Aesculetin Inhibits Airway Thickening and Mucus Overproduction Induced by Urban Particulate Matter through Blocking Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Involving TLR4 and EGFR

Antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects of esculin and esculetin (Review)

Fraxinus chinensis Roxb is a deciduous tree, which is distributed worldwide and has important medicinal value. In Asia, the bark of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine called Qinpi. Esculetin is a coumarin compound derived from the bark of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and its glycoside form is called esculin. The aim of the present study was to systematically review relevant literature on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of esculetin and esculin. Esculetin and esculin can promote the expression of various endogenous antioxidant proteins, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. This is associated with the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway. The anti-inflammatory effects of esculetin and esculin are associated with the inhibition of the nuclear factor κ-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase inflammatory signaling pathways. In various inflammatory models, esculetin and esculin can reduce the expression levels of various proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, thereby inhibiting the development of inflammation. In summary, esculetin and esculin may be promising candidates for the treatment of numerous diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, such as ulcerative colitis, acute lung and kidney injury, lung cancer, acute kidney injury.

β-Hydroxybutyric acid upregulated by Suhuang antitussive capsule ameliorates cough variant asthma through GSK3β/AMPK-Nrf2 signal axis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cough variant asthma (CVA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cough as the main symptom. Suhuang antitussive capsule (Suhuang), one of traditional Chinese patent medicines, mainly treats CVA clinically. Previous studies have shown that Suhuang significantly improved CVA, post-infectious cough (PIC), sputum obstruction and airway remodeling. However, the effect of Suhuang on ovalbumin-induced (OVA-induced) metabolic abnormalities in CVA is unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to identify potential metabolites associated with efficacy of Suhuang in the treatment of CVA, and determined how Suhuang regulates metabolites, and differential metabolites reduce inflammation and oxidative stress.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were given 1 mg OVA/100 mg aluminum hydroxide in the 1st and 7th days by intraperitoneal injection and challenged by atomizing inhalation of 1% OVA saline solution after two weeks to establish the CVA model. Rats were intragastrically (i.g.) administrated with Suhuang at 1.4 g/kg and β-hydroxybutyric acid (β-HB) were given with different concentrations (87.5 and 175 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection for 2 weeks. After 26 days, GC-MS-based metabolomic approach was applied to observe metabolic changes and search differential metabolites. The number of coughs, coughs latencies, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), histological analysis and quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) were used to investigate the effects of Suhuang. Then β-HB on CVA rats, NLRP3 inflammasome and GSK3β/AMPK/Nrf2 signalling pathway were detected by western blotting.

RESULTS

The results showed that Suhuang treatment significantly enhanced the serum level of β-HB. Interestingly, exposure to exogenous β-HB was also protective against OVA-induced CVA. β-HB significantly reduced the number of coughs and lengthened coughs latencies, improved lung injury, reduced the secretion of various cytokines, and directly inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, β-HB increased the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 by activating the GSK3β/AMPK signaling axis, and then inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway, effectively protecting OVA-induced CVA from oxidative stress and inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study shows that β-HB can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, the increased production of β-HB in serum might be the crucial factor for Suhuang to exert its effect in the treatment of CVA.

Health Benefits of Key Constituents in Cichorium intybus L

The genus Cichorium (Asteraceae) that originates from the Mediterranean area consists of six species (Cichorium intybus, Cichorium frisee, Cichorium endivia, Cichorium grouse, Cichorium chico and Cichorium pumilum). Cichorium intybus L., commonly known as chicory, has a rich history of being known as a medicinal plant and coffee substitute. A variety of key constituents in chicory play important roles as antioxidant agents. The herb is also used as a forage plant for animals. This review highlights the bioactive composition of C. intybus L. and summarizes the antioxidant activity associated with the presence of inulin, caffeic acid derivatives, ferrulic acid, caftaric acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids, dicaffeoyl tartaric acid, sugars, proteins, hydroxycoumarins, flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones. It also covers the plant's occurrence, agriculture improvement, natural biosynthesis, geographical distribution and waste valorization.

Quercetin improves pancreatic cancer chemo-sensitivity by regulating oxidative-inflammatory networks

Chemotherapy is the main method for controlling pancreatic cancer metastasis but the prevalent chemotherapy resistance limits its utilization. The response of oxidation and inflammation often promotes pancreatic cancer progression and chemo-resistance. It is critical to explore the potential natural products with few side effects to control inflammatory responses and understand the related mechanisms. Quercetin is a flavonoid widely found in numerous vegetables, fruits, and foods and is thought to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may be associated with improvement of chemotherapy sensitivity during pancreatic cancer treatment. Quercetin may sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic agents, including bromodomain and extraterminal domain inhibitors (BETI), daunorubicin, gemcitabine, sulforaphane, doxorubicin, and tumor necrosis factor-related signaling apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Meanwhile, during the chemo-resistance therapy, many signaling molecules are involved with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated oxidative and inflammatory pathway. The effects of quercetin on other oxidative and inflammatory pathways were also explored. Quercetin may exert antitumor activity during the prevention of pancreatic cancer progression by regulating oxidative and inflammatory networks, which can promote immune escape of cancer cells by inducing immunosuppressive cytokines. Studying these patterns will help us to better understand the functional role of quercetin in the improvement of pancreatic cancer chemo-sensitivity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chemotherapy is the major way for treating pancreatic cancer metastasis but the prevalent chemotherapy resistance caused by oxidative and inflammatory responses limits its utilization. It is necessary to explore the potential natural products with few side effects to prevent the oxidative and inflammatory responses. Quercetin is a flavonoid widely found in numerous vegetables, fruits, and foods and is thought to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may be associated with improvement of chemotherapy sensitivity of pancreatic cancer treatment by sensitizing pancreatic cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic agents via the regulation of oxidative and inflammatory networks. Studying these patterns will help us to better understand the functional role of quercetin in the improvement of pancreatic cancer chemo-sensitivity.

Particulate matter in COPD pathogenesis: an overview

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disorder with substantial patient burden and leading cause of death globally. Cigarette smoke remains to be the most recognised causative factor behind COPD pathogenesis. Given the alarming increase in prevalence of COPD amongst non-smokers in recent past, a potential role of air pollution particularly particulate matter (PM) in COPD development has gained much attention of the scientists. Indeed, several epidemiological studies indicate strong correlation between airborne PM and COPD incidence/exacerbations. PM-induced oxidative stress seems to be the major player in orchestrating COPD inflammatory cycle but the exact molecular mechanism(s) behind such a process are still poorly understood. This may be due to the complexity of multiple molecular pathways involved. Oxidative stress-linked mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy have also gained importance and have been the focus of recent studies regarding COPD pathogenesis. Accordingly, the present review is aimed at understanding the key molecular players behind PM-mediated COPD pathogenesis through analysis of various experimental studies supported by epidemiological data to identify relevant preventive/therapeutic targets in the area.

LC-MS/MS for determination of aesculetin in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

Aesculetin, a coumarin compound present in the sancho tree and chicory, exhibits excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the vascular and immune system. In this study, a rapid and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was established and validated for the determination of aesculetin in rat plasma. Plasma samples were prepared by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 C₁₈ column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min, using mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). Aesculetin and puerarin (internal standard) were detected by multiple reaction monitoring in negative ion mode. The method was fully validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 2-1,000 ng/ml with correlation coefficient >0.9980. The carry-over, matrix effect, extraction recovery, dilution effect, intra- and inter-day precision and the accuracy were within acceptable limits. The method was then applied to a pharmacokinetic study of aesculetin in rats. After oral administration at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, the plasma concentration reached peaks of 95.7, 219.9, 388.6 ng/ml at times of 1.22-1.78 h. The oral bioavailability was calculated as 15.6-20.3% in rat plasma. The result provided pre-clinical information for further application of aesculetin.

Air Pollution and the Airways: Lessons from a Century of Human Urbanization

Since the industrial revolution, air pollution has become a major problem causing several health problems involving the airways as well as the cardiovascular, reproductive, or neurological system. According to the WHO, about 3.6 million deaths every year are related to inhalation of polluted air, specifically due to pulmonary diseases. Polluted air first encounters the airways, which are a major human defense mechanism to reduce the risk of this aggressor. Air pollution consists of a mixture of potentially harmful compounds such as particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals, each having its own effects on the human body. In the last decades, a lot of research investigating the underlying risks and effects of air pollution and/or its specific compounds on the airways, has been performed, involving both in vivo and in vitro experiments. The goal of this review is to give an overview of the recent data on the effects of air pollution on healthy and diseased airways or models of airway disease, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, we focused on studies involving pollution and airway symptoms and/or damage both in mice and humans.

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Whole Genomic Wide Knockout Screening Identifies Specific Genes Associated With PM2.5-Induced Mineral Absorption in Liver Toxicity

PM_2.5, also known as fine particles, refers to particulate matter with a dynamic diameter of ≦2.5 μm in air pollutants, that carries metals (Zn, Co, Cd) which can pass through the alveolar epithelium and enter the circulatory system and tissues. PM_2.5 can cause serious health problems, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver and hepatocellular carcinoma, although the underlying mechanisms of its toxic effect are poorly understood. Here, we exposed L02 cells to PM_2.5 and performed a pooled genome−wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) to assess loss of function and identify new potential PM_2.5targets. Enrichr and KEGG pathway analyses were performed to identify candidate genes associated with PM_2.5 toxicity. Results revealed that four key genes, namely ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2 (ATP1A2), metallothionein 1M (MT1M), solute carrier family 6 members 19 (SLC6A19) and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 6 (TRPV6) were associated with PM_2.5 toxicity, mainly in regulating the mineral absorption pathway. Downregulating these genes increased cell viability and attenuated apoptosis in cells exposed to PM_2.5. Conversely, overexpressing TRPV6 exacerbated cell apoptosis caused by PM_2.5, while a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) alleviated PM_2.5-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, ATP1A2, MT1M, SLC6A19 and TRPV6 may be contributing to absorption of metals in PM_2.5 thereby inducing apoptosis mediated by ROS. Therefore, they hold potential as therapeutic targets for PM_2.5-related diseases.