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Wolszczak-Biedrzycka B, Dorf J, Matowicka-Karna J, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Wojewódzka-Żeleźniakowicz M, Żukowski P, Zalewska A, Dąbrowski Ł, Maciejczyk M. Redox Biomarkers - An Effective Tool for Diagnosing COVID-19 Patients and Convalescents. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2589-2607. [PMID: 38699594 PMCID: PMC11063110 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s456849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim COVID-19 triggers the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which, in combination with a weakened antioxidant barrier, can lead to protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, the overall redox potential, and protein and lipid peroxidation products in COVID-19 patients, convalescents, and healthy subjects, and to the determine the diagnostic applicability of these parameters in COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods The study involved 218 patients with COVID-19, 69 convalescents, and 48 healthy subjects who were selected for the research based on age and sex. The study was conducted between 20 February 2021 and 20 November 2021 in Białystok, Poland. The antioxidant barrier, redox status, and oxidative damage products were assessed in serum/plasma samples with the use of colorimetric and spectrophotometric assays. Results Glutathione reductase (GR) activity was higher, whereas total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in COVID-19 patients than in convalescents (p<0.0001) and the control group (p<0.0001). The concentrations of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were higher in COVID-19 patients (p<0.0001) and convalescents (p<0.0001) than in the control group. AGEs were the most effective diagnostic biomarker for differentiating COVID-19 patients from the control group (AUC=0.9971) and convalescents from the control group (AUC=1.000). Conclusion An infection with the SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the redox balance and increases protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. AGEs fulfill the criteria for a potential diagnostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients and convalescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Wolszczak-Biedrzycka
- Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Justyna Dorf
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Matowicka-Karna
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Piotr Żukowski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Croydon University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Independent Laboratory of Experimental Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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2
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Markovic M, Ranin J, Bukumiric Z, Jerotic D, Savic-Radojevic A, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Djukic T, Ercegovac M, Asanin M, Milosevic I, Stevanovic G, Simic T, Coric V, Matic M. GPX3 Variant Genotype Affects the Risk of Developing Severe Forms of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16151. [PMID: 38003341 PMCID: PMC10671662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In SARS-CoV-2 infection, excessive activation of the immune system intensively increases reactive oxygen species levels, causing harmful hyperinflammatory and oxidative state cumulative effects which may contribute to COVID-19 severity. Therefore, we assumed that antioxidant genetic profile, independently and complemented with laboratory markers, modulates COVID-19 severity. The study included 265 COVID-19 patients. Polymorphism of GSTM1, GSTT1, Nrf2 rs6721961, GSTM3 rs1332018, GPX3 rs8177412, GSTP1 rs1695, GSTO1 rs4925, GSTO2 rs156697, SOD2 rs4880 and GPX1 rs1050450 genes was determined with appropriate PCR-based methods. Inflammation (interleukin-6, CRP, fibrinogen, ferritin) and organ damage (urea, creatinine, transaminases and LDH) markers, complete blood count and coagulation status (d-dimer, fibrinogen) were measured. We found significant association for COVID-19 progression for patients with lymphocytes below 1.0 × 109/L (OR = 2.97, p = 0.002). Increased IL-6 and CRP were also associated with disease progression (OR = 8.52, p = 0.001, and OR = 10.97, p < 0.001, respectively), as well as elevated plasma AST and LDH (OR = 2.25, p = 0.021, and OR = 4.76, p < 0.001, respectively). Of all the examined polymorphisms, we found significant association with the risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19 for GPX3 rs8177412 variant genotype (OR = 2.42, p = 0.032). This finding could be of particular importance in the future, complementing other diagnostic tools for prediction of COVID-19 disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Markovic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Jovan Ranin
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Zoran Bukumiric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djurdja Jerotic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Djukic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milika Asanin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Milosevic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Goran Stevanovic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Coric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Matic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Satała J, Woźniak A, Fabiś M, Gorzelak-Pabiś P, Pawlos A, Fabiś J, Broncel M, Woźniak E. Severe COVID-19 classified by simple covid risk index is associated with higher levels of advanced oxidation protein products and 8-hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e140. [PMID: 37554121 PMCID: PMC10540163 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has become one of the most important and challenging medical research topics in recent years. The presence of endothelial dysfunction, immune thrombosis, and oxidative stress contributes to complications and requires more extended hospitalisation of patients. In this article, we focused on analysing the impact of oxidative stress on the severity of COVID-19 infection. The study group consisted of 72 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV enrolled. The patients were divided into moderate and severe diseases according to the SCRI (Simple Covid Risk Index, including lymphocyte/D-dimer ratio). Using the ELISA kit, we determined the level of AOPP and 8-OHdG. Patients with severe COVID-19 had higher levels of both AOPP (P < 0.05) and 8-OHdG (P < 0.05) compared to patients with moderate disease. Albumin levels were significantly lower (P < 0.001), although fibrinogen (P < 0.01), D-dimer (P < 0.001), and TF (P < 0.05) levels were higher in severe patients than in moderate course. AOPP/Alb was also higher among severe patients (P < 0.05). Our data suggest a potential role for AOPP and 8-OHdG in predicting the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 patients. Elevated AOPP levels were associated with increased Dimer-D, TF, and vWF activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Satała
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Fabiś
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Gorzelak-Pabiś
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawlos
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Fabiś
- Department of Arthroscopy, Minimally Invasive Surgery and Sports Traumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Woźniak
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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4
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Bowen DR, Pathak S, Nadar RM, Parise RD, Ramesh S, Govindarajulu M, Moore A, Ren J, Moore T, Dhanasekaran M. Oxidative stress and COVID-19-associated neuronal dysfunction: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1153-1167. [PMID: 37357527 PMCID: PMC10465323 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 virus causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and there is a possible role for oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases associated with COVID-19. Excessive oxidative stress could be responsible for the thrombosis and other neuronal dysfunctions observed in COVID-19. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms involved. Furthermore, the various therapeutics implicated in treating COVID-19 and the oxidative stress that contributes to the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced neuronal dysfunction are discussed. Further mechanistic and clinical research to combat COVID-19 is warranted to understand the exact mechanisms, and its true clinical effects need to be investigated to minimize neurological complications from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R. Bowen
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Suhrud Pathak
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Rishi M. Nadar
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Rachel D. Parise
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Austin Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of CardiologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
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5
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Vardar Acar N, Özgül RK. The bridge between cell survival and cell death: reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular stress. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:520-555. [PMID: 37534225 PMCID: PMC10390897 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
As a requirement of aerobic metabolism, regulation of redox homeostasis is indispensable for the continuity of living homeostasis and life. Since the stability of the redox state is necessary for the maintenance of the biological functions of the cells, the balance between the pro-oxidants, especially ROS and the antioxidant capacity is kept in balance in the cells through antioxidant defense systems. The pleiotropic transcription factor, Nrf2, is the master regulator of the antioxidant defense system. Disruption of redox homeostasis leads to oxidative and reductive stress, bringing about multiple pathophysiological conditions. Oxidative stress characterized by high ROS levels causes oxidative damage to biomolecules and cell death, while reductive stress characterized by low ROS levels disrupt physiological cell functions. The fact that ROS, which were initially attributed as harmful products of aerobic metabolism, at the same time function as signal molecules at non-toxic levels and play a role in the adaptive response called mithormesis points out that ROS have a dose-dependent effect on cell fate determination. See also Figure 1(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Vardar Acar
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism, Institute of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Riza Köksal Özgül
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism, Institute of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Stufano A, Isgrò C, Palese LL, Caretta P, De Maria L, Lovreglio P, Sardanelli AM. Oxidative Damage and Post-COVID Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Cohort of Italian Workers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087445. [PMID: 37108606 PMCID: PMC10139201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the acute symptoms after infection, patients and society are also being challenged by the long-term effects of COVID-19, known as long COVID. Oxidative stress, as a pivotal point in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, could potentially be also involved in the development of the post-COVID syndrome. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in oxidative status and the persistence of long-COVID symptoms in workers with a previous mild COVID-19 infection. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 127 employees of an Italian university (80 with a previous COVID-19 infection, and 47 healthy subjects). The TBARS assay was used to detect malondialdehyde serum levels (MDA), while total hydroperoxide (TH) production was measured by a d-ROMs kit. A significant difference in mean serum MDA values was found between previously infected subjects and healthy controls and (4.9 µm vs. 2.8 µm, respectively). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed high specificity and good sensibility (78.7% and 67.5%, respectively) for MDA serum levels. A random forest classifier identified the hematocrit value, MDA serum levels, and IgG titer against SARS-CoV-2 as features with the highest predictive value in distinguishing 34 long-COVID from 46 asymptomatic post-COVID subjects. Oxidative damage persists in subjects with previous COVID-19 infection, suggesting a possible role of oxidative stress mediators in the pathogenesis of long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Stufano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Camilla Isgrò
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Leonardo Palese
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Caretta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi De Maria
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Lovreglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sardanelli
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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7
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Al-Hakeim HK, Al-Rubaye HT, Al-Hadrawi DS, Almulla AF, Maes M. Long-COVID post-viral chronic fatigue and affective symptoms are associated with oxidative damage, lowered antioxidant defenses and inflammation: a proof of concept and mechanism study. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:564-578. [PMID: 36280755 PMCID: PMC9589528 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The immune-inflammatory response during the acute phase of COVID-19, as assessed using peak body temperature (PBT) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), predicts the severity of chronic fatigue, depression and anxiety symptoms 3-4 months later. The present study was performed to examine the effects of SpO2 and PBT during acute infection on immune, oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways and neuropsychiatric symptoms of Long COVID. This study assayed SpO2 and PBT during acute COVID-19, and C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PCs), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), zinc, and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) in 120 Long COVID individuals and 36 controls. Cluster analysis showed that 31.7% of the Long COVID patients had severe abnormalities in SpO2, body temperature, increased oxidative toxicity (OSTOX) and lowered antioxidant defenses (ANTIOX), and increased total Hamilton Depression (HAMD) and Anxiety (HAMA) and Fibromylagia-Fatigue (FF) scores. Around 60% of the variance in the neuropsychiatric symptoms of Long COVID (a factor extracted from HAMD, HAMA and FF scores) was explained by OSTOX/ANTIOX ratio, PBT and SpO2. Increased PBT predicted increased CRP and lowered ANTIOX and zinc levels, while lowered SpO2 predicted lowered Gpx and increased NO production. Lowered SpO2 strongly predicts OSTOX/ANTIOX during Long COVID. In conclusion, the impact of acute COVID-19 on the symptoms of Long COVID is partly mediated by OSTOX/ANTIOX, especially lowered Gpx and zinc, increased MPO and NO production and lipid peroxidation-associated aldehyde formation. The results suggest that post-viral somatic and mental symptoms have a neuroimmune and neuro-oxidative origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abbas F Almulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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8
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Transcriptional Insights of Oxidative Stress and Extracellular Traps in Lung Tissues of Fatal COVID-19 Cases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032646. [PMID: 36768969 PMCID: PMC9917045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and oxidative stress are considered to be beneficial in the innate immune defense against pathogens. However, defective clearance of NETs in the lung of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients could lead to severe respiratory syndrome infection, the so-called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To elucidate the pathways that are related to NETs within the pathophysiology of COVID-19, we utilized RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) as well as immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry methods. RNA-seq analysis provided evidence for increased oxidative stress and the activation of viral-related signaling pathways in post-mortem lungs of COVID-19 patients compared to control donors. Moreover, an excess of neutrophil infiltration and NET formation were detected in the patients' lungs, where the extracellular DNA was oxidized and co-localized with neutrophil granule protein myeloperoxidase (MPO). Interestingly, staining of the lipid peroxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) depicted high colocalization with NETs and was correlated with the neutrophil infiltration of the lung tissues, suggesting that it could serve as a suitable marker for the identification of NETs and the severity of the disease. Moreover, local inhalation therapy to reduce the excess lipid oxidation and NETs in the lungs of severely infected patients might be useful to ameliorate their clinical conditions.
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GÜLBAY G, SAVRUN A. COVID-19 vakalarında DNA hasarı ve enflamasyon. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1102599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to see oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG), its relationship with inflammatory mediators (IL6 and TNFA), and its reflections on laboratory findings in patients who had COVID-19 infection at different intensities.
Materials and Methods: Serum interleukin-6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFA), and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were measured using kits based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) principle.
Results: In COVID-19 positive patients treated in intensive care 8-OHdG marker level is at the highest level and statistically significant. In patients receiving inpatient treatment in the hospitalized, the 8-OHdG marker level is higher than the control and outpatient groups. IL6 values were at the highest level in the patient group treated in the intensive care unit and were higher than the outpatient and control groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the control and patient groups in terms of TNFA values. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was lower in the control group than in all patient groups. C-reactive protein (CRP) is higher in hospitalized patients than in the control group. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was found to be statistically significantly higher in hospitalized patients than outpatients.
Conclusion: As the severity of COVID-19 increases, serum 8-OHdG and IL6 levels also increase. These parameters can guide the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients in the early stages of the disease course.
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Tsermpini EE, Glamočlija U, Ulucan-Karnak F, Redenšek Trampuž S, Dolžan V. Molecular Mechanisms Related to Responses to Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Therapies in COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081609. [PMID: 36009328 PMCID: PMC9405444 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a leading global health and economic challenge. What defines the disease’s progression is not entirely understood, but there are strong indications that oxidative stress and the defense against reactive oxygen species are crucial players. A big influx of immune cells to the site of infection is marked by the increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Our article aims to highlight the critical role of oxidative stress in the emergence and severity of COVID-19 and, more importantly, to shed light on the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms. We have reviewed the available literature and clinical trials to extract the relevant genetic variants within the oxidative stress pathway associated with COVID-19 and the anti-oxidative therapies currently evaluated in the clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment, in particular clinical trials on glutathione and N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Una Glamočlija
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Fulden Ulucan-Karnak
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sara Redenšek Trampuž
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Exploiting Bacteria for Improving Hypoxemia of COVID-19 Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081851. [PMID: 36009399 PMCID: PMC9405060 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although useful in the time-race against COVID-19, CPAP cannot provide oxygen over the physiological limits imposed by severe pulmonary impairments. In previous studies, we reported that the administration of the SLAB51 probiotics reduced risk of developing respiratory failure in severe COVID-19 patients through the activation of oxygen sparing mechanisms providing additional oxygen to organs critical for survival. Methods: This “real life” study is a retrospective analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia undergoing CPAP treatment. A group of patients managed with ad interim routinely used therapy (RUT) were compared to a second group treated with RUT associated with SLAB51 oral bacteriotherapy (OB). Results: At baseline, patients receiving SLAB51 showed significantly lower blood oxygenation than controls. An opposite condition was observed after 3 days of treatment, despite the significantly reduced amount of oxygen received by patients taking SLAB51. At 7 days, a lower prevalence of COVID-19 patients needing CPAP in the group taking probiotics was observed. The administration of SLAB51 is a complementary approach for ameliorating oxygenation conditions at the systemic level. Conclusion: This study proves that probiotic administration results in an additional boost in alleviating hypoxic conditions, permitting to limit on the use of CPAP and its contraindications.
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Antioxidant Genetic Profile Modifies Probability of Developing Neurological Sequelae in Long-COVID. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050954. [PMID: 35624818 PMCID: PMC9138155 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the sequelae of COVID-19 is of utmost importance. Neuroinflammation and disturbed redox homeostasis are suggested as prevailing underlying mechanisms in neurological sequelae propagation in long-COVID. We aimed to investigate whether variations in antioxidant genetic profile might be associated with neurological sequelae in long-COVID. Neurological examination and antioxidant genetic profile (SOD2, GPXs and GSTs) determination, as well as, genotype analysis of Nrf2 and ACE2, were conducted on 167 COVID-19 patients. Polymorphisms were determined by the appropriate PCR methods. Only polymorphisms in GSTP1AB and GSTO1 were independently associated with long-COVID manifestations. Indeed, individuals carrying GSTP1 Val or GSTO1 Asp allele exhibited lower odds of long-COVID myalgia development, both independently and in combination. Furthermore, the combined presence of GSTP1 Ile and GSTO1 Ala alleles exhibited cumulative risk regarding long-COVID myalgia in carriers of the combined GPX1 LeuLeu/GPX3 CC genotype. Moreover, individuals carrying combined GSTM1-null/GPX1LeuLeu genotype were more prone to developing long-COVID “brain fog”, while this probability further enlarged if the Nrf2 A allele was also present. The fact that certain genetic variants of antioxidant enzymes, independently or in combination, affect the probability of long-COVID manifestations, further emphasizes the involvement of genetic susceptibility when SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated in the host cells, and also months after.
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Jerotic D, Ranin J, Bukumiric Z, Djukic T, Coric V, Savic-Radojevic A, Todorovic N, Asanin M, Ercegovac M, Milosevic I, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Stevanovic G, Matic M, Simic T. SOD2 rs4880 and GPX1 rs1050450 polymorphisms do not confer risk of COVID-19, but influence inflammation or coagulation parameters in Serbian cohort. Redox Rep 2022; 27:85-91. [PMID: 35361071 PMCID: PMC8979533 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2057707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Due to the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, it is biologically plausible that inter-individual differences in patients' clinical manifestations might be affected by antioxidant genetic profile. The aim of our study was to assess the distribution of antioxidant genetic polymorphisms Nrf2 rs6721961, SOD2 rs4880, GPX1 rs1050450, GPX3 rs8177412, and GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272) haplotype in COVID-19 patients and controls, with special emphasis on their association with laboratory biochemical parameters.Methods: The antioxidant genetic polymorphisms were assessed by appropriate PCR methods in 229 COVID-19 patients and 229 matched healthy individuals.Results: Among examined polymorphisms, only GSTP1 haplotype was associated with COVID-19 risk (p = 0.009). Polymorphisms of SOD2 and GPX1 influenced COVID-19 patients' laboratory biochemical profile: SOD2*Val allele was associated with increased levels of fibrinogen (p = 0.040) and ferritin (p = 0.033), whereas GPX1*Leu allele was associated with D-dimmer (p = 0.009).Discussion: Our findings regarding the influence of SOD2 and GPX1 polymorphisms on inflammation and coagulation parameters might be of clinical importance. If confirmed in larger cohorts, these developments could provide a more personalized approach for better recognition of patients prone to thrombosis and those for the need of targeted antiox-idant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djurdja Jerotic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan Ranin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Bukumiric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Djukic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Coric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Todorovic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milika Asanin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Cardiology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Milosevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stevanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Matic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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The potential role of COVID-19 in the induction of DNA damage. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 789:108411. [PMID: 35690420 PMCID: PMC8767986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is challenging global health and economic systems. In some individuals, COVID-19 can cause a wide array of symptoms, affecting several organs, such as the lungs, heart, bowels, kidneys and brain, causing multiorgan failure, sepsis and death. These effects are related in part to direct viral infection of these organs, immunological deregulation, a hypercoagulatory state and the potential for development of cytokine storm syndrome. Since the appearance of COVID-19 is recent, the long-term effects on the health of recovered patients remain unknown. In this review, we focused on current evidence of the mechanisms of DNA damage mediated by coronaviruses. Data supports that these viruses can induce DNA damage, genomic instability, and cell cycle deregulation during their replication in mammalian cells. Since the induction of DNA damage and aberrant DNA repair mechanisms are related to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and atherosclerosis, it will be important to address similar effects and outcomes in recovered COVID-19 patients.
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