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Zafar F, Shaheen G, Asif HM, Farhan M, Muteeb G, Aatif M. Onosma bracteatum Wall Aqueous-Ethanolic Extract Suppresses Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats via Regulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and C-Reactive Protein. Molecules 2024; 29:1830. [PMID: 38675650 PMCID: PMC11052358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Onosma bracteatum Wall (O. bracteatum) has been used traditionally for the management of arthritis; however, its therapeutic potential warrants further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic effects of the aqueous-ethanolic extract of O. bracteatum leaves (AeOB) in a rat model of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Rats were treated with AeOB (250, 500, and 750 mg/kg), indomethacin (10 mg/kg), or a vehicle control from days 8 to 28 post-CFA injection. Arthritic score, paw diameter, and body weight were monitored at regular intervals. X-ray radiographs and histopathological analysis were performed to assess arthritic severity. Inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were quantified by qPCR and icromatography. Phytochemical analysis of AeOB revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, Saponins, and glycosides. AeOB also exhibited antioxidant potential with an IC50 of 73.22 µg/mL in a DPPH assay. AeOB and diclofenac exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities. Rats treated with AeOB at 750 mg/kg and indomethacin showed significantly reduced arthritic symptoms and joint inflammation versus the CFA control. The AeOB treatment downregulated TNF-α and IL-6 and decreased CRP levels compared with arthritic rats. Radiography and histopathology also showed improved prognosis. These findings demonstrate the anti-arthritic potential of AeOB leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Zafar
- Department of Eastern Medicine, University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (G.S.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Ghazala Shaheen
- Department of Eastern Medicine, University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (G.S.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Asif
- Department of Eastern Medicine, University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (G.S.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Mohd Farhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa-31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Muteeb G, Rehman MT, Shahwan M, Aatif M. Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1615. [PMID: 38004480 PMCID: PMC10675245 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives since their discovery in the early 20th century. However, the origin of antibiotics is now overshadowed by the alarming rise in antibiotic resistance. This global crisis stems from the relentless adaptability of microorganisms, driven by misuse and overuse of antibiotics. This article explores the origin of antibiotics and the subsequent emergence of antibiotic resistance. It delves into the mechanisms employed by bacteria to develop resistance, highlighting the dire consequences of drug resistance, including compromised patient care, increased mortality rates, and escalating healthcare costs. The article elucidates the latest strategies against drug-resistant microorganisms, encompassing innovative approaches such as phage therapy, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and the exploration of natural compounds. Moreover, it examines the profound impact of antibiotic resistance on drug development, rendering the pursuit of new antibiotics economically challenging. The limitations and challenges in developing novel antibiotics are discussed, along with hurdles in the regulatory process that hinder progress in this critical field. Proposals for modifying the regulatory process to facilitate antibiotic development are presented. The withdrawal of major pharmaceutical firms from antibiotic research is examined, along with potential strategies to re-engage their interest. The article also outlines initiatives to overcome economic challenges and incentivize antibiotic development, emphasizing international collaborations and partnerships. Finally, the article sheds light on government-led initiatives against antibiotic resistance, with a specific focus on the Middle East. It discusses the proactive measures taken by governments in the region, such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, to combat this global threat. In the face of antibiotic resistance, a multifaceted approach is imperative. This article provides valuable insights into the complex landscape of antibiotic development, regulatory challenges, and collaborative efforts required to ensure a future where antibiotics remain effective tools in safeguarding public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia;
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Moayad Shahwan
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
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Aatif M. Current Understanding of Polyphenols to Enhance Bioavailability for Better Therapies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2078. [PMID: 37509717 PMCID: PMC10377558 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, plant polyphenols have become a popular focus for the development of novel functional foods. Polyphenols, a class of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lignans, are commonly found in plant-based diets with a variety of biological actions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Unfortunately, polyphenols are not widely used in nutraceuticals since many of the chemicals in polyphenols possess poor oral bioavailability. Thankfully, polyphenols can be encapsulated and transported using bio-based nanocarriers, thereby increasing their bioavailability. Polyphenols' limited water solubility and low bioavailability are limiting factors for their practical usage, but this issue can be resolved if suitable delivery vehicles are developed for encapsulating and delivering polyphenolic compounds. This paper provides an overview of the study of nanocarriers for the enhancement of polyphenol oral bioavailability, as well as a summary of the health advantages of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Farhan M, Rizvi A, Aatif M, Ahmad A. Current Understanding of Flavonoids in Cancer Therapy and Prevention. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040481. [PMID: 37110140 PMCID: PMC10142845 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide, with multiple pathophysiological manifestations. In particular, genetic abnormalities, inflammation, bad eating habits, radiation exposure, work stress, and toxin consumption have been linked to cancer disease development and progression. Recently, natural bioactive chemicals known as polyphenols found in plants were shown to have anticancer capabilities, destroying altered or malignant cells without harming normal cells. Flavonoids have demonstrated antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoid type, bioavailability, and possible method of action determine these biological actions. These low-cost pharmaceutical components have significant biological activities and are beneficial for several chronic disorders, including cancer. Recent research has focused primarily on isolating, synthesizing, and studying the effects of flavonoids on human health. Here we have attempted to summarize our current knowledge of flavonoids, focusing on their mode of action to better understand their effects on cancer.
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Farhan M, El Oirdi M, Aatif M, Nahvi I, Muteeb G, Alam MW. Soy Isoflavones Induce Cell Death by Copper-Mediated Mechanism: Understanding Its Anticancer Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072925. [PMID: 37049690 PMCID: PMC10095714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence varies around the globe, implying a relationship between food and cancer risk. Plant polyphenols are a class of secondary metabolites that have recently attracted attention as possible anticancer agents. The subclass of polyphenols, known as isoflavones, includes genistein and daidzein, which are present in soybeans and are regarded as potent chemopreventive agents. According to epidemiological studies, those who eat soy have a lower risk of developing certain cancers. Several mechanisms for the anticancer effects of isoflavones have been proposed, but none are conclusive. We show that isoflavones suppress prostate cancer cell growth by mobilizing endogenous copper. The copper-specific chelator neocuproine decreases the apoptotic potential of isoflavones, whereas the iron and zinc chelators desferroxamine mesylate and histidine do not, confirming the role of copper. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers reduce isoflavone-induced apoptosis in these cells, implying that ROS are cell death effectors. Our research also clearly shows that isoflavones interfere with the expression of the two copper transporter genes, CTR1 and ATP7A, in cancerous cells. Copper levels are widely known to be significantly raised in all malignancies, and we confirm that isoflavones can target endogenous copper, causing prooxidant signaling and, eventually, cell death. These results highlight the importance of copper dynamics within cancer cells and provide new insight into the potential of isoflavones as cancer-fighting nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (M.E.O.)
| | - Mohamed El Oirdi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (M.E.O.)
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Insha Nahvi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mir Waqas Alam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Aljohar AY, Muteeb G, Zia Q, Siddiqui S, Aatif M, Farhan M, Khan MF, Alsultan A, Jamal A, Alshoaibi A, Ahmad E, Alam MW, Arshad M, Ahamed MI. Anticancer effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared by varying entry time of ion carriers against A431 skin cancer cells in vitro. Front Chem 2022; 10:1069450. [PMID: 36531331 PMCID: PMC9751667 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1069450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZRTs) as an anti-cancer agent have been the subject of numerous studies, none of the reports has investigated the impact of the reaction entry time of ion-carriers on the preparation of ZRTs. Therefore, we synthesized variants of ZRTs by extending the entry time of NaOH (that acts as a carrier of hydroxyl ions) in the reaction mixture. The anti-proliferative action, morphological changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and nuclear apoptosis of ZRTs on human A431 skin carcinoma cells were observed. The samples revealed crystallinity and purity by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of ZRT-1 (5 min ion carrier entry) and ZRT-2 (10 min ion carrier entry) revealed microtubule like morphology. On prolonging the entry time for ion carrier (NaOH) introduction in the reaction mixture, a relative ascent in the aspect ratio was seen. The typical ZnO band with a slight shift in the absorption maxima was evident with UV-visible spectroscopy. Both ZRT-1 and ZRT-2 exhibited non-toxic behavior as evident by RBC lysis assay. Additionally, ZRT-2 showed better anti-cancer potential against A431 cells as seen by MTT assay, ROS generation and chromatin condensation analyses. At 25 μM of ZRT-2, 5.56% cells were viable in MTT test, ROS production was enhanced to 166.71%, while 33.0% of apoptotic cells were observed. The IC50 for ZRT-2 was slightly lower (6 μM) than that for ZRT-1 (8 μM) against A431 cells. In conclusion, this paper presents a modest, economical procedure to generate ZRT nano-structures exhibiting strong cytotoxicity against the A431 cell line, indicating that ZRTs may have application in combating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albandri Yousef Aljohar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qamar Zia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahabjada Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Farhan
- Department of Basic Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Farhan Khan
- Faculty of Science, Gagan College of Management & Technology, Aligarh, India
| | - Abdulrahman Alsultan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Alshoaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mir Waqas Alam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Arshad
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Zoology Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Imran Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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7
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Alhasawi MAI, Aatif M, Muteeb G, Alam MW, Oirdi ME, Farhan M. Curcumin and Its Derivatives Induce Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells by Mobilizing and Redox Cycling Genomic Copper Ions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217410. [PMID: 36364236 PMCID: PMC9659251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Turmeric spice contains curcuminoids, which are polyphenolic compounds found in the Curcuma longa plant’s rhizome. This class of molecules includes curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Using prostate cancer cell lines PC3, LNCaP, DU145, and C42B, we show that curcuminoids inhibit cell proliferation (measured by MTT assay) and induce apoptosis-like cell death (measured by DNA/histone ELISA). A copper chelator (neocuproine) and reactive oxygen species scavengers (thiourea for hydroxyl radical, superoxide dismutase for superoxide anion, and catalase for hydrogen peroxide) significantly inhibit this reaction, thus demonstrating that intracellular copper reacts with curcuminoids in cancer cells to cause DNA damage via ROS generation. We further show that copper-supplemented media sensitize normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) to curcumin-mediated growth inhibition, as determined by decreased cell proliferation. Copper supplementation results in increased expression of copper transporters CTR1 and ATP7A in MCF-10A cells, which is attenuated by the addition of curcumin in the medium. We propose that the copper-mediated, ROS-induced mechanism of selective cell death of cancer cells may in part explain the anticancer effects of curcuminoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mir Waqas Alam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El Oirdi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.E.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Mohd Farhan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.E.O.); (M.F.)
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Farhan M, Rizvi A, Ali F, Ahmad A, Aatif M, Malik A, Alam MW, Muteeb G, Ahmad S, Noor A, Siddiqui FA. Pomegranate juice anthocyanidins induce cell death in human cancer cells by mobilizing intracellular copper ions and producing reactive oxygen species. Front Oncol 2022; 12:998346. [PMID: 36147917 PMCID: PMC9487716 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.998346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanidins are the most abundant polyphenols in pomegranate juice. This class of molecules includes Delphinidin (Del), Cyanidin (Cya), and Pelargonidin (Pel). Using prostate, breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines PC3, MDA-MB-231, BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2, we show that anthocyanidins inhibit cell proliferation (measured by MTT assay) and induce apoptosis like cell death (measured by DNA/Histone ELISA). Copper chelator neocuproine and reactive oxygen species scavengers (thiourea for hydroxyl radical and superoxide dismutase for superoxide anion) significantly inhibit this reaction thus demonstrating that intracellular copper reacts with anthocyanidins in cancer cells to cause DNA damage via ROS generation. We further show that copper-supplemented media sensitizes normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) to Del-mediated growth inhibition as determined by decreased cell proliferation. Copper supplementation results in increased expression of copper transporters Ctr1 and ATP7A in MCF-10A cells, which is attenuated by the addition of Del in the medium. We propose that the copper mediated, ROS-induced mechanism of selective cell death of cancer cells may in part explain the anticancer effects of anthocyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Mohd Farhan,
| | - Asim Rizvi
- Department of Kulliyat, Faculty of Unani Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Ferasat Ali
- Department of Kulliyat, Faculty of Unani Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshi Malik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mir Waqas Alam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awal Noor
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhan Asif Siddiqui
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahad Hospital, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Farhan M, Rizvi A, Ahmad A, Aatif M, Alam MW, Hadi SM. Structure of Some Green Tea Catechins and the Availability of Intracellular Copper Influence Their Ability to Cause Selective Oxidative DNA Damage in Malignant Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030664. [PMID: 35327466 PMCID: PMC8945203 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible roles of elevated endogenous copper levels in malignant cells are becoming increasingly understood at a greater depth. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that tea catechins have the ability to mobilize endogenous copper and undergo a Fenton-like reaction that can selectively damage cancer cells. In this communication, by using a diverse panel of malignant cell lines, we demonstrate that the ability of the catechin family [(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epicatechin (EC), and (+)-catechin (C)] to induce apoptosis is dependent on their structure. We further confirm that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the terminal effectors causing copper-mediated DNA damage. Our studies demonstrate the role of cellular copper transporters CTR1 and ATP7A in the survival dynamics of malignant cells post-EGCG exposure. The results, when considered together with our previous studies, highlight the critical role that copper dynamics and mobilization plays in cancer cells and paves the way for a better understanding of catechins as nutraceutical supplements for malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Asim Rizvi
- Department of Kulliyat, Faculty of Unani Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar;
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mir Waqas Alam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sheikh Mumtaz Hadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
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Muteeb G, Alsultan A, Aatif M. Abyssomicin W and Neoabyssomicin B are potential inhibitors of New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-1 (NDM -1): A computational approach. Pharmacogn Mag 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_195_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Aatif M, Muteeb G, Alsultan A, Alshoaibi A, Khelif BY. Dieckol and Its Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein (UK Strain: VUI 202012/01): A Computational Study. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:242. [PMID: 33922914 PMCID: PMC8145291 DOI: 10.3390/md19050242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high risk of morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 has accelerated the development of many potential vaccines. However, these vaccines are designed against SARS-CoV-2 isolated in Wuhan, China, and thereby may not be effective against other SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the United Kingdom variant (VUI-202012/01). The UK SARS-CoV-2 variant possesses D614G mutation in the Spike protein, which impart it a high rate of infection. Therefore, newer strategies are warranted to design novel vaccines and drug candidates specifically designed against the mutated forms of SARS-CoV-2. One such strategy is to target ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme2)-Spike protein RBD (receptor binding domain) interaction. Here, we generated a homology model of Spike protein RBD of SARS-CoV-2 UK strain and screened a marine seaweed database employing different computational approaches. On the basis of high-throughput virtual screening, standard precision, and extra precision molecular docking, we identified BE011 (Dieckol) as the most potent compounds against RBD. However, Dieckol did not display drug-like properties, and thus different derivatives of it were generated in silico and evaluated for binding potential and drug-like properties. One Dieckol derivative (DK07) displayed good binding affinity for RBD along with acceptable physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, drug-likeness, and ADMET properties. Analysis of the RBD-DK07 interaction suggested the formation of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions with key residues mediating the ACE2-RBD interaction. Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the stability of the RBD-DK07 complex. Free energy calculations suggested the primary role of electrostatic and Van der Waals' interaction in stabilizing the RBD-DK07 complex. Thus, DK07 may be developed as a potential inhibitor of the RBD-ACE2 interaction. However, these results warrant further validation by in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulrahman Alsultan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Adil Alshoaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bachir Yahia Khelif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
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Kaliyadan F, Al Dhafiri M, Aatif M. Attitudes toward organic cosmetics: A cross-sectional population-based survey from the Middle East. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:2552-2555. [PMID: 33355981 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The exponential increase in the market for cosmetics has been accompanied by an increasing demand for organic cosmetics. However, this demand and awareness of organic cosmetics and awareness of its relation to environmental sustainability is likely to vary according to the geographical region. The available literature related to the subject is sparse in our region. OBJECTIVE To study the attitudes, awareness, and practices related to organic cosmetics in our population. METHODS A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted among a population of Saudi adult females (18-50 years). An electronic questionnaire was used as the data collection tool. Statistics included percentages and chi-square test was used to compare between groups, with a P value < 0.05 taken as significant. RESULTS Out of a total of 413 respondents, 278 (67.3%) agreed/strongly agreed that ingredients in cosmetics need to be environment friendly, but only 193 (46.7%) regularly checked ingredient details before use. 338 subjects (81.8%) agreed/agreed strongly that cosmetics with organic ingredients were better for the environment and 233 (56.4%) agreed/strongly agreed that they would prefer using cosmetics with organic ingredients; however, only 199 (48.1%) were willing to pay extra for these cosmetics. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups according to the level of education. Regarding the willingness to pay more for organic cosmetics, the consensus was higher in younger respondents. CONCLUSION There was a high level of awareness in our study about organic cosmetics and their environmental implications. Although organic cosmetics were preferred by the majority, cost appeared to be a factor impeding actual use. Younger respondents were more likely to prefer organic cosmetics.
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Rehman S, Aatif M, Rafi Z, Khan MY, Shahab U, Ahmad S, Farhan M. Effect of non-enzymatic glycosylation in the epigenetics of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:543-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Muteeb G, Alshoaibi A, Aatif M, Rehman MT, Qayyum MZ. Screening marine algae metabolites as high-affinity inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro): an in silico analysis to identify novel drug candidates to combat COVID-19 pandemic. Appl Biol Chem 2020; 63:79. [PMID: 33251389 PMCID: PMC7680079 DOI: 10.1186/s13765-020-00564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan city to all over the world has created a pandemic. COVID-19 has cost many human lives and created an enormous economic burden. Although many drugs/vaccines are in different stages of clinical trials, still none is clinically available. We have screened a marine seaweed database (1110 compounds) against 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 using computational approaches. High throughput virtual screening was performed on compounds, and 86 of them with docking score < - 5.000 kcal mol-1 were subjected to standard-precision docking. Based on binding energies (< - 6.000 kcal mol-1), 9 compounds were further shortlisted and subjected to extra-precision docking. Free energy calculation by Prime-MM/GBSA suggested RC002, GA004, and GA006 as the most potent inhibitors of 3CLpro. An analysis of ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) properties of RC002, GA004, and GA006 indicated that only RC002 (callophysin A, from red alga Callophycus oppositifolius) passed Lipinski's, Veber's, PAINS and Brenk's filters and displayed drug-like and lead-like properties. Analysis of 3CLpro-callophysin A complex revealed the involvement of salt bridge, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. callophysin A interacted with the catalytic residues (His41 and Cys145) of 3CLpro; hence it may act as a mechanism-based competitive inhibitor. Docking energy and docking affinity of callophysin A towards 3CLpro was - 8.776 kcal mol-1 and 2.73 × 106 M-1, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the stability of the 3CLpro-callophysin A complex. The findings of this study may serve as the basis for further validation by in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Alshoaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Zuhaib Qayyum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, USA
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Aatif M, Shah A, Priyadarshini M, Farhan M, Bano B. Probing the structural interactions between methotrexate and dexamethasone with muscle cystatin: a biophysical study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2955-2964. [PMID: 31389299 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1653374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug protein interactions have gained considerable attention over the past many years. In the current communication the association of muscle cystatin (MC) with anti-rheumatic drugs methotrexate and dexamethasone was studied by thiol proteinase inhibitor assay, ultra violet (UV) absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). A static pattern of quenching was noticed between muscle cystatin and methotrexate (MTX). Binding constant (Ka) of methotrexate to muscle cystatin was found to be 1 × 10-7 M-1 and the stoichiometry of binding was calculated to be one. Fluorescence measurement of the emission quenching reveals that the quenching process of cystatin by dexamethasone (DXN) was also static. The stoichiometry of binding and binding constant was also obtained. Additional evidence regarding MTX-MC and DXN-MC was obtained from UV spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopic results. Such spectroscopic studies would help in modelling new candidate drugs for rheumatoid arthritis based on their cystatin binding profile.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Kingdom Saudi Arabia
| | - Aaliya Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Mohd Farhan
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Kingdom Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Shahid N, Sami N, Shakir M, Aatif M. Synthesis, physico-chemical and DNA interactive studies of l-tryptophan based mononuclear Schiff base complexes of first transition metal series. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Farhan M, Aatif M, Dandawate P, Ahmad A. Non-coding RNAs as Mediators of Tamoxifen Resistance in Breast Cancers. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2019; 1152:229-241. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chauhan M, Sharma A, Patel J, Aatif M, Chand S, Pandey MK, Kumar M, Tiwari JP, Tripathi B. Investigating the influence of charge transport on the performance of PTB7:PC 71BM based organic solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:17304-17312. [PMID: 29901685 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02730g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge for researchers in the field of organic solar cells (OSCs) is to develop a physical model for a device that correctly describes the charge carrier transport phenomenon. In this article, an analytical study on the charge carrier transport phenomenon in an OSC is reported, which expresses a balance between free charge carrier generation and recombination in low mobility PTB7:PC71BM blend layers. First, the current density-voltage (J-V) data for the fabricated OSC were extracted from experiments by varying the incident power light intensity (IPL) and then analysis through theoretical simulation was used to quantify the dominant interface recombination parameters limiting the device's performance. It was found that although the generation of free charge carriers increased at higher IPL values, the performance of the device remained low due to poor electrical transport properties which resulted in a considerable accumulation of generated charge carriers in the active layer. Therefore, it has become important to work out the complex relation between charge carrier mobility, exciton-recombination dynamics and the overall electrical performance parameters in a single framework. This article explains the influence of incident power light intensity and charge carrier mobility on performance parameters, which limits the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the OSC. The presented analysis could be helpful in optimizing the architecture of future devices to increase the PCE of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihirsinh Chauhan
- Department of Solar Energy, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar - 382007, India
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Shah A, Priyadarshini M, Khan MS, Aatif M, Amin F, Tabrez S, Zaher GF, Bano B. Differential effects of anti-cancer and anti-hepatitis drugs on liver cystatin. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:69-74. [PMID: 25561887 PMCID: PMC4281580 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug-protein interaction has been the subject of increasing interest over the decades. In the present communication, the interaction of liver cystatin with anti-cancer (adriamycin) and anti-hepatitis (adevofir dipivoxil) drugs was studied by thiol-protease inhibitory assay, UV absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD). A static type of quenching was observed between the protein and the drug molecules. Binding constant (Ka) of adriamycin to liver cystatin (LC) was found to be 1.08 × 10(6) M(-1). Moreover, binding site number was found to be 2. Importantly, cystatin loses its activity in the presence of adriamycin. However, intrinsic fluorescence studies in the presence of adevofir dipivoxil showed enhancement in the fluorescence intensity suggesting that binding of adevofir to LC caused unfolding of the protein. The unfolding of the test protein was also accompanied by significant loss of inhibitory activity. CD spectroscopy result showed, both adriamycin and adevofir dipivoxil caused perturbation in the secondary structure of liver cystatin. The possible implications of these results will help in combating drug induced off target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaliya Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | - Medha Priyadarshini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Protein Research Chair, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, India
| | - Fakhra Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Galila F. Zaher
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, India
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Shah A, Shahnawaz Khan M, Priyadarshini M, Aatif M, Amin F, Bano B. Spectral Methods of Characterizing the Conformational Changes of Glycated Goat Liver Cystatin. CURR PROTEOMICS 2012. [DOI: 10.2174/157016412805219215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shakir M, Khanam S, Firdaus F, Latif A, Aatif M, Al-Resayes SI. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, DNA interaction and antibacterial study of metal complexes of tetraazamacrocyclic Schiff base. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2012; 93:354-362. [PMID: 22484906 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The template condensation reaction between benzil and 3,4-diaminotoulene resulted mononuclear 12-membered tetraimine macrocyclic complexes of the type, [MLCl(2)] [M=Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)]. The synthesized complexes have been characterized on the basis of the results of elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements and spectroscopic studies viz. FT-IR, (1)H and (13)C NMR, FAB mass, UV-vis and EPR. An octahedral geometry has been envisaged for all these complexes, while a distorted octahedral geometry has been noticed for Cu(II) complex. Low conductivity data of all these complexes suggest their non-ionic nature. The interactive studies of these complexes with calf thymus DNA showed that the complexes are avid binders of calf thymus DNA. The in vitro antibacterial studies of these complexes screened against pathogenic bacteria proved them as growth inhibiting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakir
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Khan IM, Ahmad A, Aatif M. Synthesis, single-crystal characterization, antimicrobial activity and remarkable in vitro DNA interaction of hydrogen-bonded proton-transfer complex of 1,10-phenanthroline with 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2011; 105:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shakir M, Khanam S, Azam M, Aatif M, Firdaus F. Template synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of 16-membered [N4] Schiff-base macrocyclic complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II): in vitro DNA-binding studies. J COORD CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2011.615394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakir
- a Department of Chemistry , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 202002 , India
| | - Sadiqa Khanam
- a Department of Chemistry , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 202002 , India
| | - Mohammad Azam
- a Department of Chemistry , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 202002 , India
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- b Department of Biochemistry , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 202002 , India
| | - Farha Firdaus
- a Department of Chemistry , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 202002 , India
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Ullah MF, Aatif M. The footprints of cancer development: Cancer biomarkers. Cancer Treat Rev 2008; 35:193-200. [PMID: 19062197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic detection and measurement of cancer disease progression are essential elements for successful cancer disease management. The early stages of cancer development carry the maximum potential for therapeutic interventions. However, these stages are often asymptomatic, leading to delayed diagnosis at the very advanced stages when effective treatments are unavailing. The application of biomarkers to cancer is leading the way because of the unique association of genomic changes in cancer cells with the disease process. They have the potential to not only help identify who will develop cancer but also to predict as to when the event is most likely to occur. In recent years, there has been an enormous effort to develop specific and sensitive biomarkers for precise and accurate screening, diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of high risk cancer to assist with therapeutic decisions. The present article is a brief review of the emerging trends in the development of biomarkers for early detection and precise evaluation of cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Fahad Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP 202002, India
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