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Flores-Ramírez AY, González-Estrada RR, Chacón-López MA, García-Magaña MDL, Montalvo-González E, Álvarez-López A, Rodríguez-López A, López-García UM. Detection of foodborne pathogens in contaminated food using nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors. Anal Biochem 2024; 693:115600. [PMID: 38964698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are a grave concern for the for food, medical, environmental, and economic sectors. Their ease of transmission and resistance to treatments, such as antimicrobial agents, make them an important challenge. Food tainted with these pathogens is swiftly rejected, and if ingested, can result in severe illnesses and even fatalities. This review provides and overview of the current status of various pathogens and their metabolites transmitted through food. Despite a plethora of studies on treatments to eradicate and inhibit these pathogens, their indiscriminate use can compromise the sensory properties of food and lead to contamination. Therefore, the study of detection methods such as electrochemical biosensors has been proposed, which are devices with advantages such as simplicity, fast response, and sensitivity. However, these biosensors may also present some limitations. In this regard, it has been reported that nanomaterials with high conductivity, surface-to-volume ratio, and robustness have been observed to improve the detection of foodborne pathogens or their metabolites. Therefore, in this work, we analyze the detection of pathogens transmitted through food and their metabolites using electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Yareli Flores-Ramírez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Av. Tecnológico # 2595, Col. Lagos del country, C.P. 63175, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Ramsés Ramón González-Estrada
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Av. Tecnológico # 2595, Col. Lagos del country, C.P. 63175, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Martina Alejandra Chacón-López
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Av. Tecnológico # 2595, Col. Lagos del country, C.P. 63175, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - María de Lourdes García-Magaña
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Av. Tecnológico # 2595, Col. Lagos del country, C.P. 63175, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Efigenia Montalvo-González
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Av. Tecnológico # 2595, Col. Lagos del country, C.P. 63175, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Álvarez-López
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus Aeropuerto, Centro Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas, C.P. 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Aarón Rodríguez-López
- Universidad Politécnica de Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Carretera Federal 57, Querétaro-San Luis Potosí km 31-150, Parque Industrial Querétaro, C.P. 76220, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Ulises Miguel López-García
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Av. Tecnológico # 2595, Col. Lagos del country, C.P. 63175, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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2
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Chaves AC, Boa Ventura PDV, Pereira MS, da Silva BF, de Carvalho FJN, Costa RA, Lima BP, Maciel WC, Carneiro VA. Preliminary snapshot reveals a relationship between multidrug-resistance and biofilm production among enterobacteriaceae isolated from fecal samples of farm-raised poultry in ceará, Brazil. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106778. [PMID: 38972366 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation by microbial pathogens pose a significant challenge to poultry production systems due to the persistent risk of dissemination and compromise of bird health and productivity. In this context, the study aimed to investigate the occurrence of different multiresistance phenotypes and the biofilm-forming ability of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from broiler chicken excreta in poultry production units in Ceará, Brazil. Samples were collected from three distinct broiler breeding facilities and subjected to isolation, identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, phenotypic screening for β-lactamases enzymes, and biofilm formation evaluation. Seventy-one strains were identified, being Escherichia coli (37 %) and Proteus mirabilis (32 %), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 %), Providencia stuartii (9 %), Klebsiella aerogenes (6 %), Alcaligenes faecalis (4 %), and Salmonella sp. (1 %). A significant proportion (87 %) of multiresistant strains were detected. For the phenotypic evaluation of β-lactamases production, strains with resistance to second and third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems were tested. About 4 of 6 and 10 of 26 were positive for inducible chromosomal AmpC β-lactamase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), respectively. Regarding biofilm formation, it was observed that all MDR strains were capable of forming biofilm. In this sense the potential of these MDR bacteria to develop biofilms becomes a significant concern, representing a real threat to both human and animal health, as biofilms offer stability, antimicrobial protection, and facilitate genetic transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Carvalho Chaves
- Center for Bioprospecting and Applied Molecular Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, 62.050-100, Brazil; Laboratory for Avian Pathological Studies (LABEO), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, 60.714.903, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Vasconcelos Boa Ventura
- Center for Bioprospecting and Applied Molecular Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, 62.050-100, Brazil; Laboratory for Avian Pathological Studies (LABEO), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, 60.714.903, Brazil
| | - Mainara Saraiva Pereira
- Center for Bioprospecting and Applied Molecular Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, 62.050-100, Brazil
| | - Benise Ferreira da Silva
- Center for Bioprospecting and Applied Molecular Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, 62.050-100, Brazil; Northeast Network of Biotechnology Program (RENORBIO), State University of Ceará, Campus Itaperi, Fortaleza, 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Felipe José Negreiros de Carvalho
- Center for Bioprospecting and Applied Molecular Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, 62.050-100, Brazil
| | - Renata Albuquerque Costa
- Center for Bioprospecting and Applied Molecular Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, 62.050-100, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pessoa Lima
- Laboratory for Avian Pathological Studies (LABEO), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, 60.714.903, Brazil
| | - William Cardoso Maciel
- Laboratory for Avian Pathological Studies (LABEO), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, 60.714.903, Brazil
| | - Victor Alves Carneiro
- Center for Bioprospecting and Applied Molecular Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, 62.050-100, Brazil.
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3
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Vougat Ngom R, Jajere SM, Ayissi GJ, Tanyienow A, Moffo F, Watsop HM, Mimboe LM, Mouiche MM, Schüpbach-Regula G, Carmo LP. Unveiling the landscape of resistance against high priority critically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals across Africa: A scoping review. Prev Vet Med 2024; 226:106173. [PMID: 38503073 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The rapid population growth in Africa is associated with an increasing demand for livestock products which in turn can lead to antimicrobial use. Antimicrobial usage in animals contributes to the emergence and selection of resistant bacteria which constitutes a serious public health threat. This study aims to review and summarize the available information on highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs) resistance in livestock production in Africa. This work will help to inform future policies for controlling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food production chain. A scoping review was conducted according to the Cochrane handbook and following PRISMA 2020 guidelines for reporting. Primary research studies published after 1999 and reporting resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, and Campylobacter spp to HPCIAs in poultry, cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep in Africa were searched in four databases. A total of 312 articles were included in the review. The majority of the studies (40.7) were conducted in North African countries. More than 49.0% of included studies involved poultry and 26.2% cattle. Cephalosporins and quinolones were the most studied antimicrobial classes. Of the bacteria investigated in the current review, E. coli (41.7%) and Salmonella spp (24.9%) represented the most commonly studied. High levels of resistance against erythromycin in E. coli were found in poultry (MR 96.1%, IQR 83.3-100.0%), cattle (MR 85.7%, IQR 69.2-100.0%), and pigs (MR 94.0%, IQR 86.2-94.0%). In sheep, a high level of resistance was observed in E. coli against nalidixic acid (MR 87.5%, IQR 81.3-93.8%). In goats, the low level of sensibility was noted in S. aureus against streptomycin (MR 86.8%, IQR 19.4-99.0%). The study provides valuable information on HPCIAs resistance in livestock production in Africa and highlights the need for further research and policies to address the public health risk of AMR. This will likely require an investment in diagnostic infrastructure across the continent. Awareness on the harmful impact of AMR in African countries is a requirement to produce more effective and sustainable measures to curb AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Vougat Ngom
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Saleh M Jajere
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Gaspard Ja Ayissi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Akenghe Tanyienow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Frédéric Moffo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Hippolyte M Watsop
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Leina M Mimboe
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Mohamed Mm Mouiche
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | | | - Luís Pedro Carmo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås 1433, Norway
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4
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O’Neill L, Manzanilla EG, Ekhlas D, Leonard FC. Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli of the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1616. [PMID: 37998818 PMCID: PMC10669415 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli of animal origin presents a threat to human health. Although animals are not the primary source of human infections, humans may be exposed to AMR E. coli of animal origin and their AMR genes through the food chain, direct contact with animals, and via the environment. For this reason, AMR in E. coli from food producing animals is included in most national and international AMR monitoring programmes and is the subject of a large body of research. As pig farming is one of the largest livestock sectors and the one with the highest antimicrobial use, there is considerable interest in the epidemiology of AMR in E. coli of porcine origin. This literature review presents an overview and appraisal of current knowledge of AMR in commensal E. coli of the porcine gastrointestinal tract with a focus on its evolution during the pig lifecycle and the relationship with antimicrobial use. It also presents an overview of the epidemiology of resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and colistin in pig production. The review highlights the widespread nature of AMR in the porcine commensal E. coli population, especially to the most-used classes in pig farming and discusses the complex interplay between age and antimicrobial use during the pig lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan O’Neill
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
| | - Daniel Ekhlas
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY05, Ireland
| | - Finola C. Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
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Jesumirhewe C, Cabal-Rosel A, Allerberger F, Springer B, Ruppitsch W. Genetic characterization of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. from humans and poultry in Nigeria. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000509.v4. [PMID: 37601433 PMCID: PMC10436014 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000509.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in livestock, especially food-producing animals, is of major public health importance as a result of the possibility of these bacteria entering the food chain. In this study, the genetic characteristics of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates from humans and poultry in Edo state, Nigeria, were investigated. In April 2017, 45 Klebsiella spp. and 46 E. coli isolates were obtained from urine, clinical wounds, nasal and chicken faecal samples. Isolates were recovered and identified as previously described. Species identification was achieved by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and ribosomal multilocus sequence typing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer method for 12 antibiotics. A double disc synergy test was used to screen for extended-spectrum beta-lactamse (ESBL) production. Whole genome sequencing was performed for strain characterization of the isolates. Thirteen Klebsiella spp. isolates yielded positive results by the ESBL phenotypic test and harboured ESBL genes. Of the 46 E. coli isolates, 21 human and 13 poultry isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. Four human E. coli isolates harboured ESBL genes and revealed positive results when applying ESBL double disc synergy tests. ESBL genes in the Klebsiella spp. and E. coli isolates include bla CTX-M-15 and bla SHV-28. Whole genome-based core gene multilocus sequence typing of the Klebsiella spp. and E. coli isolates revealed a close relatedness among the isolates. An integrated 'One Health' surveillance system is required to monitor transmission of antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Jesumirhewe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo state, Nigeria
| | - Adriana Cabal-Rosel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Allerberger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - Burkhard Springer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Sanches MS, Silva LC, da Silva CR, Montini VH, de Oliva BHD, Guidone GHM, Nogueira MCL, Menck-Costa MF, Kobayashi RKT, Vespero EC, Rocha SPD. Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Clonal Relationship in ESBL/AmpC-Producing Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Meat Products and Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection (UTI-CA) in Southern Brazil. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020370. [PMID: 36830280 PMCID: PMC9952622 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and clonal relationships in Proteus mirabilis isolated from chicken meat, beef, pork, and community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI-CA). Chicken meat isolates showed the highest multidrug resistance (MDR), followed by those from pork and UTI-CA, whereas beef had relatively few MDR strains. All sources had strains that carried blaCTX-M-65, whereas blaCTX-M-2 and blaCMY-2 were only detected in chicken meat and UTI-CA isolates. This indicates that chicken meat should be considered an important risk factor for the spread of P. mirabilis carrying ESBL and AmpC. Furthermore, ESBL/AmpC producing strains were resistant to a greater number of antimicrobials and possessed more resistance genes than non-producing strains. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance genes qnrD, aac(6')-Ib-cr, sul1, sul2, fosA3, cmlA, and floR were also found. Molecular typing showed a genetic similarity between chicken meat and UTI-CA isolates, including some strains with 100% similarity, indicating that chicken can be a source of P. mirabilis causing UTI-CA. It was concluded that meat, especially chicken meat, can be an important source of dissemination of multidrug-resistant P. mirabilis in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Silva Sanches
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina P.O. Box 10.011, Brazil
| | - Luana Carvalho Silva
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina P.O. Box 10.011, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rodrigues da Silva
- Microorganism Research Center, Health Sciences Center, Department of Dermatological, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical School of São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto P.O. Box 15.090, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Montini
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina P.O. Box 10.011, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henrique Dias de Oliva
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina P.O. Box 10.011, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Migliorini Guidone
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina P.O. Box 10.011, Brazil
| | - Mara Corrêa Lelles Nogueira
- Microorganism Research Center, Health Sciences Center, Department of Dermatological, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical School of São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto P.O. Box 15.090, Brazil
| | - Maísa Fabiana Menck-Costa
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina P.O. Box 10.011, Brazil
| | - Renata Katsuko Takayama Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina P.O. Box 10.011, Brazil
| | - Eliana Carolina Vespero
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University Hospital of Londrina, State University of Londrina, Londrina P.O. Box 10.011, Brazil
| | - Sergio Paulo Dejato Rocha
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina P.O. Box 10.011, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-43-3371-4494
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7
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Akenten CW, Ofori LA, Khan NA, Mbwana J, Sarpong N, May J, Thye T, Obiri-Danso K, Paintsil EK, Fosu D, Philipps RO, Eibach D, Krumkamp R, Dekker D. Prevalence, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Domestic Free-Range Poultry in Agogo, Ghana. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:59-66. [PMID: 36779941 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry has been suggested as an important source for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria that can lead to difficult-to treat infections in humans. Therefore, this study aims to determine the frequency, the genetics, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in domestic free-range poultry in Agogo, Ghana. The study was set up and piloted from January 2019 until June 2019. Between June and December 2019, fecal samples (N = 144) were collected from free-roaming chickens from domestic farms in the regions of Sukuumu, Bontodiase, and Freetown and cultured on ESBL screening agar. Strain identification and antibiotic susceptibility were performed using the VITEK 2 compact system. ESBL-producing E. coli were confirmed using the double disk synergy test. Molecular characterization of ESBL-associated genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M) were performed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and further sequencing of obtained PCR amplicons. The result showed that 56.2% (n/N = 81/144) of collected fecal samples were positive for ESBL-producing E. coli. Majority of the isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (93.8%, n/N = 76/81) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (66.7, n/N = 54/81), whereas resistance to carbapenems was not found. The majority of ESBL-producing E. coli carried the blaCTX-M genes, with blaCTX-M-15 being the dominant (95.1%, n/N = 77/81) genotype. In this study, we report high frequencies of ESBL-producing E. coli in smallholder free-range poultry representing a potential source of infection, highlighting the need for control of antibiotic use and animal hygiene/sanitation measures, both important from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Aurelia Ofori
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Neyaz Ahmed Khan
- Research Group One Health Bacteriology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joyce Mbwana
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Nimako Sarpong
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jürgen May
- Department Infectious Disease epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Tropical Medicine II, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Thye
- Department Infectious Disease epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kwasi Obiri-Danso
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Dennis Fosu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Daniel Eibach
- Department Infectious Disease epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Krumkamp
- Department Infectious Disease epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Denise Dekker
- Research Group One Health Bacteriology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
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"If You Do Not Take the Medicine and Complete the Dose…It Could Cause You More Trouble": Bringing Awareness, Local Knowledge and Experience into Antimicrobial Stewardship in Tanzania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020243. [PMID: 36830154 PMCID: PMC9952761 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health issue disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. In Tanzania, multi-drug-resistant bacteria (MDR) are highly prevalent in clinical and community settings, inhibiting effective treatment and recovery from infection. The burden of AMR can be alleviated if antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are coordinated and incorporate local knowledge and systemic factors. AMS includes the education of health providers to optimise antimicrobial use to improve patient outcomes while minimising AMR risks. For programmes to succeed, it is essential to understand not just the awareness of and receptiveness to AMR education, but also the opportunities and challenges facing health professionals. We conducted in-depth interviews (n = 44) with animal and human health providers in rural northern Tanzania in order to understand their experiences around AMR. In doing so, we aimed to assess the contextual factors surrounding their practices that might enable or impede the translation of knowledge into action. Specifically, we explored their motivations, training, understanding of infections and AMR, and constraints in daily practice. While providers were motivated in supporting their communities, clear issues emerged regarding training and understanding of AMR. Community health workers and retail drug dispensers exhibited the most variation in training. Inconsistencies in understandings of AMR and its drivers were apparent. Providers cited the actions of patients and other providers as contributing to AMR, perpetuating narratives of blame. Challenges related to AMR included infrastructural constraints, such as a lack of diagnostic testing. While health and AMR-specific training would be beneficial to address awareness, equally important, if not more critical, is tackling the challenges providers face in turning knowledge into action.
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Dubey S, Ager-Wick E, Kumar J, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I, Peng B, Evensen Ø, Sørum H, Munang’andu HM. Aeromonas species isolated from aquatic organisms, insects, chicken, and humans in India show similar antimicrobial resistance profiles. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1008870. [PMID: 36532495 PMCID: PMC9752027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1008870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas species are Gram-negative bacteria that infect various living organisms and are ubiquitously found in different aquatic environments. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify and compare the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, integrons, transposases and plasmids found in Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas veronii isolated from Indian major carp (Catla catla), Indian carp (Labeo rohita), catfish (Clarias batrachus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) sampled in India. To gain a wider comparison, we included 11 whole genome sequences of Aeromonas spp. from different host species in India deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Our findings show that all 15 Aeromonas sequences examined had multiple AMR genes of which the Ambler classes B, C and D β-lactamase genes were the most dominant. The high similarity of AMR genes in the Aeromonas sequences obtained from different host species point to interspecies transmission of AMR genes. Our findings also show that all Aeromonas sequences examined encoded several multidrug efflux-pump proteins. As for genes linked to mobile genetic elements (MBE), only the class I integrase was detected from two fish isolates, while all transposases detected belonged to the insertion sequence (IS) family. Only seven of the 15 Aeromonas sequences examined had plasmids and none of the plasmids encoded AMR genes. In summary, our findings show that Aeromonas spp. isolated from different host species in India carry multiple AMR genes. Thus, we advocate that the control of AMR caused by Aeromonas spp. in India should be based on a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Dubey
- Section of Experimental Biomedicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Eirill Ager-Wick
- Section of Experimental Biomedicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- College of Fisheries, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Iddya Karunasagar
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Hetron M. Munang’andu
- Section of Experimental Biomedicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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Ulomi WJ, Mgaya FX, Kimera Z, Matee MI. Determination of Sulphonamides and Tetracycline Residues in Liver Tissues of Broiler Chicken Sold in Kinondoni and Ilala Municipalities, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091222. [PMID: 36140001 PMCID: PMC9495219 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Tanzania, the increased demand for animal-derived foods, particularly eggs, meat, and milk, has resulted in the intensification of farming systems with the use of antimicrobials, particularly sulphonamides and tetracyclines. According to the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius commission, concentrations of antimicrobial residues in food exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and maximum residual limit (MRL) pose a health risk to consumers. This cross-sectional study determined the concentrations of sulphonamide and tetracycline residues in the liver tissues of commercial broiler chicken sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to find out whether the amounts of residues were within the legally permitted and acceptable limits in food. We conveniently sampled eighty-four liver tissue samples from broiler chicken sold in two out of six large markets in Dar es Salaam. The amounts of tetracycline and sulphonamide residues were determined using an ELISA kit (Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Company, Shenzhen, China). The results showed that all 100% (n = 84) samples contained tetracycline residues and 21.4% (n = 18) samples contained sulphonamide residues, while 21.4% (n = 18) contained both sulphonamide and tetracycline residues. The concentrations of sulphonamide residues were within the maximum residual limit (MRL). However, 90.5% (n = 76) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) range 0–3 µg/kg and 13.1% (n = 11) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the maximum residue limit of 300 µg/kg. The observed presence of antibiotic residues in the poultry tissues poses a health risk to consumers, and may lead to antimicrobial resistance micro-organisms, which may spread to humans and animals via the environment. Vigorous surveillance and observation of the withdrawal periods should be advocated to ensure that the food from animals is safe with regard to the residues of veterinary medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winstone J. Ulomi
- Tanzania Bureau of Standards, P.O. Box 9524, Dar es Salaam 16103, Tanzania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
- Correspondence:
| | - Fauster X. Mgaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
| | - Zuhura Kimera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I. Matee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
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11
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Ohene Larbi R, Adeapena W, Ayim-Akonor M, Ansa EDO, Tweya H, Terry RF, Labi AK, Harries AD. Antimicrobial, Multi-Drug and Colistin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Healthy Pigs in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, 2022: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10449. [PMID: 36012083 PMCID: PMC9408530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is little published information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals in Ghana. We determined the prevalence and factors associated with AMR, multi-drug resistance (MDR-resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) and colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in healthy pigs in Accra, Ghana. Rectal swabs obtained from the pigs on 20 farms from January to March 2022, were examined for Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. AMR was determined using standard microbiological techniques and the mcr-1 gene detected through molecular analysis. Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 197 of 200 pigs: these comprised 195 E. coli isolates, 38 Enterobacter spp. and 3 K. pneumoniae, either singly or combined. Over 60% of E. coli were resistant to tetracycline, with 27% and 34% being resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin, respectively; 23% of E. coli and 5% of Enterobacter spp. exhibited MDR phenotypes. Phenotypic colistin resistance was found in 8% of E. coli and Enterobacter spp., with the mcr-1 gene detected in half. Our study findings should be incorporated into on-going AMR, MDR and colistin resistance surveillance programs in Ghana. We further advocate for tailored-specific education for pig farmers on animal antimicrobial use and for strengthened regulatory policy on antimicrobial usage and monitoring in the animal production industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ohene Larbi
- CSIR—Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20 Achimota-Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
| | - Wisdom Adeapena
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Bono East Region, Ghana
| | - Matilda Ayim-Akonor
- CSIR—Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20 Achimota-Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer D. O. Ansa
- CSIR—Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20 Achimota-Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
| | - Hannock Tweya
- Malawi International Training and Education Center for Health (Malawi-I-TECH), Lilongwe P.O. Box 30369, Malawi
| | - Robert Fraser Terry
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Appiah-Korang Labi
- WHO Country Office, P.O. Box MB 142, 7 Ameda Street, Roman Ridge-Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
| | - Anthony D. Harries
- Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75001 Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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12
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Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolates from Small Scale Dairy Cattle in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141853. [PMID: 35883400 PMCID: PMC9311648 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dearth of information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in small-scale dairy cattle in Dar es Salaam, the commercial city of Tanzania, prompted us to conduct this study. The objective was to determine the different levels of resistance phenotypical patterns among Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from rectal swabs of apparently healthy cattle. Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microorganisms develop the ability to tolerate antimicrobial concentrations to which they were initially susceptible. It is a phenomenon of global concern, which is on the rise due to antimicrobial use in food-producing animals. In dairy farms, cattle carry high levels of AMR Escherichia coli (E. coli), and may act as a potential reservoir. The study revealed that resistance to ampicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was the most frequent. Resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and gentamycin was also observed among the E. coli isolates, but with lower percentages. E. coli resistant to third generation cephalosporins was also detected. The results of the current study give an insight into the status of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance in small-scale dairy cattle in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The findings call for further research, prudent antimicrobial use, and surveillance initiatives. Abstract In Tanzania, information on antimicrobial resistance in small-scale dairy cattle is scarce. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the different levels and pattern of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in 121 Escherichia coli isolated from rectal swab of 201 apparently healthy small-scale dairy cattle in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Isolation and identification of E. coli were carried out using enrichment media, selective media, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck), according to the recommendations of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resistance was tested against ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. Resistance to almost all antimicrobial agents was observed. The agents to which resistance was demonstrated most frequently were ampicillin (96.7%), cefotaxime (95.0%), tetracycline (50.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (42.1%) and nalidixic acid (33.1%). In this case, 20 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing E. coli were identified. 74.4% (90/121) of the isolates were Multidrug resistant (MDR), ranging from a combination of three to 8 different classes. The most frequently observed phenotypes were AMP-SXT-CTX with a prevalence of 12.4%, followed by the combination AMP-CTX with 10.7% and TE-AMP-CTX and NA + TE + AMP + CTX with 8.3% each. The high prevalence and wide range of AMR calls for prudent antimicrobial use.
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13
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Mtemisika CI, Nyawale H, Benju RJ, Genchwere JM, Silago V, Mushi MF, Mwanga J, Konje E, Mirambo MM, Mshana SE. Epidemiological Cut-Off Values and Multidrug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Domesticated Poultry and Pigs Reared in Mwanza, Tanzania: A Cross-Section Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:835. [PMID: 35405825 PMCID: PMC8996986 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) colonizing domesticated animals is a global concern threatening food safety. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and epidemiological cut-off values (ECVs) of E. coli isolated from poultry and pigs in Mwanza, Tanzania. This cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August 2021, involving 297 pigs, 191 broilers, and 203 layers. Rectal and cloacal swabs were collected and processed following standard guidelines. ECVs were determined using normalized resistance interpretation (NRI), a computer software, and descriptive analysis was performed using STATA version 13.0. The overall prevalence of MDR E.coli was 63.2%, whereas poultry (87.5% layers and 86.3% broilers) were more colonized than pigs (31.8%) (p < 0.001). Based on ECVs of antibiotics tested, E. coli from broilers, layers, and pigs exhibited different resistance patterns hence different populations. Exotic breed (p < 0.001) and recent antimicrobial use (p < 0.001) significantly predicted colonization with MDR E. coli. Veterinary officers should implement regulations that prohibit the inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents in livestock keeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conjester I. Mtemisika
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (H.N.); (V.S.); (M.F.M.); (M.M.M.); (S.E.M.)
- Bugando Medical Centre, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Mwanza P.O. Box 1370, Tanzania
| | - Helmut Nyawale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (H.N.); (V.S.); (M.F.M.); (M.M.M.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Ronald J. Benju
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Mwanza P.O. Box 129, Tanzania; (R.J.B.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Joseph M. Genchwere
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Mwanza P.O. Box 129, Tanzania; (R.J.B.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Vitus Silago
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (H.N.); (V.S.); (M.F.M.); (M.M.M.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Martha F. Mushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (H.N.); (V.S.); (M.F.M.); (M.M.M.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Joseph Mwanga
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (J.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Eveline Konje
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (J.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Mariam M. Mirambo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (H.N.); (V.S.); (M.F.M.); (M.M.M.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (H.N.); (V.S.); (M.F.M.); (M.M.M.); (S.E.M.)
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14
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Nohrborg S, Dione MM, Winfred AC, Okello L, Wieland B, Magnusson U. Geographic and Socioeconomic Influence on Knowledge and Practices Related to Antimicrobial Resistance among Smallholder Pig Farmers in Uganda. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:251. [PMID: 35203853 PMCID: PMC8868422 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), antibiotic use (ABU) in the livestock sector needs to be reduced. In low- and middle-income countries, regulations have shown to be less successful in reducing ABU. Here, a bottom-up approach can complement legal frameworks, which requires an understanding of the drivers for ABU. In this study, we investigated the influence of geographic and socioeconomic settings on determinants for ABU among pig farmers in Uganda. The data were collected through a questionnaire in two districts, Lira and Mukono, and comparative statistical analyses were performed. Farmers in Lira had less access to animal health services, applied disease prevention measures less and used antibiotics more. In Mukono, it was more common to consult a veterinarian in response to disease, while in Lira it was more common to consult an animal health worker. There was no difference in how many farmers followed treatment instructions from a veterinarian, but it was more common in Lira to follow instructions from pharmacies. The findings support the need for locally tailored AMR-reducing interventions to complement regulations. To accomplish this tailoring, systematic collection of knowledge of farm structures, farm practices and access to animal health services and veterinary drugs is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Nohrborg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Michel Mainack Dione
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Ouakam, Dakar BP 24265, Senegal;
| | | | | | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, CH-3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
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15
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Luise D, Bosi P, Raff L, Amatucci L, Virdis S, Trevisi P. Bacillus spp. Probiotic Strains as a Potential Tool for Limiting the Use of Antibiotics, and Improving the Growth and Health of Pigs and Chickens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:801827. [PMID: 35197953 PMCID: PMC8859173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.801827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The pressure to increasingly optimize the breeding of livestock monogastric animals resulted in antimicrobials often being misused in an attempt to improve growth performance and counteract diseases in these animals, leading to an increase in the problem of antibiotic resistance. To tackle this problem, the use of probiotics, also known as direct in-feed microbials (DFM), seems to be one of the most promising strategies. Among probiotics, the interest in Bacillus strains has been intensively increased in recent decades in pigs and poultry. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the effectiveness of Bacillus strains as probiotics and as a potential strategy for reducing the misuse of antibiotics in monogastric animals. Thus, the potential modes of action, and the effects on the performance and health of pigs (weaning pigs, lactation and gestation sows) and broilers are discussed. These searches yielded 131 articles (published before January 2021). The present review showed that Bacillus strains could favor growth in terms of the average daily gain (ADG) of post-weaning piglets and broilers, and reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea in pigs by 30% and mortality in broilers by 6-8%. The benefits of Bacillus strains on these parameters showed results comparable to the benefit obtained by the use of antibiotics. Furthermore, the use of Bacillus strains gives promising results in enhancing the local adaptative immune response and in reducing the oxidative stress of broilers. Fewer data were available regarding the effect on sows. Discordant effects have been reported regarding the effect on body weight (BW) and feed intake while a number of studies have supported the hypothesis that feeding probiotics to sows could benefit their reproductive performance, namely the BW and ADG of the litters. Taken all the above-mentioned facts together, this review confirmed the effectiveness of Bacillus strains as probiotics in young pigs and broilers, favoring their health and contributing to a reduction in the misuse of direct in-feed antibiotics. The continuous development and research regarding probiotics will support a decrease in the misuse of antibiotics in livestock production in order to endorse a more sustainable rearing system in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lena Raff
- Chr. Hansen, Animal Health and Nutrition, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Laura Amatucci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Virdis
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Kiiti RW, Komba EV, Msoffe PL, Mshana SE, Rweyemamu M, Matee MIN. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolated from Broiler and Layer Chickens in Arusha and Mwanza, Tanzania. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6759046. [PMID: 34721584 PMCID: PMC8556130 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6759046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens such as Escherichia coli is one of the very important dynamics off-putting treatment and prophylaxis possibilities, hence posing a threat to the modern human medicine, veterinary medicine, and food safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles in E. coli isolates obtained from broiler and layer chickens in Mwanza and Arusha regions in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was carried out from February to March, 2021, in 402 poultry farms in Mwanza (201) and Arusha (201) regions in Tanzania. All samples that tested positive for E. coli were confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS, and two hundred and four (204) E. coli isolates were randomly chosen and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion method. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel® and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Isolates were tested against seven antimicrobial agents belonging to seven classes of antimicrobials. All the tested isolates (n = 204) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Overall, the highest resistance was observed in ampicillin (100%), whereas the lowest resistance was recorded for gentamicin (10.3%). Majority of the isolates (86.76%) were multidrug resistant. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli to four classes of antimicrobial agents was the highest in this study (31.1%). Six of the 177 tested isolates (2.9%) were resistant to the seven classes of antimicrobial agents. 21 of the 204 (10.29%) isolates were ESBL producers where 21/21 (100%) isolates expressed bla TEM genes and only two isolates expressed (2/21) bla CTX-M gene. The isolates obtained in this study displayed high resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents in veterinary and human medicine. This implies that there is existence of practices that accelerate antimicrobial resistance in the production of the sampled birds and therefore integration of appropriate use of antimicrobial agents and other measures that curb the spread of resistant genes is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth W. Kiiti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Erick V. Komba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter L. Msoffe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania
| | - Mark Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I. N. Matee
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
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17
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Sangeda RZ, Saburi HA, Masatu FC, Aiko BG, Mboya EA, Mkumbwa S, Bitegeko A, Mwalwisi YH, Nkiligi EA, Chambuso M, Sillo HB, Fimbo AM, Horumpende PG. National Antibiotics Utilization Trends for Human Use in Tanzania from 2010 to 2016 Inferred from Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority Importation Data. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101249. [PMID: 34680829 PMCID: PMC8532727 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) is one of the major drivers of emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The surveillance of AMU, which is a pillar of AMR stewardship (AMS), helps devise strategies to mitigate AMR. This descriptive, longitudinal retrospective study quantified the trends in human antibiotics utilization between 2010 and 2016 using data on all antibiotics imported for systemic human use into Tanzania’s mainland. Regression and time series analyses were used to establish trends in antibiotics use. A total of 12,073 records for antibiotics were retrieved, totaling 154.51 Defined Daily Doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), with a mean (±standard deviation) of 22.07 (±48.85) DID. The private sector contributed 93.76% of utilized antibiotics. The top-ranking antibiotics were amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and cefalexin. The DIDs and percentage contribution of these antibiotics were 53.78 (34.81%), 23.86 (15.44), 20.53 (13.29), 9.27 (6.0) and 6.94 (4.49), respectively. The time series model predicted a significant increase in utilization (p-value = 0.002). The model forecasted that by 2022, the total antibiotics consumed would be 89.6 DIDs, which is a 13-fold increase compared to 2010. Government intervention to curb inappropriate antibiotics utilization and mitigate the rising threat of antibiotic resistance should focus on implementing AMS programs in pharmacies and hospitals in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Zozimus Sangeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Habibu Ally Saburi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Faustine Cassian Masatu
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Beatrice Godwin Aiko
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
| | - Erick Alexander Mboya
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
| | - Sonia Mkumbwa
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Adonis Bitegeko
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Yonah Hebron Mwalwisi
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Emmanuel Alphonse Nkiligi
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Mhina Chambuso
- Department of Pharmacy, Kampala International University in Tanzania, P.O. Box 9790, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
| | - Hiiti Baran Sillo
- Regulation and Prequalification Department, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Adam M. Fimbo
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Pius Gerald Horumpende
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2232, Moshi, Tanzania;
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), P.O. Box 2232, Moshi, Tanzania
- Lugalo Infectious Diseases Hospital and Research Centre, General Military Hospital (GMH) and Military College of Medical Sciences (MCMS), P.O. Box 60126, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Occurrence of Multi-Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli in Chickens, Humans, Rodents and Household Soil in Karatu, Northern Tanzania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091137. [PMID: 34572718 PMCID: PMC8469054 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli among 960 samples obtained from chickens (236), humans (243), rodents (101) and soil (290). E. coli was isolated from 650 (67.7%) samples. Isolation frequency varied significantly between chickens, humans, rodents and soil samples, being 81.6%, 86.5%, 79.2% and 31.0%, respectively (p < 0.001). Resistance rates were particularly higher against imipenem (79.8%), cefotaxime (79.7%) and tetracycline (73.7%) and moderate against amoxicillin-clavulanate (49.4%). Overall, 78.8% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) among which, 38.8%, 25.1%, 12.9% and 2.5% exhibited resistance to three, four, five and six different classes of antibiotics, respectively. Multidrug-resistant E. coli were observed in 27.7%, 30.3%, 10.8% and 10.0% of the isolates from chickens, humans, rodents and soil samples, respectively. Our results show high levels of antimicrobial resistance including MDR in E. coli isolated from chickens, humans, rodents and soil samples in Karatu, Northern Tanzania. Comprehensive interventions using a one-health approach are needed and should include improving (i) awareness of the community on judicious use of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals, (ii) house conditions and waste management and (iii) rodent control measures.
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Kimera ZI, Mgaya FX, Mshana SE, Karimuribo ED, Matee MIN. Occurrence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producers, Quinolone and Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Environmental Samples along Msimbazi River Basin Ecosystem in Tanzania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168264. [PMID: 34444027 PMCID: PMC8394723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We conducted environmental surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria in the Msimbazi river basin in Tanzania to determine the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and quinolone resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. A total of 213 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from 219 samples. Out of the recovered isolates, 45.5% (n = 97) were Klebsiella pneumoniae and 29.6% (n = 63) were Escherichia coli. K. pneumoniae isolates were more resistant in effluent (27.9%) compared to the E. coli (26.6%). The E. coli had a higher resistance in river water, sediment and crop soil than the K. pneumoniae (35 versus 25%), respectively. Higher resistance in K. pneumoniae was found in nalidixic acid (54.6%) and ciprofloxacin (33.3%) while the E. coli isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (39.7%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (38%). Resistance increased from 28.3% in Kisarawe, where the river originates, to 59.9% in Jangwani (the middle section) and 66.7% in Upanga West, where the river enters the Indian Ocean. Out of 160 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, 53.2% (n = 85) were resistant to more than three classes of the antibiotic tested, occurrence being higher among ESBL producers, quinolone resistant and carbapenem resistant strains. There is an urgent need to curb environmental contamination with antimicrobial agents in the Msimbazi Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhura I. Kimera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania; (F.X.M.); (M.I.N.M.)
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Mtumba Area, P.O. Box 2182, Dodoma 40487, Tanzania
- Correspondence:
| | - Fauster X. Mgaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania; (F.X.M.); (M.I.N.M.)
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania;
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
| | - Esron D. Karimuribo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I. N. Matee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania; (F.X.M.); (M.I.N.M.)
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
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Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus Species Isolated in Raw Chicken Meat from Retail Stores. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080904. [PMID: 34438954 PMCID: PMC8388630 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed at evaluating the presence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retailed raw chicken meat from retail stores intended for human consumption. The presence, characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus from 38 retail raw chicken meat samples was performed using a standard microbiological method involving mannitol salt agar (MSA) and Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA). All the samples were positive for Staphylococcus species, of which 34 (89.5%) were positive for S. aureus. The S. aureus isolates were most resistant to tetracycline (88.24%), erythromycin (82.35%), and chloramphenicol (61.77%). Nevertheless, decreased resistance towards gentamycin (23.53%) and cotrimoxazole (38.24%) were recorded. All the S. aureus isolates in this study were resistant to cloxacillin, amoxicillin, and augmentin (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid). The present findings show how the raw chicken meat samples could be a potential source of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains dissemination. Therefore, this study suggests high-level contamination of meat with multidrug-resistant S. aureus and highlights the public health consequences of consuming such products. Undoubtedly, uncontrolled drugs in food animal production as growth stimulators or medicinal treatment present a possible consequence to people’s health. Having the aforementioned in mind, there is a necessity to control the use of drugs and monitor any residues left in the food intended for human consumption.
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