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Ahmad R, Yu YH, Hua KF, Chen WJ, Zaborski D, Dybus A, Hsiao FSH, Cheng YH. Management and control of coccidiosis in poultry - A review. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1-15. [PMID: 37641827 PMCID: PMC10766461 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry coccidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by an intracellular parasitic protozoan of the genus Eimeria. Coccidia-induced gastrointestinal inflammation results in large economic losses, hence finding methods to decrease its prevalence is critical for industry participants and academic researchers. It has been demonstrated that coccidiosis can be effectively controlled and managed by employing anticoccidial chemical compounds. However, as a result of their extensive use, anticoccidial drug resistance in Eimeria species has raised concerns. Phytochemical/herbal medicines (Artemisia annua, Bidens pilosa, and garlic) seem to be a promising strategy for preventing coccidiosis, in accordance with the "anticoccidial chemical-free" standards. The impact of herbal supplements on poultry coccidiosis is based on the reduction of oocyst output by preventing the proliferation and growth of Eimeria species in chicken gastrointestinal tissues and lowering intestinal permeability via increased epithelial turnover. This review provides a thorough up-to-date assessment of the state of the art and technologies in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in chickens, including the most used phytochemical medications, their mode of action, and the applicable legal framework in the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047,
Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047,
Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047,
Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047,
Taiwan
| | - Daniel Zaborski
- Department of Ruminants Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin,
Poland
| | - Andrzej Dybus
- Department of Genetics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin,
Poland
| | - Felix Shih-Hsiang Hsiao
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047,
Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047,
Taiwan
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Song HY, Deng ML, Yang JF, Ma J, Shu FF, Cheng WJ, Zhu XQ, Zou FC, He JJ. Transcriptomic, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid and network pharmacology analyses shed light on the anticoccidial mechanism of green tea polyphenols against Eimeria tenella infection in Wuliangshan black-boned chickens. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:330. [PMID: 37726789 PMCID: PMC10510215 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan that invades the chicken cecum and causes coccidiosis, which induces acute lesions and weight loss. Elucidating the anticoccidial mechanism of action of green tea polyphenols could aid the development of anticoccidial drugs and resolve the problem of drug resistance in E. tenella. METHODS We constructed a model of E. tenella infection in Wuliangshan black-boned chickens, an indigenous breed of Yunnan Province, China, to study the efficacy of green tea polyphenols against the infection. Alterations in gene expression and in the microbial flora in the cecum were analyzed by ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to verify the host gene expression data obtained by RNA sequencing. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to clarify the interactions between the component green tea polyphenols and the targeted proteins; potential anticoccidial herbs were also analyzed. RESULTS Treatment with the green tea polyphenols led to a reduction in the lesion score and weight loss of the chickens induced by E. tenella infection. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7), MMP1, nitric oxide synthase 2 and ephrin type-A receptor 2 was significantly altered in the E. tenella infection plus green tea polyphenol-treated group and in the E. tenella infection group compared with the control group; these genes were also predicted targets of tea polyphenols. Furthermore, the tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate acted on most of the targets, and the molecular docking analysis showed that it has good affinity with interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 protein. 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing showed that the green tea polyphenols had a regulatory effect on changes in the fecal microbiota induced by E. tenella infection. In total, 171 herbs were predicted to act on two or three targets in MMP7, MMP1, nitric oxide synthase 2 and ephrin type-A receptor 2. CONCLUSIONS Green tea polyphenols can directly or indirectly regulate host gene expression and alter the growth of microbiota. The results presented here shed light on the mechanism of action of green tea polyphenols against E. tenella infection in chickens, and have implications for the development of novel anticoccidial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Song
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Ling Deng
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Fa Yang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan-Fan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Cheng
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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Zhong Y, Li L, Chen W, Xing D, Wu X. Effects of Ilicis Chinensis folium extract supplementation on growth performance, serum parameters, intestinal morphology, and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:94. [PMID: 37496032 PMCID: PMC10373348 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ilicis chinensis folium extract (ICFE) is a powder extracted and processed with Ilex chinensis Sims (ICS) which has numerous bioactivities and is conventionally used in traditional Chinese medicine. Nonetheless, there has been no definitive study evaluating ICFE's application as a feed supplement for broilers. This research sought to determine the chemical composition and evaluate how dietary ICFE supplementation affects the growth performance, serum metrics, intestinal structure, and antioxidant capacity of broilers. METHODS A total of 360 one-day-old broiler chicks were assigned to four treatments (with 9 replicates of 10 chicks, each) of dietary supplementation with ICFE at 0, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg /kg for 42 days. RESULTS Ten polyphenolic compounds and two triterpenoid glycosides were detected by HPLC. In the grower stage and overall, broilers supplemented with 500 and 1,000 mg/kg ICFE exhibited a higher ADFI (P < 0.05) than the controls. Additionally, compared to the controls, broilers receiving low, medium, or high dosages of ICFE exhibited higher average daily gains (P < 0.05) throughout the starter stage and overall. Organ indices showed no significant variation, suggesting that ICFE was non-toxic. ICFE supplementation increased the height of villi in the duodenum and jejunum, reduced crypt depth, and increased the villus/crypt ratio in the duodenum (P < 0.05). Serum concentrations of IL-4 and IgA were increased in ICFE-supplemented broilers. The serum malondialdehyde concentration was reduced, whereas superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity increased through supplementation with ICFE. CONCLUSION ICFE supplementation can improve intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, and growth performance of broilers. Hence, ICFE is a promising and safe alternative to antibiotics in broilers, and 500 mg/kg appears to be the optimal dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang Li
- Foss Analytical Co.Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Wujun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Erener G, Turan C, Gungor E, Altop A. Effect of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), and green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) aqueous extract administration in the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal period in broiler chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:252. [PMID: 37382686 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Feed withdrawal (FW) and other pre-slaughter stressors have detrimental effects on the meat quality of broiler chickens. Herbal extracts can be used for their sedative effects to reduce the harmful impacts of pre-slaughter stress on broiler chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chamomile (CAE), linden (LAE), and green tea (GAE) aqueous extracts (AE) in drinking water during the pre-slaughter FW period on the meat and liver quality, serum corticosterone level, and some cecal microorganisms of broilers. A total of 450 male and female 42-day-old chickens were allocated to a completely randomized design with five treatment groups and two sexes in six replicates, 12 birds (six male and six female) for each replicate. Treatment groups were chickens offered ad libitum feed and drinking water (control, CT), broilers exposed to FW for 10 h before the slaughter with unsupplemented drinking water (FW), with drinking water supplemented 50 ml/L CAE, LAE, and GAE. Chickens that experienced FW had lower (P < 0.001) slaughter body weight, carcass, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and inner organ weights, and GIT length (P = 0.002). However, the dressing percentage was higher (P < 0.001) in FW and AE groups than CT group. The FW increased (P < 0.001) the ultimate pH of thigh meat compared with the CT group. The FW also decreased (P = 0.026) the lightness (L*) value of thigh meat of broilers, although CAE and LAE did not change the L* value compared with the CT group. Similarly, the redness (a*) value of thigh meat was lower (P = 0.003) in chickens exposed to FW but was not affected by GAE administration. However, FW or AE did not impact the serum corticosterone level and cecal microbial loads in broiler chickens. The obtained result showed that CAE, LAE, or GAE can be used in drinking water to reduce the harmful effects of FW on the meat quality of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guray Erener
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Turan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Emrah Gungor
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Aydin Altop
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
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Chen X, Zhou X, Li S, Zhang H, Liu Z. Effects of tea residues-fermented feed on production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, caecal microbiota, and ammonia emissions of laying hens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1195074. [PMID: 37426079 PMCID: PMC10325031 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1195074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was to assess the effects of tea residues-fermented feed (TR-fermented feed) on production performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant capacity, caecal microbiota, and ammonia emissions of laying hens. A total of 1,296 Lohmann laying hens have randomly distributed four groups with six parallels and fed with diets TR-fermented feed at the rates of 0 (control), 1, 3, and 5%. The inclusion of 1% (TR)-fermented feed resulted in a significant increase in egg-laying rate and average egg weight of birds, and a reduction in the feed-to-egg ratio when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The addition of 1 and 3% of (TR)-fermented feed significantly improved the Haugh unit of eggs (p < 0.05). The eggshell thickness was observed to increase by almost one-fold upon the inclusion of 3 and 5% (TR)-fermented feed in the basal diet (p < 0.05). The supplementation of 3% (TR)-fermented feed significantly increased the content of methionine, tyrosine, proline, essential amino acids (EAA), alpha linoleic acid (C18:3n6), docosanoic acid (C22:0), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3), twenty-three carbonic acids (C23:0), ditetradecenoic acid (C24:1) and total omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑ω-3 PUFA) in the eggs (p < 0.05). The addition of a certain amount of (TR)-fermented feed can enhance the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in chicken serum, and reduce the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05). The ammonia concentration in the hen house of laying hens in the treatment groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, the main phyla in the cecal bacterial community, were differentially abundant in each group, comprising greater than 55 and 33%, respectively. Collectively, this research indicates that (TR)-fermented feed supplementation improves the performance of laying hens and reduces ammonia emissions and can be used in industry-scale layer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxin Chen
- Leshan Academy of Agriculture Science, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinhong Zhou
- Leshan Academy of Agriculture Science, Leshan, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Leshan Academy of Agriculture Science, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaidan Zhang
- Leshan Academy of Agriculture Science, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenkun Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Wanzhou, China
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Plouhinec L, Neugnot V, Lafond M, Berrin JG. Carbohydrate-active enzymes in animal feed. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108145. [PMID: 37030553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Considering an ever-growing global population, which hit 8 billion people in the fall of 2022, it is essential to find solutions to avoid the competition between human food and animal feed for croplands. Agricultural co-products have become important components of the circular economy with their use in animal feed. Their implementation was made possible by the addition of exogenous enzymes in the diet, especially carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In this review, we describe the diversity and versatility of microbial CAZymes targeting non-starch polysaccharides to improve the nutritional potential of diets containing cereals and protein meals. We focused our attention on cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases which were often found to be crucial in vivo. We also highlight the performance and health benefits brought by the exogenous addition of enzymatic cocktails containing CAZymes in the diets of monogastric animals. Taking the example of the well-studied commercial cocktail Rovabio™, we discuss the evolution, constraints and future challenges faced by feed enzymes suppliers. We hope that this review will promote the use and development of enzyme solutions for industries to sustainably feed humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Plouhinec
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Univ., UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France; ADISSEO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, INSA Toulouse, Hall Gilbert Durand, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Virginie Neugnot
- ADISSEO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, INSA Toulouse, Hall Gilbert Durand, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Mickael Lafond
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Univ., UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Univ., UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Bhargavi D, Sahu R, Nishanth MAD, Doijad SP, Niveditha P, Kumar ORV, Sunanda C, Girish PS, Naveena BM, Vergis J, Malik SVS, Kurkure NV, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of drug-resistant Escherichia coli recovered from broiler chicken farms. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 93:101929. [PMID: 36580799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A total of 38 Escherichia coli isolates were recovered from 120 samples collected from various sources of broiler chicken farms (n = 10 each) in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states. Though the recovered E. coli isolates were found variably resistant to the tested antibiotics, all the tested isolates were susceptible to meropenem. Alarming multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed (34/38) among the recovered isolates, wherein antibiotic-resistant genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and tetA) were detected, except for blaCTX-M-9. The heatmap with cluster analysis exhibited that majority of the E. coli isolates recovered from different sources and regions clustered together based on their phenotypic resistance suggesting co-sharing of resistance. However, the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing revealed an extremely diverse genotypic profile. Further, a significant statistical association was not observed between hypothesized risk factors and recovered MDR- E. coli isolates from various sources, although a significant statistical association between antibiotic resistance with large flock size, poor biosecurity practices, poor workers' hygiene, and poor disinfection practices was noticed. Since the study highlighted an alarming level of drug resistance among the recovered E. coli isolates, further in-depth research in similar veins is required to ensure the prudent use of antimicrobials in the poultry sector and the implementation of an antimicrobial surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadimi Bhargavi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Radhakrishna Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Maria Anto Dani Nishanth
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Obli Rajendran Vinodh Kumar
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - C Sunanda
- Statistical Consultant, Indira Nagar, Mannuthy, Thrissur, 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - P S Girish
- ICAR, National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad 500 092, Telangana, India
| | - B M Naveena
- ICAR, National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad 500 092, Telangana, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 673 576, Kerala, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Deepak Bhiwa Rawool
- ICAR, National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad 500 092, Telangana, India.
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