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Madsen AV, Pedersen LE, Kristensen P, Goletz S. Design and engineering of bispecific antibodies: insights and practical considerations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1352014. [PMID: 38333084 PMCID: PMC10850309 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1352014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) have attracted significant attention due to their dual binding activity, which permits simultaneous targeting of antigens and synergistic binding effects beyond what can be obtained even with combinations of conventional monospecific antibodies. Despite the tremendous therapeutic potential, the design and construction of bsAbs are often hampered by practical issues arising from the increased structural complexity as compared to conventional monospecific antibodies. The issues are diverse in nature, spanning from decreased biophysical stability from fusion of exogenous antigen-binding domains to antibody chain mispairing leading to formation of antibody-related impurities that are very difficult to remove. The added complexity requires judicious design considerations as well as extensive molecular engineering to ensure formation of high quality bsAbs with the intended mode of action and favorable drug-like qualities. In this review, we highlight and summarize some of the key considerations in design of bsAbs as well as state-of-the-art engineering principles that can be applied in efficient construction of bsAbs with diverse molecular formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas V. Madsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lasse E. Pedersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Steffen Goletz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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2
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Thoreau F, Szijj PA, Greene MK, Rochet LNC, Thanasi IA, Blayney JK, Maruani A, Baker JR, Scott CJ, Chudasama V. Modular Chemical Construction of IgG-like Mono- and Bispecific Synthetic Antibodies (SynAbs). ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:476-487. [PMID: 36968530 PMCID: PMC10037451 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been rising interest in the field of protein-protein conjugation, especially related to bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) and their therapeutic applications. These constructs contain two paratopes capable of binding two distinct epitopes on target molecules and are thus able to perform complex biological functions (mechanisms of action) not available to monospecific mAbs. Traditionally these bsAbs have been constructed through protein engineering, but recently chemical methods for their construction have started to (re)emerge. While these have been shown to offer increased modularity, speed, and for some methods even the inherent capacity for further functionalization (e.g., with small molecule cargo), most of these approaches lacked the ability to include a fragment crystallizable (Fc) modality. The Fc component of IgG antibodies offers effector function and increased half-life. Here we report a first-in-class disulfide rebridging and click-chemistry-based method for the generation of Fc-containing, IgG-like mono- and bispecific antibodies. These are in the FcZ-(FabX)-FabY format, i.e., two distinct Fabs and an Fc, potentially all from different antibodies, attached in a homogeneous and covalent manner. We have dubbed these molecules synthetic antibodies (SynAbs). We have constructed a T cell-engager (TCE) SynAb, FcCD20-(FabHER2)-FabCD3, and have confirmed that it exhibits the expected biological functions, including the ability to kill HER2+ target cells in a coculture assay with T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Thoreau
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Peter A. Szijj
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Michelle K. Greene
- Patrick
G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry
and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AEU.K.
| | - Léa N. C. Rochet
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Ioanna A. Thanasi
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Jaine K. Blayney
- Patrick
G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry
and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AEU.K.
| | - Antoine Maruani
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - James R. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- Patrick
G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry
and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AEU.K.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
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3
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Kühl L, Schäfer AK, Kraft S, Aschmoneit N, Kontermann RE, Seifert O. eIg-based bispecific T-cell engagers targeting EGFR: Format matters. MAbs 2023; 15:2183540. [PMID: 36864566 PMCID: PMC9988351 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2183540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are molecules with versatile modes of action and applications for therapy. They are commonly developed as T-cell engagers (TCE), which simultaneously target an antigen expressed by tumor cells and CD3 expressed by T-cells, thereby inducing T-cell-mediated target cell killing. There is growing evidence that the molecular composition and valency for the target antigen influence the activity of TCEs. Here, the eIg platform technology was used to generate a set of bispecific TCEs targeting epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and CD3. These molecules either included or lacked an Fc region and exhibited one binding site for CD3 and either one or two binding sites for EGFR (1 + 1 or 2 + 1 formats) utilizing different molecular arrangements of the binding sites. In total, 11 different TCE formats were analyzed for binding to target cells and T cells, T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells, and for the activation of T cells (release of cytokines and proliferation of T-cells). Bivalent binding to EGFR strongly increased binding and T cell-mediated killing. However, the molecular composition and position of the CD3-binding arm also affected target cell killing, cytokine release, and T-cell proliferation. Our findings support that screening of a panel of formats is beneficial to identify the most potent bispecific TCE, and that format matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Kühl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annelie K Schäfer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kraft
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadine Aschmoneit
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Tatsumi A, Morichika K, Krueger J, Yokota H. Immunohistochemistry-Based Fluorescent Nanoparticle Assay for Determination of Antibody Binding Capacity and Its Correlation with Flow Cytometry Analysis. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2153365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Tatsumi
- Precision Medicine Business Unit, Healthcare Business Headquarters, KONICA MINOLTA, INC.,Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Morichika
- Precision Medicine Business Unit, Healthcare Business Headquarters, KONICA MINOLTA, INC.,Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Yokota
- Precision Medicine Business Unit, Healthcare Business Headquarters, KONICA MINOLTA, INC.,Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Tatsumi A, Morichika K, Krueger J, Yokota H. High-Sensitivity Immunohistochemistry Method Using a Combination of Fluorescent Nanoparticles and Tyramide Linker. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2123498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Tatsumi
- Precision Medicine Business Unit, Healthcare Business Headquarters, KONICA MINOLTA, INC., Hino-shi, Japan
| | - Keisuke Morichika
- Precision Medicine Business Unit, Healthcare Business Headquarters, KONICA MINOLTA, INC., Hino-shi, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Yokota
- Precision Medicine Business Unit, Healthcare Business Headquarters, KONICA MINOLTA, INC., Hino-shi, Japan
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Huang S, Segués A, Waterfall M, Wright D, Vayssiere C, van Duijnhoven SMJ, van Elsas A, Sijts AJAM, Zaiss DM. Shortened Hinge Design of Fab x sdAb-Fc Bispecific Antibodies Enhances Redirected T-Cell Killing of Tumor Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1331. [PMID: 36291540 PMCID: PMC9599842 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell engager (TCE) antibodies have emerged as promising cancer therapeutics that link cytotoxic T-cells to tumor cells by simultaneously binding to CD3E on T-cells and to a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed by tumor cells. We previously reported a novel bispecific format, the IgG-like Fab x sdAb-Fc (also known as half-IG_VH-h-CH2-CH3), combining a conventional antigen-binding fragment (Fab) with a single domain antibody (sdAb). Here, we evaluated this Fab x sdAb-Fc format as a T-cell redirecting bispecific antibody (TbsAbs) by targeting mEGFR on tumor cells and mCD3E on T cells. We focused our attention specifically on the hinge design of the sdAb arm of the bispecific antibody. Our data show that a TbsAb with a shorter hinge of 23 amino acids (TbsAb.short) showed a significantly better T cell redirected tumor cell elimination than the TbsAb with a longer, classical antibody hinge of 39 amino acids (TbsAb.long). Moreover, the TbsAb.short form mediated better T cell-tumor cell aggregation and increased CD69 and CD25 expression levels on T cells more than the TbsAb.long form. Taken together, our results indicate that already minor changes in the hinge design of TbsAbs can have significant impact on the anti-tumor activity of TbsAbs and may provide a new means to improve their potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Huang
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aina Segués
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Waterfall
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - David Wright
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Charlotte Vayssiere
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | | | | | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar M. Zaiss
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Department of Immune Medicine, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Aschmoneit N, Kühl L, Seifert O, Kontermann RE. Fc-comprising scDb-based trivalent, bispecific T-cell engagers for selective killing of HER3-expressing cancer cells independent of cytokine release. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003616. [PMID: 34782429 PMCID: PMC8593740 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bispecific T-cell engagers are an established therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies but face several challenges when it comes to their application for the treatment of solid tumors, including on-target off-tumor adverse events. Employing an avidity-mediated specificity gain by introducing an additional binding moiety for the tumor-associated antigen can be achieved using formats with a 2+1 stoichiometry. Methods Besides biochemical characterization and validation of target cell binding to cancer cells with different HER3 expression, we used in vitro co-culture assays with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and HER3-expressing target cells to determine T-cell activation, T-cell proliferation and PBMC-mediated cancer cell lysis of HER3-positive cell lines by the trivalent, bispecific antibodies. Results In this study, we developed trivalent, bispecific antibodies comprising a silenced Fc region for T-cell retargeting to HER3-expressing tumor cells, combining a bivalent single-chain diabody (scDb) fused to a first heterodimerizing Fc chain with either an Fab or scFv fused to a second heterodimerizing Fc chain. All these HER3-targeting T-cell engagers comprising two binding sites for HER3 and one binding site for CD3 mediated target cell killing. However, format and orientation of binding sites influenced efficacy of target cell binding, target cell-dependent T-cell activation and T-cell-mediated target cell killing. Beneficial effects were seen when the CD3 binding site was located in the scDb moiety. These molecules showed efficient killing of medium HER3-expressing cancer cells with very low induction of cytokine release, while sparing target cells with low or undetectable HER3 expression. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that these trivalent, bispecific antibodies represent formats with superior interdomain spacing resulting in efficient target cell killing and a potential advantageous safety profile due to very low cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Aschmoneit
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lennart Kühl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany .,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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8
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T Cell Bispecific Antibodies: An Antibody-Based Delivery System for Inducing Antitumor Immunity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111172. [PMID: 34832954 PMCID: PMC8619951 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a breakthrough immunotherapy, T cell bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) are a promising antibody therapy for various kinds of cancer. In general, T-BsAbs have dual-binding specificity to a tumor-associated antigen and a CD3 subunit forming a complex with the TCR. This enables T-BsAbs to crosslink tumor cells and T cells, inducing T cell activation and subsequent tumor cell death. Unlike immune checkpoint inhibitors, which release the brake of the immune system, T-BsAbs serve as an accelerator of T cells by stimulating their immune response via CD3 engagement. Therefore, they can actively redirect host immunity toward tumors, including T cell recruitment from the periphery to the tumor site and immunological synapse formation between tumor cells and T cells. Although the low immunogenicity of solid tumors increases the challenge of cancer immunotherapy, T-BsAbs capable of immune redirection can greatly benefit patients with such tumors. To investigate the detailed relationship between T-BsAbs delivery and their T cell redirection activity, it is necessary to determine how T-BsAbs deliver antitumor immunity to the tumor site and bring about tumor cell death. This review article discusses T-BsAb properties, specifically their pharmacokinetics, redirection of anticancer immunity, and local mechanism of action within tumor tissues, and discuss further challenges to expediting T-BsAb development.
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9
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Kuwahara A, Nagai K, Nakanishi T, Kumagai I, Asano R. Functional Domain Order of an Anti-EGFR × Anti-CD16 Bispecific Diabody Involving NK Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238914. [PMID: 33255436 PMCID: PMC7727810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) have emerged as promising therapeutics. A bispecific diabody (bsDb) is a small bsAb consisting of two distinct chimeric single-chain components, with two possible arrangements of the domains. We previously reported the effect of domain order on the function of a humanized bsDb targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on cancer cells, and CD3 on T cells. Notably, the co-localization of a T-cell receptor (TCR) with CD3 is bulky, potentially affecting the cross-linking ability of bsDbs, due to steric hindrance. Here, we constructed and evaluated humanized bsDbs, with different domain orders, targeting EGFR and CD16 on natural killer (NK) cells (hEx16-Dbs). We predicted minimal effects due to steric hindrance, as CD16 lacks accessory molecules. Interestingly, one domain arrangement displayed superior cytotoxicity in growth inhibition assays, despite similar cross-linking abilities for both domain orders tested. In hEx16-Dbs specifically, domain order might affect the agonistic activity of the anti-CD16 portion, which was supported by a cytokine production test, and likely contributed to the superiority of one of the hEx16-Dbs. Our results indicate that both the target antigen and mode of action of an antibody must be considered in the construction of highly functional bsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kuwahara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (A.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Keisuke Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan;
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (A.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (A.K.); (I.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-388-7512
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10
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Abstract
Bispecific therapeutics target two distinct antigens simultaneously and provide novel functionalities that are not attainable with single monospecific molecules or combinations of them. The unique potential of bispecific therapeutics is driving extensive efforts to discover synergistic dual targets, design molecular formats to integrate bispecific elements, and accelerate successful clinical translation. In particular, the past decade has witnessed a boom in the design and development of bispecific antibody formats with more than 100 collections to date. Despite the remarkable progress that has been made to expand the number of formats, qualitative fine-tuning of bispecific formats is needed to achieve optimal dual-target engagement based on understanding of the spatiotemporal interdependence of the two physically linked binding specificities and the complex target biology associated with bispecific approaches. This review provides insights into the design parameters - including affinity, valency, and geometry - that need to be considered at an early stage of development in order to take the best advantage of bispecific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Yongso-ro 45, Nam-gu, Busan, South Korea.
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11
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Dickopf S, Georges GJ, Brinkmann U. Format and geometries matter: Structure-based design defines the functionality of bispecific antibodies. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1221-1227. [PMID: 32542108 PMCID: PMC7283971 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multispecific antibodies can be generated in different formats. More than two decades of R&D in the field of bispecific antibody engineering revealed that the design and choice of format can have a profound impact on the antibody functionality. This holds in particular true for entities that elicit (inter-)cellular processes such as receptor activation, receptor internalization, receptor clustering or the formation of immunological synapses between two cells. This review covers design parameters that influence the functionality of multispecific formats, with particular focus on T cell-recruiting bispecific antibodies. We describe formats that display the same size and domain sequences but a varying geometry. The structural composition of (artificial) immune synapses is reviewed and allows conclusions why some formats that share size and domain composition are more effective than others. To support the statement that the geometry matters, we present a recently designed antibody format that is characterized by its compact shape. The TriFab-Contorsbody consists of two tumor cell-targeting entities and one moiety for T cell recruitment. The unique barrel-like shape provides a 35-fold increase in potency compared to an IgG-like molecule with identical domain sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Dickopf
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Guy J Georges
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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12
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Williams HF, Layfield HJ, Vallance T, Patel K, Bicknell AB, Trim SA, Vaiyapuri S. The Urgent Need to Develop Novel Strategies for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Snakebites. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E363. [PMID: 31226842 PMCID: PMC6628419 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a priority neglected tropical disease, which kills in excess of 100,000 people per year. Additionally, many millions of survivors also suffer through disabilities and long-term health consequences. The only treatment for SBE, antivenom, has a number of major associated problems, not least, adverse reactions and limited availability. This emphasises the necessity for urgent improvements to the management of this disease. Administration of antivenom is too frequently based on symptomatology, which results in wasting crucial time. The majority of SBE-affected regions rely on broad-spectrum polyvalent antivenoms that have a low content of case-specific efficacious immunoglobulins. Research into small molecular therapeutics such as varespladib/methyl-varespladib (PLA2 inhibitors) and batimastat/marimastat (metalloprotease inhibitors) suggest that such adjunctive treatments could be hugely beneficial to victims. Progress into toxin-specific monoclonal antibodies as well as alternative binding scaffolds such as aptamers hold much promise for future treatment strategies. SBE is not implicit during snakebite, due to venom metering. Thus, the delay between bite and symptom presentation is critical and when symptoms appear it may often already be too late to effectively treat SBE. The development of reliable diagnostical tools could therefore initiate a paradigm shift in the treatment of SBE. While the complete eradication of SBE is an impossibility, mitigation is in the pipeline, with new treatments and diagnostics rapidly emerging. Here we critically review the urgent necessity for the development of diagnostic tools and improved therapeutics to mitigate the deaths and disabilities caused by SBE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Vallance
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Andrew B Bicknell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK.
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13
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Novel TCR-based biologics: mobilising T cells to warm 'cold' tumours. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 77:35-43. [PMID: 31207478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies have revolutionised cancer therapy in recent years, bringing meaningful improvements in outcomes for patients with previously intractable conditions. These successes have, however, been largely limited to certain types of liquid tumours and a small subset of solid tumours that are known to be particularly immunogenic. Broadening these advances across the majority of tumour indications, which are characterised by an immune-excluded, immune-deserted or immune-suppressed ('cold') phenotype, will require alternative approaches that are able to specifically address this unique biological environment. Several newer therapeutic modalities, including adoptive cell therapy and T cell redirecting bispecific molecules, are considered to hold particular promise and are being investigated in early phase clinical trials across various solid tumour indications. ImmTAC molecules are a novel class of T cell redirecting bispecific biologics that exploit TCR-based targeting of tumour cells; providing potent and highly specific access to the vast landscape of intracellular targets. The first of these reagents to reach the clinic, tebentafusp (IMCgp100), has generated demonstrable clinical efficacy in an immunologically cold solid tumour with a high unmet need. Here, we highlight the key elements of the ImmTAC platform that make it ideally positioned to overcome the cold tumour microenvironment in an off-the-shelf format.
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14
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Hober S, Lindbo S, Nilvebrant J. Bispecific applications of non-immunoglobulin scaffold binders. Methods 2019; 154:143-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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15
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Toxin Neutralization Using Alternative Binding Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010053. [PMID: 30658491 PMCID: PMC6356946 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal toxins present a major threat to human health worldwide, predominantly through snakebite envenomings, which are responsible for over 100,000 deaths each year. To date, the only available treatment against snakebite envenoming is plasma-derived antivenom. However, despite being key to limiting morbidity and mortality among snakebite victims, current antivenoms suffer from several drawbacks, such as immunogenicity and high cost of production. Consequently, avenues for improving envenoming therapy, such as the discovery of toxin-sequestering monoclonal antibodies against medically important target toxins through phage display selection, are being explored. However, alternative binding protein scaffolds that exhibit certain advantages compared to the well-known immunoglobulin G scaffold, including high stability under harsh conditions and low cost of production, may pose as possible low-cost alternatives to antibody-based therapeutics. There is now a plethora of alternative binding protein scaffolds, ranging from antibody derivatives (e.g., nanobodies), through rationally designed derivatives of other human proteins (e.g., DARPins), to derivatives of non-human proteins (e.g., affibodies), all exhibiting different biochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles. Undeniably, the high level of engineerability and potentially low cost of production, associated with many alternative protein scaffolds, present an exciting possibility for the future of snakebite therapeutics and merit thorough investigation. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the different types of binding protein scaffolds is provided together with a discussion on their relevance as potential modalities for use as next-generation antivenoms.
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Kutova OM, Guryev EL, Sokolova EA, Alzeibak R, Balalaeva IV. Targeted Delivery to Tumors: Multidirectional Strategies to Improve Treatment Efficiency. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E68. [PMID: 30634580 PMCID: PMC6356537 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are characterized by structural and molecular peculiarities providing a possibility to directionally deliver antitumor drugs with minimal impact on healthy tissues and reduced side effects. Newly formed blood vessels in malignant lesions exhibit chaotic growth, disordered structure, irregular shape and diameter, protrusions, and blind ends, resulting in immature vasculature; the newly formed lymphatic vessels also have aberrant structure. Structural features of the tumor vasculature determine relatively easy penetration of large molecules as well as nanometer-sized particles through a blood⁻tissue barrier and their accumulation in a tumor tissue. Also, malignant cells have altered molecular profile due to significant changes in tumor cell metabolism at every level from the genome to metabolome. Recently, the tumor interaction with cells of immune system becomes the focus of particular attention, that among others findings resulted in extensive study of cells with preferential tropism to tumor. In this review we summarize the information on the diversity of currently existing approaches to targeted drug delivery to tumor, including (i) passive targeting based on the specific features of tumor vasculature, (ii) active targeting which implies a specific binding of the antitumor agent with its molecular target, and (iii) cell-mediated tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Kutova
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Evgenii L Guryev
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Evgeniya A Sokolova
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Razan Alzeibak
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Ellerman D. Bispecific T-cell engagers: Towards understanding variables influencing the in vitro potency and tumor selectivity and their modulation to enhance their efficacy and safety. Methods 2018; 154:102-117. [PMID: 30395966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific molecules redirecting the cytotoxicity of T-cells are a growing class of therapeutics with numerous molecules being tested in clinical trials. However, it has been a long way since the proof of concept studies in the mid 1980's. In the process we have learnt about the impact of different variables related to the bispecific molecule and the target antigen on the potency of this type of drugs. This work reviews the insights gained and how that knowledge has been used to design more potent bispecific T-cell engagers. The more recent advancement of antibodies with this modality into safety studies in non-human primates and as well as in clinical studies has revealed potential toxicity liabilities for the mode of action. Modifications in existing antibody formats and new experimental molecules designed to mitigate these problems are discussed.
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Rius Ruiz I, Vicario R, Morancho B, Morales CB, Arenas EJ, Herter S, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Somandin J, Sam J, Ast O, Barriocanal ÁM, Luque A, Escorihuela M, Varela I, Cuartas I, Nuciforo P, Fasani R, Peg V, Rubio I, Cortés J, Serra V, Escriva-de-Romani S, Sperinde J, Chenna A, Huang W, Winslow J, Albanell J, Seoane J, Scaltriti M, Baselga J, Tabernero J, Umana P, Bacac M, Saura C, Klein C, Arribas J. p95HER2-T cell bispecific antibody for breast cancer treatment. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaat1445. [PMID: 30282693 PMCID: PMC6498439 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs) are engineered molecules that include, within a single entity, binding sites to the T cell receptor and to tumor-associated or tumor-specific antigens. The receptor tyrosine kinase HER2 is a tumor-associated antigen in ~25% of breast cancers. TCBs targeting HER2 may result in severe toxicities, likely due to the expression of HER2 in normal epithelia. About 40% of HER2-positive tumors express p95HER2, a carboxyl-terminal fragment of HER2. Using specific antibodies, here, we show that p95HER2 is not expressed in normal tissues. We describe the development of p95HER2-TCB and show that it has a potent antitumor effect on p95HER2-expressing breast primary cancers and brain lesions. In contrast with a TCB targeting HER2, p95HER2-TCB has no effect on nontransformed cells that do not overexpress HER2. These data pave the way for the safe treatment of a subgroup of HER2-positive tumors by targeting a tumor-specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rius Ruiz
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocio Vicario
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Morancho
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Bernadó Morales
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique J Arenas
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvia Herter
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anne Freimoser-Grundschober
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jitka Somandin
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sam
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Ast
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Antonio Luque
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Escorihuela
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ismael Varela
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuartas
- Translational Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Vicente Peg
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Rubio
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Cortés
- Clinical Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta Serra
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Escriva-de-Romani
- Clinical Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeff Sperinde
- Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ahmed Chenna
- Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Weidong Huang
- Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Winslow
- Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joan Albanell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Seoane
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Translational Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Department of Pathology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jose Baselga
- Department of Medicine, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Saura
- Clinical Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Jiang X, Chen X, Carpenter TJ, Wang J, Zhou R, Davis HM, Heald DL, Wang W. Development of a Target cell-Biologics-Effector cell (TBE) complex-based cell killing model to characterize target cell depletion by T cell redirecting bispecific agents. MAbs 2018; 10:876-889. [PMID: 29985776 PMCID: PMC6152432 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1480299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell redirecting bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) or antibody-derived agents that combine tumor antigen recognition with CD3-mediated T cell recruitment are highly potent tumor-killing molecules. Despite the tremendous progress achieved in the last decade, development of such bsAbs still faces many challenges. This work aimed to develop a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling framework that can be used to assist the development of T-cell redirecting bsAbs. A Target cell-Biologics-Effector cell (TBE) complex-based cell killing model was developed using in vitro and in vivo data, which incorporates information on binding affinities of bsAbs to CD3 and target receptors, expression levels of CD3 and target receptors, concentrations of effector and target cells, as well as respective physiological parameters. This TBE model can simultaneously evaluate the effect of multiple system-specific and drug-specific factors on the T-cell redirecting bsAb exposure-response relationship on a physiological basis; it reasonably captured multiple reported in vitro cytotoxicity data, and successfully predicted the effect of some key factors on in vitro cytotoxicity assays and the efficacious dose of blinatumomab in humans. The mechanistic nature of this model uniquely positions it as a knowledge-based platform that can be readily expanded to guide target selection, drug design, candidate selection and clinical dosing regimen projection, and thus support the overall discovery and development of T-cell redirecting bsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Jiang
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Carpenter
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Zhou
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Hugh M. Davis
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Donald L. Heald
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Weirong Wang
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
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20
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Lyman M, Lieuw V, Richardson R, Timmer A, Stewart C, Granger S, Woods R, Silacci M, Grabulovski D, Newman R. A bispecific antibody that targets IL-6 receptor and IL-17A for the potential therapy of patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9326-9334. [PMID: 29678878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.818559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of current biological therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis, these therapies, targeting individual cytokines or pathways, produce beneficial responses in only about half of patients. Therefore, better therapeutics are needed. IL-6 and IL-17A are proinflammatory cytokines in many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and several therapeutics have been developed to specifically inhibit them. However, targeting both of these cytokines with a bispecific therapeutic agent could account for their nonoverlapping proinflammatory functions and for the fact that IL-6 and IL-17A act in a positive feedback loop. Here, we present the development of MT-6194, a bispecific antibody targeting both IL-6R and IL-17A that was developed with the FynomAb technology. We also present data from mouse inflammatory disease experiments, indicating that simultaneous inhibition of both IL-6 and IL-17A yields enhanced efficacy compared with inhibition of each cytokine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lyman
- From Tanabe Research Labs U.S.A. Inc., San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Vincent Lieuw
- From Tanabe Research Labs U.S.A. Inc., San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Robyn Richardson
- From Tanabe Research Labs U.S.A. Inc., San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Anjuli Timmer
- From Tanabe Research Labs U.S.A. Inc., San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Christine Stewart
- From Tanabe Research Labs U.S.A. Inc., San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Steve Granger
- From Tanabe Research Labs U.S.A. Inc., San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Richard Woods
- Covagen AG, Wagistrasse 25, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Roland Newman
- From Tanabe Research Labs U.S.A. Inc., San Diego, California 92121 and
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21
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Abstract
Harnessing the power of the human immune system to treat cancer is the essence of immunotherapy. Monoclonal antibodies engage the innate immune system to destroy targeted cells. For the last 30years, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity have been the main mechanisms of anti-tumor action of unconjugated antibody drugs. Efforts to exploit the potentials of other immune cells, in particular T cells, culminated in the recent approval of two T cell engaging bispecific antibody (T-BsAb) drugs, thereby stimulating new efforts to accelerate similar platforms through preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we have compiled the worldwide effort in exploring T cell engaging bispecific antibodies. Our special emphasis is on the lessons learned, with the hope to derive insights in this fast evolving field with tremendous clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - N V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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22
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Saber H, Del Valle P, Ricks TK, Leighton JK. An FDA oncology analysis of CD3 bispecific constructs and first-in-human dose selection. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:144-152. [PMID: 28887049 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We retrospectively examined the nonclinical studies conducted with 17 CD3 bispecific constructs in support of first-in-human (FIH) trials in oncology. We also collected information on the design of dose-finding clinical trials. Sponsors have used different MABEL approaches for FIH dose selection. To better assess acceptable approaches, FIH doses were computed from nonclinical studies and compared to the maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) in patients, to the highest human doses (HHDs) when an MTD was not identified, or to the recommended human dose (RHD) for blinatumomab. We concluded that approaches based on receptor occupancy, highest non-severely toxic dose, or no-observed adverse effect level are not acceptable for selecting the FIH dose as they resulted in doses close to or above the MTDs, HHDs, or the RHD. A FIH dose corresponding to 10%-30% pharmacologic activity (PA) was an acceptable approach. A FIH dose corresponding to 50% PA was acceptable for all except one construct, potentially due to its biological or structural properties. The most common toxicities in animals and patients were those related to cytokine release. Doses were better tolerated when intra-animal or intra-patient dose escalation was used. Exposing naïve patients to an MTD achieved with intra-patient dose escalation design may be unsafe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Saber
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20903, United States.
| | - Pedro Del Valle
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20903, United States
| | - Tiffany K Ricks
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20903, United States
| | - John K Leighton
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20903, United States
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Kintzing JR, Filsinger Interrante MV, Cochran JR. Emerging Strategies for Developing Next-Generation Protein Therapeutics for Cancer Treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:993-1008. [PMID: 27836202 PMCID: PMC6238641 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics have been revolutionizing the oncology space since they first appeared in the clinic two decades ago. Unlike traditional small-molecule chemotherapeutics, protein biologics promote active targeting of cancer cells by binding to cell-surface receptors and other markers specifically associated with or overexpressed on tumors versus healthy tissue. While the first approved cancer biologics were monoclonal antibodies, the burgeoning field of protein engineering is spawning research on an expanded range of protein formats and modifications that allow tuning of properties such as target-binding affinity, serum half-life, stability, and immunogenicity. In this review we highlight some of these strategies and provide examples of modified and engineered proteins under development as preclinical and clinical-stage drug candidates for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria V Filsinger Interrante
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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