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Mohammed YHI, Shamkh IM, Shntaif AH, Sufyan M, Rehman MT, AlAjmi MF, Shahwan M, Alghamdi S, Abd El-Lateef AE, Khidir EB, Abouzied AS, Khalifa NE, A Khojali WM, Huwaimel B, Al Farraj DA, Almutairi SM. Synthesis and evaluation of pyridine-3-carboxamide analogs as effective agents against bacterial wilt in tomatoes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11118. [PMID: 38750062 PMCID: PMC11096348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study focused on developing novel pyridine-3-carboxamide analogs to treat bacterial wilt in tomatoes caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The analogs were synthesized through a multistep process and their structures confirmed using spectroscopy. Molecular docking studies identified the most potent analog from the series. A specific analog, compound 4a, was found to significantly enhance disease resistance in tomato plants infected with R. solanacearum. The structure-activity relationship analysis showed the positions and types of substituents on the aromatic rings of compounds 4a-i strongly influenced their biological activity. Compound 4a, with a chloro group at the para position on ring C and hydroxyl group at the ortho position on ring A, was exceptionally effective against R. solanacearum. When used to treat seeds, the analogs displayed remarkable efficacy, especially compound 4a which had specific activity against bacterial wilt pathogens. Compound 4a also promoted vegetative and reproductive growth of tomato plants, increasing seed germination and seedling vigor. In plants mechanically infected with bacteria, compound 4a substantially reduced the percentage of infection, pathogen quantity in young tissue, and disease progression. The analogs were highly potent due to their amide linkage. Molecular docking identified the best compounds with strong binding affinities. Overall, the strategic design and synthesis of these pyridine-3-carboxamide analogs offers an effective approach to targeting and controlling R. solanacearum and bacterial wilt in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Hajjah, Hajjah, Yemen.
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Science, University of Al-Razi, Al-Razi, Yemen.
| | - Israa M Shamkh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Chemo and Bioinformatics Lab, Bio Search Research Institution, BSRI, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hassen Shntaif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Babylon, Alhilla, 51002, Iraq
| | - Muhammad Sufyan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moayad Shahwan
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Elshiekh B Khidir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr S Abouzied
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, 81442, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, 12553, Egypt
| | - Nasrin E Khalifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, 81442, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Weam M A Khojali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, 81442, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Bader Huwaimel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, 81442, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dunia A Al Farraj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeedah Musaed Almutairi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sharma B, Rehman MT, AlAjmi MF, Shahwan M, Hussain T, Jaiswal V, Khan MA. Computational investigation of the impact of potential AT 2R polymorphism on small molecule binding. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2231-2241. [PMID: 37116071 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2204492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
For more than a century, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been acknowledged for playing a crucial part in the physiological control of arterial pressure, as well as sodium and fluid balance. It is now generally acknowledged that one of the receptor of RAS system i.e. angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) functions as a repair system during pathophysiologic circumstances and performs a significant protective role. Efforts have been made previously to design suitable agonist and antagonist molecules to potentially modulate AT2R. One of the agonists and antagonists, named C21 and EMA401, has been studied in a number of pathological conditions. Additionally, a wide panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been reported for AT2R, which might potentially affect the efficacy of these molecules. Therefore, computational investigations have been carried out to analyze all the SNPs (1151) reported in NCBI to find potential SNPs affecting the active site of AT2R, as this domain is still unexplored. Structures of these polymorphic forms were modeled, and in silico drug interaction studies with C21 and EMA401 were carried out. The two mutants (rs868939201 and rs1042852794) that significantly affect the binding affinity as that of the wild type were subjected to molecular dynamics simulations. Our analysis of native and mutant AT2R and their complexes with C21 and EMA401 indicated that the occurrence of these mutations affects the conformation of the protein and has affected the binding of these ligand molecules. The study's findings will aid in the development of better, more versatile medications in the near future, and also in vitro and in vivo studies might be planned in accordance with recent findings.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moayad Shahwan
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tahir Hussain
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Varun Jaiswal
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohd Azhar Khan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Alsakhen N, Radwan ES, Zafer I, Abed Alfattah H, Shamkh IM, Rehman MT, Shahwan M, Khan KA, Ahmed SA. Computational analysis of bevacizumab binding with protein receptors for its potential anticancer activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38281913 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2307445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer poses a significant global challenge, prompting researchers to explore novel approaches for potential treatments. In this study, we investigated the binding free energy (ΔG) of bevacizumab, an anti-cancer therapy targeting angiogenesis through the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with various proto-oncogenes including CDK4, EGFR, frizzled, IGFR, OmoMYC, and KIT. Our in-silico investigation revealed that hydrogen bonding is pivotal in inducing conformational changes within the DNA structure, impeding its replication and preventing cell death. Molecular docking results revealed the presence of crucial hydrogen bonds and supported the formation of stable bevacizumab complexes. The molecular docking scores for the tested complexes were CDK4 (Score = -7.2 kcal/mol), EGFR (Score = -8.5 kcal/mol), frizzled (Score = -6.9 kcal/mol), IGFR (Score = -7.8 kcal/mol), KIT (Score = -6.5 kcal/mol), and MYC (Score = -8.3 kcal/mol). The binding mode demonstrated vital hydrogen bonds correlated with the observed energy gap. Notably, the calculated binding free energies of the tested compounds are as follows: CDK4 (ΔG = 24275.195 ± 6411.293 kJ/mol), EGFR (ΔG = 363273.625 ± 8731.466 kJ/mol), frizzled (ΔG = 181751.990 ± 28438.515 kJ/mol), IGFR (ΔG = 162414.725 ± 10728.367 kJ/mol), KIT (ΔG = 40162.585 ± 4331.017 kJ/mol), and MYC (ΔG = 434783.463 ± 53989.676 kJ/mol). Furthermore, through extensive 100 ns MD simulations, we observed the formation of a stable bevacizumab complex structure. The simulations confirmed the stability of the bevacizumab complex with the proto-oncogenes. The results of this study highlight the potential of bevacizumab complex as a promising candidate for anticancer treatment. The identification of hydrogen bonding, along with the calculated binding free energies and molecular docking scores, provides valuable insights into the molecular interactions and stability of the bevacizumab complexes. These findings and the extensive MD simulations open new avenues for future research and development of bevacizumab as a targeted therapy for breast cancer and other related malignancies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Alsakhen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Imran Zafer
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virtual University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Israa M Shamkh
- Botany and Microbiology department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moayad Shahwan
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Applied College, Center of Bee Research and its Products, Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, and Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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Muteeb G, Rehman MT, Shahwan M, Aatif M. Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1615. [PMID: 38004480 PMCID: PMC10675245 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives since their discovery in the early 20th century. However, the origin of antibiotics is now overshadowed by the alarming rise in antibiotic resistance. This global crisis stems from the relentless adaptability of microorganisms, driven by misuse and overuse of antibiotics. This article explores the origin of antibiotics and the subsequent emergence of antibiotic resistance. It delves into the mechanisms employed by bacteria to develop resistance, highlighting the dire consequences of drug resistance, including compromised patient care, increased mortality rates, and escalating healthcare costs. The article elucidates the latest strategies against drug-resistant microorganisms, encompassing innovative approaches such as phage therapy, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and the exploration of natural compounds. Moreover, it examines the profound impact of antibiotic resistance on drug development, rendering the pursuit of new antibiotics economically challenging. The limitations and challenges in developing novel antibiotics are discussed, along with hurdles in the regulatory process that hinder progress in this critical field. Proposals for modifying the regulatory process to facilitate antibiotic development are presented. The withdrawal of major pharmaceutical firms from antibiotic research is examined, along with potential strategies to re-engage their interest. The article also outlines initiatives to overcome economic challenges and incentivize antibiotic development, emphasizing international collaborations and partnerships. Finally, the article sheds light on government-led initiatives against antibiotic resistance, with a specific focus on the Middle East. It discusses the proactive measures taken by governments in the region, such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, to combat this global threat. In the face of antibiotic resistance, a multifaceted approach is imperative. This article provides valuable insights into the complex landscape of antibiotic development, regulatory challenges, and collaborative efforts required to ensure a future where antibiotics remain effective tools in safeguarding public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia;
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Moayad Shahwan
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
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Shamkh IM, Elkazzaz M, Radwan ES, Najeeb J, Rehman MT, AlAjmi MF, Shahwan M, Sufyan M, Alaqeel NK, Ibrahim IA, Jabbar B, Khan MS, Karpiński TM, Haikal A, Aljowaie RM, Almutairi SM, Ahmed A. AI-driven Discovery of Celecoxib and Dexamethasone for Exploring their Mode of Action as Human Interleukin (IL-6) Inhibitors to Treat COVID-19-induced Cytokine Storm in Humans. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2752-2762. [PMID: 37921134 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128260449231017091824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the case of COVID-19 patients, it has been observed that the immune system of the infected person exhibits an extreme inflammatory response known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) where the inflammatory cytokines are swiftly produced in quite large amounts in response to infective stimuli. Numerous case studies of COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms have documented the presence of higher plasma concentrations of human interleukin-6 (IL-6), which suggests that IL-6 is a crucial factor in the pathophysiology of the disease. In order to prevent CRS in COVID-19 patients, the drugs that can exhibit binding interactions with IL-6 and block the signaling pathways to decrease the IL-6 activity may be repurposed. METHODS This research work focused on molecular docking-based screening of the drugs celecoxib (CXB) and dexamethasone (DME) to explore their potential to interact with the binding sites of IL-6 protein and reduce the hyper-activation of IL-6 in the infected personnel. RESULTS Both of the drugs were observed to bind with the IL-6 (IL-6 receptor alpha chain) and IL-6Rα receptor with the respective affinities of -7.3 kcal/mol and -6.3 kcal/mol, respectively, for CXB and DME. Moreover, various types of binding interactions of the drugs with the target proteins were also observed in the docking studies. The dynamic behaviors of IL-6/IL-6Rα in complex with the drugs were also explored through molecular dynamics simulation analysis. The results indicated significant stabilities of the acquired drug-protein complexes up to 100 ns. CONCLUSION The findings of this study have suggested the potential of the drugs studied to be utilized as antagonists for countering CRS in COVID-19 ailment. This study presents the studied drugs as promising candidates both for the clinical and pre-clinical treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa M Shamkh
- Chemo and Bioinformatics Lab, Bio Search Research Institution BSRI, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elkazzaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta 7952567, Egypt
| | - Enas S Radwan
- Faculty of Science, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13132, Jordan
| | - Jawayria Najeeb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed F AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moayad Shahwan
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Sufyan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nouf Khalifa Alaqeel
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Ibrahim
- Botany and Microbiology Department (Biotechnology Program), Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Basit Jabbar
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Shahbaz Khan
- Children's National Hospital, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Tomasz M Karpiński
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, Poznań 61-712, Poland
| | - Abdullah Haikal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Reem M Aljowaie
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeedah Musaed Almutairi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Ahmed
- Director of Tuberculosis Ghubera Mobile Team, Public Health Department, First Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 966-11, Saudi Arabia
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Saikia A, Aarthi J, Muthu MS, Patil SS, Anthonappa RP, Walia T, Shahwan M, Mossey P, Dominguez M. Sustainable development goals and ending ECC as a public health crisis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:931243. [PMID: 36330110 PMCID: PMC9624450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.931243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Early Childhood Caries (ECC) remains a global issue despite numerous advancements in research and interventional approaches. Nearly, 530 million children suffer from untreated dental caries of primary teeth. The consequences of such untreated dental caries not only limit the child's chewing and eating abilities but also, significantly impact the child's overall growth. Research has demonstrated that ECC is associated with nearly 123 risk factors. ECC has also been associated with local pain, infections, abscesses, and sleep pattern. Furthermore, it can affect the child's emotional status and decrease their ability to learn or perform their usual activities. In high-income countries, dental care continues to endorse a "current treatment-based approach" that involves high-technology, interventionist, and specialized approaches. While such approaches provide immediate benefit at an individual level, it fails to intercept the underlying causes of the disease at large. In low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), the "current treatment approach" often remains limited, unaffordable, and unsuitable for the majority of the population. Rather, dentistry needs to focus on "sustainable goals" and integrate dental care with the mainstream healthcare system and primary care services. Dental care systems should promote "early first dental visits," when the child is 1 year of age or when the first tooth arrives. The serious shortages of appropriately trained oral healthcare personnel in certain regions of the world, lack of appropriate technologies and isolation of oral health services from the health system, and limited adoption of prevention and oral health promotion can pose as critical barriers. The oral health care systems must focus on three major keystones to combat the burden of ECC-1. Essential oral health services are integrated into healthcare in every country ensuring the availability of appropriate healthcare accessible and available globally, 2. Integrating oral and general healthcare to effectively prevent and manage oral disease and improve oral health, 3. Collaborating with a wide range of health workers to deliver sustainable oral health care tailored to cater to the oral health care needs of local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Saikia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research (CECCRe), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jagadeesan Aarthi
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - MS Muthu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research (CECCRe), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India,*Correspondence: MS Muthu
| | - Sneha S. Patil
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research (CECCRe), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Robert Prashanth Anthonappa
- Dental School, Oral Developmental and Behavioural Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tarun Walia
- Centre of Medical and Bio allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moayad Shahwan
- Centre of Medical and Bio allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter Mossey
- Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Dominguez
- Global Oral Health Programs, Smile Train Head Office, New York, NY, United States
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Abstract
A beta-galactoside-specific soluble 14-kD lectin from sheep brain was isolated, sequenced, and compared with similar galectins from other species. Percent identities of amino acid sequence and the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) revealed that the isolated galectin shares all the absolutely preserved and critical residues of the mammalian galectin-1 subfamily. The isolated sheep brain galectin (SBG) showed more than 90% amino acid sequence (92%) and carbohydrate recognition domain identity (96%) with human brain galectin-1. Conformational changes were found induced by interaction of the protein with its specific disaccharide and oxidizing agent (hydrogen peroxide). Upon oxidation a drastic change in the environment of aromatic residues and conformation of the galectin was observed with the loss of hemagglutination activity, while no significant change was observed upon addition of D-lactose (Gal(beta1-4)Glc) in the far-UV and near-UV spectra, suggesting no significant modification in the secondary as well as tertiary structures of sheep brain galectin. But the functional integrity of the CRD is found to be affected in the presence of oxidizing agent, indicating intramolecular disulfide bonds and requirement of complete polypeptide chain for functional integrity of the carbohydrate recognition domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shahwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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