging to develop, from both the scientific and regulatory perspectives. This review discusses both these aspects in current practice, and surveys the current state of the art of ADC drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Hamilton
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, United States.
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Peters C, Brown S. Antibody-drug conjugates as novel anti-cancer chemotherapeutics. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:e00225. [PMID: 26182432 PMCID: PMC4613712 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have revolutionized the field of cancer chemotherapy. Unlike conventional treatments that damage healthy tissues upon dose escalation, ADCs utilize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to specifically bind tumour-associated target antigens and deliver a highly potent cytotoxic agent. The synergistic combination of mAbs conjugated to small-molecule chemotherapeutics, via a stable linker, has given rise to an extremely efficacious class of anti-cancer drugs with an already large and rapidly growing clinical pipeline. The primary objective of this paper is to review current knowledge and latest developments in the field of ADCs. Upon intravenous administration, ADCs bind to their target antigens and are internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This facilitates the subsequent release of the cytotoxin, which eventually leads to apoptotic cell death of the cancer cell. The three components of ADCs (mAb, linker and cytotoxin) affect the efficacy and toxicity of the conjugate. Optimizing each one, while enhancing the functionality of the ADC as a whole, has been one of the major considerations of ADC design and development. In addition to these, the choice of clinically relevant targets and the position and number of linkages have also been the key determinants of ADC efficacy. The only marketed ADCs, brentuximab vedotin and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), have demonstrated their use against both haematological and solid malignancies respectively. The success of future ADCs relies on improving target selection, increasing cytotoxin potency, developing innovative linkers and overcoming drug resistance. As more research is conducted to tackle these issues, ADCs are likely to become part of the future of targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Peters
- School of Life Sciences, Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Stuart Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
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46
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Gautier V, Boumeester AJ, Lössl P, Heck AJR. Lysine conjugation properties in human IgGs studied by integrating high-resolution native mass spectrometry and bottom-up proteomics. Proteomics 2015; 15:2756-65. [PMID: 25641908 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a novel class of biopharmaceuticals several of which are now being investigated in clinical studies. In ADCs, potent cytotoxic drugs are coupled via a linker to reactive residues in IgG monoclonal antibodies. Linkage to lysine residues in the IgGs, using N-hydroxysuccinimide ester based chemistry, is one of the possible options. To control drug load and specificity, proper knowledge is required about which lysine residues are most accessible and reactive. Here, we combine native MS and bottom-up proteomics to monitor the overall drug load and site-specific lysine reactivity, using N-hydroxysuccinimide-based tandem mass tags. High-resolution Orbitrap native MS enables us to monitor and quantify, due to the achieved baseline resolution, the sequential incorporation of up to 69 tandem mass tag molecules into human IgGs. Complementary, bottom-up proteomics facilitates the identification of some very reactive "hot-spot" conjugation sites. However, we also identify lysine residues that are highly resistant to chemical labeling. Our integrated approach gives insight into the conjugation properties of IgGs at both the intact protein and residue levels, providing fundamental information for controlling drug load and specificity in lysine-linked ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Gautier
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja J Boumeester
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,AbLab, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Lössl
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Leong SR, Liang WC, Wu Y, Crocker L, Cheng E, Sampath D, Ohri R, Raab H, Hass PE, Pham T, Firestein R, Li D, Schutten M, Stagg NJ, Ogasawara A, Koppada N, Roth L, Williams SP, Lee BC, Chalouni C, Peng I, DeVoss J, Tremayne J, Polakis P, Polson AG. An anti-B7-H4 antibody-drug conjugate for the treatment of breast cancer. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1717-29. [PMID: 25853436 DOI: 10.1021/mp5007745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
B7-H4 has been implicated in cancers of the female reproductive system and investigated for its possible use as a biomarker for cancer, but there are no preclinical studies to demonstrate that B7-H4 is a molecular target for therapeutic intervention of cancer. We provide evidence that the prevalence and expression levels of B7-H4 are high in different subtypes of breast cancer and that only a few normal tissues express B7-H4 on the cell membrane. These profiles of low normal expression and upregulation in cancer provide an opportunity for the use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), cytotoxic drugs chemically linked to antibodies, for the treatment of B7-H4 positive cancers. We have developed an ADC specific to B7-H4 that uses a linker drug consisting of a potent antimitotic, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), linked to engineered cysteines (THIOMAB) via a protease labile linker. We will refer to ADCs that use the THIOMAB format as TDCs to help distinguish the format from standard MC-vc-MMAE ADCs that are conjugated to the interchain disulfide bonds. Anti-B7-H4 (h1D11)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE (h1D11 TDC) produced durable tumor regression in cell line and patient-derived xenograft models of triple-negative breast cancer. It also binds rat B7-H4 with similar affinity to human and allowed us to test for target dependent toxicity in rats. We found that our anti-B7-H4 TDC has toxicity findings similar to untargeted TDC. Our results validate B7-H4 as an ADC target for breast cancer and support the possible use of this TDC in the treatment of B7-H4(+) breast cancer.
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48
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A new delivery system for auristatin in STxB-drug conjugate therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:483-91. [PMID: 25847766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge in anticancer therapy is to gain control over the biodistribution of cytotoxic drugs. The most promising strategy consists in conjugating drugs to tumor-targeting carriers, thereby combining high cytotoxic activity and specific delivery. To target Gb3-positive cancer cells, we exploit the non-toxic B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB). Here, we have conjugated STxB to highly potent auristatin derivatives (MMA). A former linker was optimized to ensure proper drug-release upon reaching reducing environments in target cells, followed by a self-immolation step. Two conjugates were successfully obtained, and in vitro assays demonstrated the potential of this targeting system for the selective elimination of Gb3-positive tumors.
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49
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Jain N, Smith SW, Ghone S, Tomczuk B. Current ADC Linker Chemistry. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3526-40. [PMID: 25759187 PMCID: PMC4596905 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The list of ADCs in the clinic continues to grow, bolstered by the success of first two marketed ADCs: ADCETRIS® and Kadcyla®. Currently, there are 40 ADCs in various phases of clinical development. However, only 34 of these have published their structures. Of the 34 disclosed structures, 24 of them use a linkage to the thiol of cysteines on the monoclonal antibody. The remaining 10 candidates utilize chemistry to surface lysines of the antibody. Due to the inherent heterogeneity of conjugation to the multiple lysines or cysteines found in mAbs, significant research efforts are now being directed toward the production of discrete, homogeneous ADC products, via site-specific conjugation. These site-specific conjugations may involve genetic engineering of the mAb to introduce discrete, available cysteines or non-natural amino acids with an orthogonally-reactive functional group handle such as an aldehyde, ketone, azido, or alkynyl tag. These site-specific approaches not only increase the homogeneity of ADCs but also enable novel bio-orthogonal chemistries that utilize reactive moieties other than thiol or amine. This broadens the diversity of linkers that can be utilized which will lead to better linker design in future generations of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareshkumar Jain
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA.
| | - Sean W Smith
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA
| | - Sanjeevani Ghone
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA
| | - Bruce Tomczuk
- The Chemistry Research Solution, LLC, 360 George Patterson Blvd., Suite 101E, Bristol, Pennsylvania, 19007, USA
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50
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Generating Site-Specifically Modified Proteins via a Versatile and Stable Nucleophilic Carbon Ligation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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