1
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Nafie MS, Kahwash SH, Youssef MM, Dawood KM. Recent advances on quinoxalines as target-oriented chemotherapeutic anticancer agents through apoptosis. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400225. [PMID: 38822393 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The current review outlines all possible recent synthetic platforms to quinoxaline derivatives and the potent stimulated apoptosis mechanisms targeted by anticancer therapies. The currently reported results disclosed that quinoxaline derivatives had promising anticancer potencies against a wide array of cancer cell lines, better than the reference drugs, through target inhibition. This review summarizes some potent quinoxaline derivatives with their synthesis strategies and their potential activities against various molecular targets. Quinoxalines can be considered an important scaffold for apoptosis inducers in cancer cells through inhibiting some molecular targets, so they can be further developed as target-oriented chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Nafie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Shaima H Kahwash
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Magdy M Youssef
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Kamal M Dawood
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Babijczuk K, Berdzik N, Nowak D, Warżajtis B, Rychlewska U, Starzyk J, Mrówczyńska L, Jasiewicz B. Novel C3-Methylene-Bridged Indole Derivatives with and without Substituents at N1: The Influence of Substituents on Their Hemolytic, Cytoprotective, and Antimicrobial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5364. [PMID: 38791402 PMCID: PMC11121452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are natural compounds useful as scaffolds for discovering new bioactive molecules. This study utilized alkaloid gramine to synthesize two groups of C3-substituted indole derivatives, which were either functionalized at N1 or not. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. The protective effects of the new compounds against in vitro oxidative hemolysis induced by standard oxidant 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane dihydro chloride (AAPH) on human erythrocytes as a cell model were investigated. Additionally, the compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. The results indicated that most of the indole derivatives devoid of the N1 substitution exhibited strong cytoprotective properties. The docking studies supported the affinities of selected indole-based ligands as potential antioxidants. Furthermore, the derivatives obtained exhibited potent fungicidal properties. The structures of the eight derivatives possessing indole moiety bridged to the imidazole-, benzimidazole-, thiazole-, benzothiazole-, and 5-methylbenzothiazoline-2-thiones were determined by X-ray diffraction. The C=S bond lengths in the thioamide fragment pointed to the involvement of zwitterionic structures of varying contribution. The predominance of zwitterionic mesomers may explain the lack of cytoprotective properties, while steric effects, which limit multiple the hydrogen-bond acceptor properties of a thione sulfur, seem to be responsible for the high hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Babijczuk
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Natalia Berdzik
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Damian Nowak
- Department of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Beata Warżajtis
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (B.W.); (U.R.)
| | - Urszula Rychlewska
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (B.W.); (U.R.)
| | - Justyna Starzyk
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Bioengineering, University of Life Science, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Lucyna Mrówczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Beata Jasiewicz
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.B.); (N.B.)
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3
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Li Y, Kowah JAH, Jiang M, Wu Y, Wang L, Yang F. Synthesis, antibacterial activity, and 3D-QASR studies of matrine-indole derivatives as potential antibiotics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 102:129671. [PMID: 38387690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Matrine and indole have antibacterial, anticancer, and other biological activities, in order to develop new antibiotics to solve the problem of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this paper, we synthesized a series of 29 novel matrine derivatives as potential drug candidates by combining indole analogs and matrine. The antibacterial activity of these compounds was evaluated through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against five bacterial strains (S. aureus, C. albicans, P. acnes, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli). The obtained results demonstrated promising antibacterial efficacy, particularly for compounds A20 and A18, which exhibited MICs.au values of 0.021 and 0.031 mg/ml, respectively, against S. aureus. Moreover, compounds A20 and A27 displayed remarkable MICc.al values of 2.806 and 4.519 mg/ml, respectively, against C. albicans, surpassing the performance of the clinical antibiotic penicillin G sodium (0.0368 mg/ml) and fluconazole (4.849 mg/ml). These findings underscore the significant bacteriostatic activity of the matrine derivatives. Furthermore, to gain a deeper understanding 3D-QSAR modeling was employed, revealing the critical influence of steric structure, charge distribution, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonding within the molecular structure on the bacteriostatic activity of the compounds. Additionally, molecular docking simulations shed light on the interaction between compound A20 and bacterial proteins, highlighting the involvement of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and π-π conjugation in the formation of stable complexes that inhibit the normal functioning of the proteins. This comprehensive analysis provided valuable insights into the antibacterial mechanism of the novel matrine derivatives, offering theoretical support for their potential application as antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Jamal A H Kowah
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Meiyan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yaqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Fangfang Yang
- Guangxi - ASEAN Food Inspection and Testing Center, Nanning 530021, China
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Khatoon H, Malek EA. A Focussed Analysis of β-cyclodextrins for Quinoxaline Derivatives Synthesis. CURR ORG CHEM 2024; 28:368-374. [DOI: 10.2174/0113852728295463240216074814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Abstract:
Cyclodextrins (CDs), which are a type of cyclic oligosaccharides, are widely used
in supramolecular chemistry. For example, they can be used to encapsulate volatile compounds,
such as drugs, within their hydrophobic cavity. This encapsulation reduces the volatility
of the compounds and helps to retain their desired properties. Due to its extraordinary
properties, cyclodextrins have been utilized as catalysts in numerous organic synthesis processes.
An intrinsic objective of organic chemists is to optimize the efficacy of organic synthesis
through the mitigation of chemical waste and energy expenditure. Utilizing water as a
green solvent is, therefore, economical, environmentally sustainable, and secure. It appears
that employing water in conjunction with a recyclable catalyst is the most effective method
for supramolecular catalysis. As a consequence, we focused this review on the use of water
as a solvent and cyclodextrin as a polymer catalyst to produce quinoxaline derivatives in an environmentally
friendly and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hena Khatoon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Emilia Abdul Malek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Integrated Chemical
BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Khatoon H, Abdul Malek E, Faudzi SM, Rukayadi Y. Synthesis of a Series of Quinoxaline Derivatives and Their Antibacterial Effectiveness Against Pathogenic Bacteria. ChemistrySelect 2024; 9. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202305073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
AbstractThe pharmacological importance of quinoxaline derivatives in antibacterial research is well recognized. This study focuses on the synthesis of new 2,3‐dichloroquinoxaline derivatives containing thioether/ether groups to explore their potential as potent antibacterial agents against various pathogenic bacteria. Most of the compounds exhibited significant antibacterial properties comparable to the standard drug chlorhexidine (CHX). The derivatives of 2‐chloro‐3‐(arylthiol)quinoxaline demonstrated efficacy against Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 2.5 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 2.5 to 5.0 mg/mL. These derivatives also showed similar sensitivity to Bacillus pumilus. In addition, molecular docking simulations were performed to investigate the interaction between the synthesized compounds and the DNA gyrase protein (PDB ID: 1KZN), a target for antibiotics. Among the synthesized compounds, 2,3‐bis(3‐nitrophenoxy)quinoxaline exhibited the most favourable docking score of −8.36 kcal/mol, with a binding affinity comparable to that of the reference ligand clorobiocin (−9.3 kcal/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hena Khatoon
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Emilia Abdul Malek
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Siti Munirah Faudzi
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Food Science and technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 434000 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Yaya Rukayadi
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Food Science and technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 434000 Selangor Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
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Fermiano MH, das Neves AR, da Silva F, Barros MSA, Vieira CB, Stein AL, Frizon TEA, Braga AL, de Arruda CCP, Parisotto EB, Saba S, Rafique J, Riul TB. Selenium-Containing (Hetero)Aryl Hybrids as Potential Antileishmanial Drug Candidates: In Vitro Screening against L. amazonensis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:213. [PMID: 38255318 PMCID: PMC10812941 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a significant global health concern, with current treatments relying on outdated drugs associated with high toxicity, lengthy administration, elevated costs, and drug resistance. Consequently, the urgent need for safer and more effective therapeutic options in leishmaniasis treatment persists. Previous research has highlighted selenium compounds as promising candidates for innovative leishmaniasis therapy. In light of this, a library of 10 selenium-containing diverse compounds was designed and evaluated in this study. These compounds included selenium-substituted indole, coumarin, chromone, oxadiazole, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, and oxazole, among others. These compounds were screened against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, and their cytotoxicity was assessed in peritoneal macrophages, NIH/3T3, and J774A.1 cells. Among the tested compounds, MRK-106 and MRK-108 displayed the highest potency against L. amazonensis promastigotes with reduced cytotoxicity. Notably, MRK-106 and MRK-108 exhibited IC50 values of 3.97 µM and 4.23 µM, respectively, and most of the tested compounds showed low cytotoxicity in host cells (CC50 > 200 µM). Also, compounds MRK-107 and MRK-113 showed activity against intracellular amastigotes (IC50 18.31 and 15.93 µM and SI 12.55 and 10.92, respectively). In conclusion, the identified selenium-containing compounds hold potential structures as antileishmanial drug candidates to be further explored in subsequent studies. These findings represent a significant step toward the development of safer and more effective therapies for leishmaniasis, addressing the pressing need for novel and improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Fermiano
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil (A.R.d.N.)
| | - Amarith Rodrigues das Neves
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil (A.R.d.N.)
| | - Fernanda da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências (INBIO), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Barbosa Vieira
- LABSO, Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil (S.S.)
| | - André L. Stein
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá 78060-900, MT, Brazil
| | - Tiago Elias Allievi Frizon
- Departamento de Energia e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Araranguá, Araranguá 88905-120, SC, Brazil
| | - Antonio Luiz Braga
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla Cardozo Pinto de Arruda
- Instituto de Biociências (INBIO), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Benedetti Parisotto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil (A.R.d.N.)
| | - Sumbal Saba
- LABSO, Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil (S.S.)
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Instituto de Química (INQUI), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79074-460, MS, Brazil;
- LABSO, Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil (S.S.)
| | - Thalita Bachelli Riul
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil (A.R.d.N.)
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7
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Periwal P, Verma V, Kumar D, Kumar A, Bhatia M, Thakur S, Parshad M. Novel azole-sulfonamide conjugates as potential antimicrobial candidates: synthesis and biological assessment. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:157-171. [PMID: 38205647 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Azole and sulfonamide molecular frameworks are endowed with potent antimicrobial activity. Materials & methods: A series of azole-sulfonamide conjugates were synthesized using click reaction of N-propargylated imidazole with azide of sulfonamide and its antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated. Results: The compounds 7c, 7i and 7r displayed promising antibacterial activities, better than the standards sulfonamide and norfloxacin. All molecules exhibited promising antifungal activity, more potent than fluconazole. Docking studies of the active conjugates signified the importance of hydrophobic interactions in hosting the molecules in the active site of dihydrofolate reductase. Conclusion: Azole-sulfonamide conjugates are more active than single sulfonamide moieties and 7c, 7i and 7r may prove valuable leads for further optimization as novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Periwal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Vikas Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Devinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Meenakshi Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry & Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mahavir Parshad
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
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8
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Kaukulis M, Rucins M, Lacis D, Plotniece A, Sobolev A. Development of Self-Assembling bis-1,4-Dihydropyridines: Detailed Studies of Bromination of Four Methyl Groups and Bromine Nucleophilic Substitution. Molecules 2023; 29:161. [PMID: 38202746 PMCID: PMC10779897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most important steps in the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) amphiphiles is the bromination of methyl groups in positions 2 and 6 of the entire ring. However, up to now, only N-bromosuccinimide was mainly used for bromination 1,4-DHPs. In this work, the synthesis of bis-1,4-DHP derivatives with ethyl and dodecyl ester groups attached to 1,4-DHP ring at positions 3 and 5 was performed by Hantzsch synthesis. The experimental studies were carried out to find out the best conditions and the agent for the tetra bromination of bis-1,4-DHP methyl groups at positions 2 and 6. Four different brominating agents were screened. The use of pyridinium bromide-perbromide in ethyl acetate was found to be optimal for the bromination of methyl groups. The bromination reaction was followed by the synthesis of cationic pyridine moiety containing amphiphilic bis-1,4-DHP derivatives. By nucleophilic substitution of bromine with various substituted pyridines, 12 new amphiphilic bis-1,4-DHP derivatives were obtained. Evaluation of self-assembling properties of tetracationic bis-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements was also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Kaukulis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.R.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Rucins
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.R.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Davis Lacis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.R.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.R.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, Konsula 21, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.R.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (A.S.)
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Melcón-Fernandez E, Martín-Encinas E, Palacios F, Galli G, Reguera RM, Martínez-Valladares M, Balaña-Fouce R, Alonso C, Pérez-Pertejo Y. Antileishmanial Effect of 1,5- and 1,8-Substituted Fused Naphthyridines. Molecules 2023; 29:74. [PMID: 38202656 PMCID: PMC10780244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the absence of a vaccine, there is a need to find new drugs for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases, such as leishmaniasis, that can overcome the many drawbacks of those currently used. These disadvantages include cost, the need to maintain a cold chain, the route of administration, the associated adverse effects and the generation of resistance. In this work we have evaluated the antileishmanial effect of 1,5- and 1,8-substituted fused naphthyridines through in vitro and ex vivo assays, using genetically modified axenic and intramacrophagic Leishmania infantum amastigotes. The toxicity of these compounds has been tested in the mammalian host cell using murine splenic macrophages, as well as in murine intestinal organoids (miniguts) in order to assess their potential for oral administration. The 1,8- derivatives showed greater leishmanicidal activity and the presence of a nitrogen atom in the fused ring to the naphthyridine was important to increase the activity of both types of molecules. The aromatization of the pyridine ring also had marked differences in the activity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Melcón-Fernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain (G.G.)
| | - Endika Martín-Encinas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, Lascaray Research Center, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, Lascaray Research Center, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gulio Galli
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain (G.G.)
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain (G.G.)
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain (G.G.)
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain (G.G.)
| | - Concepción Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, Lascaray Research Center, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain (G.G.)
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10
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Muteeb G, Rehman MT, Shahwan M, Aatif M. Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1615. [PMID: 38004480 PMCID: PMC10675245 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives since their discovery in the early 20th century. However, the origin of antibiotics is now overshadowed by the alarming rise in antibiotic resistance. This global crisis stems from the relentless adaptability of microorganisms, driven by misuse and overuse of antibiotics. This article explores the origin of antibiotics and the subsequent emergence of antibiotic resistance. It delves into the mechanisms employed by bacteria to develop resistance, highlighting the dire consequences of drug resistance, including compromised patient care, increased mortality rates, and escalating healthcare costs. The article elucidates the latest strategies against drug-resistant microorganisms, encompassing innovative approaches such as phage therapy, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and the exploration of natural compounds. Moreover, it examines the profound impact of antibiotic resistance on drug development, rendering the pursuit of new antibiotics economically challenging. The limitations and challenges in developing novel antibiotics are discussed, along with hurdles in the regulatory process that hinder progress in this critical field. Proposals for modifying the regulatory process to facilitate antibiotic development are presented. The withdrawal of major pharmaceutical firms from antibiotic research is examined, along with potential strategies to re-engage their interest. The article also outlines initiatives to overcome economic challenges and incentivize antibiotic development, emphasizing international collaborations and partnerships. Finally, the article sheds light on government-led initiatives against antibiotic resistance, with a specific focus on the Middle East. It discusses the proactive measures taken by governments in the region, such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, to combat this global threat. In the face of antibiotic resistance, a multifaceted approach is imperative. This article provides valuable insights into the complex landscape of antibiotic development, regulatory challenges, and collaborative efforts required to ensure a future where antibiotics remain effective tools in safeguarding public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia;
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Moayad Shahwan
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
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11
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Salem MG, Abu El-Ata SA, Elsayed EH, Mali SN, Alshwyeh HA, Almaimani G, Almaimani RA, Almasmoum HA, Altwaijry N, Al-Olayan E, Saied EM, Youssef MF. Novel 2-substituted-quinoxaline analogs with potential antiproliferative activity against breast cancer: insights into cell cycle arrest, topoisomerase II, and EGFR activity. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33080-33095. [PMID: 37954422 PMCID: PMC10633821 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a global health concern, with increasing disease burden and disparities in access to healthcare. Late diagnosis and limited treatment options in underserved areas contribute to poor outcomes. In response to this challenge, we developed a novel family of 2-substituted-quinoxaline analogues, combining coumarin and quinoxaline scaffolds known for their anticancer properties. Through a versatile synthetic approach, we designed, synthesized, and characterized a set of 2-substituted quinoxaline derivatives. The antiproliferative activity of the synthesized compounds was assessed toward the MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Our investigations showed that the synthesized compounds exhibit considerable antiproliferative activity toward MCF-7 cells. Notably, compound 3b, among examined compounds, displayed a superior inhibitory effect (IC50 = 1.85 ± 0.11 μM) toward the growth of MCF-7 cells compared to the conventional anticancer drug staurosporine (IC50 = 6.77 ± 0.41 μM) and showed minimal impact on normal cells (MCF-10A cell lines, IC50 = 33.7 ± 2.04 μM). Mechanistic studies revealed that compound 3b induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 transition and triggered apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, as evidenced by increasing the percentage of cells arrested in the G2/M and pre-G1 phases utilizing flow cytometric analysis and Annexin V-FITC/PI analysis. Moreover, compound 3b was found to substantially suppress topoisomerase enzyme activity in MCF-7 cells. Molecular modeling studies further supported the potential of compound 3b as a therapeutic candidate by demonstrating significant binding affinity to the active sites of both topoisomerase II and EGFR proteins. Taken together, the presented 2-substituted-quinoxaline analogues, especially compound 3b, show promise as potential candidates for the development of effective anti-breast cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar G Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University Ismailia 41522 Egypt
| | - Sara A Abu El-Ata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Port Said University Port Said Egypt
| | - Elsherbiny H Elsayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Port Said University Port Said Egypt
| | - Suraj N Mali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology Ranchi 835215 India
| | - Hussah Abdullah Alshwyeh
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam 31441 Saudi Arabia
- Basic & Applied Scientific Research Centre, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University PO Box 1982 Dammam 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghassan Almaimani
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad A Almaimani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain A Almasmoum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University PO Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam Al-Olayan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa M Saied
- Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University Ismailia 41522 Egypt
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Mohamed F Youssef
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry Division), Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University Ismailia 41522 Egypt
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12
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Marinescu M. Benzimidazole-Triazole Hybrids as Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1220. [PMID: 37508316 PMCID: PMC10376251 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections have attracted the attention of researchers in recent decades, especially due to the special problems they have faced, such as their increasing diversity and resistance to antibiotic treatment. The emergence and development of the SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulated even more research to find new structures with antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Among the heterocyclic compounds with remarkable therapeutic properties, benzimidazoles, and triazoles stand out, possessing antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-Alzheimer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, or anti-ulcer activities. In addition, the literature of the last decade reports benzimidazole-triazole hybrids with improved biological properties compared to the properties of simple mono-heterocyclic compounds. This review aims to provide an update on the synthesis methods of these hybrids, along with their antimicrobial and antiviral activities, as well as the structure-activity relationship reported in the literature. It was found that the presence of certain groups grafted onto the benzimidazole and/or triazole nuclei (-F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -NO2, -CN, -CHO, -OH, OCH3, COOCH3), as well as the presence of some heterocycles (pyridine, pyrimidine, thiazole, indole, isoxazole, thiadiazole, coumarin) increases the antimicrobial activity of benzimidazole-triazole hybrids. Also, the presence of the oxygen or sulfur atom in the bridge connecting the benzimidazole and triazole rings generally increases the antimicrobial activity of the hybrids. The literature mentions only benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids with antiviral properties. Both for antimicrobial and antiviral hybrids, the presence of an additional triazole ring increases their biological activity, which is in agreement with the three-dimensional binding mode of compounds. This review summarizes the advances of benzimidazole triazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial and antiviral agents covering articles published from 2000 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Singh DK, Kumar R. Clauson-Kaas pyrrole synthesis using diverse catalysts: a transition from conventional to greener approach. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:928-955. [PMID: 37404802 PMCID: PMC10315892 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrole is an important aromatic heterocyclic scaffold found in many natural products and predominantly used in pharmaceuticals. Continuous efforts are being made to design and synthesize various pyrrole derivatives using different synthetic procedures. Among them, the Clauson-Kaas reaction is a very old and well-known method for synthesizing a large number of N-substituted pyrroles. In recent years, due to global warming and environmental concern, research laboratories and pharmaceutical industries around the world are searching for more environmentally friendly reaction conditions for synthesizing compounds. As a result, this review describes the use of various eco-friendly greener protocols to synthesize N-substituted pyrroles. This synthesis involves the reaction of various aliphatic/aromatic primary amines, and sulfonyl primary amines with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in the presence of numerous acid catalysts and transition metal catalysts. The goal of this review is to summarize the synthesis of various N-substituted pyrrole derivatives using a modified Clauson-Kaas reaction under diverse conventional and greener reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Bipin Bihari College, Affiliated to Bundelkhand University, Jhansi-284001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- P.G. Department of Chemistry, R. D. S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur-842002, Bihar, India
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14
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Masdeu C, de Los Santos JM, Palacios F, Alonso C. The Intramolecular Povarov Tool in the Construction of Fused Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:20. [PMID: 37249641 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles are part of the structure of natural products and agents with important biological activity, such as antiviral, antibiotic, and antitumor drugs. For this reason, heterocyclic compounds are one of today's most desirable synthetic targets and the Povarov reaction is a powerful synthetic tool for the construction of highly functionalized heterocyclic systems. This process involves an aromatic amine, a carbonyl compound, and an olefin or acetylene to give rise to the formation of a nitrogen-containing heterocycle. This review illustrates advances in the synthetic aspects of the intramolecular Povarov reaction for the construction of intricate nitrogen-containing polyheterocyclic compounds. This original review presents research done in this field, with references to important works by internationally relevant research groups on this current topic, covering the literature from 1992 to 2022. The intramolecular Povarov reactions are described here according to the key processes involved, using different combinations of aromatic or heteroaromatic amines, and aliphatic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic aldehydes. Some catalytic reactions promoted by transition metals are detailed, as well as the oxidative Povarov reaction and some asymmetric intramolecular Povarov processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Masdeu
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigación Lascaray (Lascaray Research Center), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jesús M de Los Santos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigación Lascaray (Lascaray Research Center), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigación Lascaray (Lascaray Research Center), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Concepción Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigación Lascaray (Lascaray Research Center), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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15
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Parthiban K, Veeraraghavan VP, Sekaran S, Rengasamy G, Eswaramoorthy R. Molecular docking analysis of a virulence factor protein dentilisin from Treponema denticola with oxazole piperazine derivatives. Bioinformation 2023; 19:57-62. [PMID: 37720272 PMCID: PMC10504502 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentilisin is a surface protease synthesized by the cell wall of Treponema denticola. This protein aids in the invasion of the periodontal tissue by causing infection. To identify drug molecules that have better results, homology modeling of the dentilisin protein was constructed, and molecular docking was performed with the oxazole compounds (1-6) taken from previous studies that are not yet clinically used. Data shows that compounds 1, 2, 3 show better inhibiting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandeeban Parthiban
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai-600077
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai-600077
| | - Surya Sekaran
- Department of Biomaterials (Green lab), Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai-600077
| | - Gayathri Rengasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai-600077
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Biomaterials (Green lab), Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai-600077
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