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Huang M, Xu H, Zhou Q, Xiao J, Su Y, Wang M. The nutritional profile of chia seeds and sprouts: tailoring germination practices for enhancing health benefits-a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38622873 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2337220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Chia seeds have gained significant attention due to their unique composition and potential health benefits, including high dietary fibers, omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, and phenolic compounds. These components contribute to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, as well as their ability to improve glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia. Germination is recognized as a promising strategy to enhance the nutritional value and bioavailability of chia seeds. Chia seed sprouts have been found to exhibit increased essential amino acid content, elevated levels of dietary fiber and total phenols, and enhanced antioxidant capability. However, there is limited information available concerning the dynamic changes of bioactive compounds during the germination process and the key factors influencing these alterations in biosynthetic pathways. Additionally, the influence of various processing conditions, such as temperature, light exposure, and duration, on the nutritional value of chia seed sprouts requires further investigation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the nutritional profile of chia seeds and the dynamic changes that occur during germination. Furthermore, the potential for tailored germination practices to produce chia sprouts with personalized nutrition, targeting specific health needs, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manting Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Yuting Su
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Fatima S, Khan MO, Iqbal N, Iqbal MM, Qamar H, Imtiaz M, Hundleby P, Wei Z, Ahmad N. Studying Salt-Induced Shifts in Gene Expression Patterns of Glucosinolate Transporters and Glucosinolate Accumulation in Two Contrasting Brassica Species. Metabolites 2024; 14:179. [PMID: 38668307 PMCID: PMC11052333 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Brassica crops are well known for the accumulation of glucosinolates-secondary metabolites crucial for plants' adaptation to various stresses. Glucosinolates also functioning as defence compounds pose challenges to food quality due to their goitrogenic properties. Their disruption leaves plants susceptible to insect pests and diseases. Hence, a targeted reduction in seed glucosinolate content is of paramount importance to increase food acceptance. GLUCOSINOLATE TRANSPORTERS (GTRs) present a promising avenue for selectively reducing glucosinolate concentrations in seeds while preserving biosynthesis elsewhere. In this study, 54 putative GTR protein sequences found in Brassica were retrieved, employing Arabidopsis GTR1 and GTR2 templates. Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses, encompassing gene structure organization, domain analysis, motif assessments, promoter analysis, and cis-regulatory elements, affirmed the existence of transporter domains and stress-related regulatory elements. Phylogenetic analysis revealed patterns of conservation and divergence across species. Glucosinolates have been shown to increase under stress conditions, indicating a potential role in stress response. To elucidate the role of GTRs in glucosinolate transportation under NaCl stress in two distinct Brassica species, B. juncea and B. napus, plants were subjected to 0, 100, or 200 mM NaCl. Based on the literature, key GTR genes were chosen and their expression across various plant parts was assessed. Both species displayed divergent trends in their biochemical profiles as well as glucosinolate contents under elevated salt stress conditions. Statistical modelling identified significant contributors to glucosinolate variations, guiding the development of targeted breeding strategies for low-glucosinolate varieties. Notably, GTR2A2 exhibited pronounced expressions in stems, contributing approximately 52% to glucosinolate content variance, while GTR2B1/C2 displayed significant expression in flowers. Additionally, GTR2A1 and GTR1A2/B1 demonstrated noteworthy expression in roots. This study enhances our understanding of glucosinolate regulation under stress conditions, offering avenues to improve Brassica crop quality and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Fatima
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute for Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.F.); (M.O.K.); (N.I.); (M.M.I.); (M.I.)
| | - Muhammad Omar Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute for Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.F.); (M.O.K.); (N.I.); (M.M.I.); (M.I.)
| | - Nadia Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute for Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.F.); (M.O.K.); (N.I.); (M.M.I.); (M.I.)
| | - Muhammad Mudassar Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute for Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.F.); (M.O.K.); (N.I.); (M.M.I.); (M.I.)
| | - Huma Qamar
- Oilseeds Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute for Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.F.); (M.O.K.); (N.I.); (M.M.I.); (M.I.)
| | - Penny Hundleby
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK;
| | - Zhengyi Wei
- Maize Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Niaz Ahmad
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute for Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.F.); (M.O.K.); (N.I.); (M.M.I.); (M.I.)
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Alloggia FP, Bafumo RF, Ramirez DA, Maza MA, Camargo AB. Brassicaceae microgreens: A novel and promissory source of sustainable bioactive compounds. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100480. [PMID: 36969565 PMCID: PMC10030908 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgreens are novel foods with high concentrations of bioactive compounds and can be grown easily and sustainably. Among all the microgreens genera produced, Brassicaceae stand out because of the wide evidence about their beneficial effects on human health attributed to phenolic compounds, vitamins, and particularly glucosinolates and their breakdown products, isothiocyanates and indoles. The phytochemical profile of each species is affected by the growing conditions in a different manner. The agronomic practices that involve these factors can be used as tools to modulate and enhance the concentration of certain compounds of interest. In this sense, the present review summarizes the impact of substrates, artificial lighting, and fertilization on bioactive compound profiles among species. Since Brassicaceae microgreens, rich in bioactive compounds, can be considered functional foods, we also included a discussion about the health benefits associated with microgreens' consumption reported in the literature, as well as their bioaccessibility and human absorption. Therefore, the present review aimed to analyze and systematize cultivation conditions of microgreens, in terms of their effects on phytochemical profiles, to provide possible strategies to enhance the functionality and health benefits of Brassicaceae microgreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia P. Alloggia
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Roberto F. Bafumo
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Daniela A. Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina Institución, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marcos A. Maza
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Cátedra de Enología I, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina Institución, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alejandra B. Camargo
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina Institución, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Corresponding author. Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Gupta A, Sharma T, Singh SP, Bhardwaj A, Srivastava D, Kumar R. Prospects of microgreens as budding living functional food: Breeding and biofortification through OMICS and other approaches for nutritional security. Front Genet 2023; 14:1053810. [PMID: 36760994 PMCID: PMC9905132 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1053810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient deficiency has resulted in impaired growth and development of the population globally. Microgreens are considered immature greens (required light for photosynthesis and growing medium) and developed from the seeds of vegetables, legumes, herbs, and cereals. These are considered "living superfood/functional food" due to the presence of chlorophyll, beta carotene, lutein, and minerals like magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), and Calcium (Ca). Microgreens are rich at the nutritional level and contain several phytoactive compounds (carotenoids, phenols, glucosinolates, polysterols) that are helpful for human health on Earth and in space due to their anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Microgreens can be used as plant-based nutritive vegetarian foods that will be fruitful as a nourishing constituent in the food industryfor garnish purposes, complement flavor, texture, and color to salads, soups, flat-breads, pizzas, and sandwiches (substitute to lettuce in tacos, sandwich, burger). Good handling practices may enhance microgreens'stability, storage, and shelf-life under appropriate conditions, including light, temperature, nutrients, humidity, and substrate. Moreover, the substrate may be a nutritive liquid solution (hydroponic system) or solid medium (coco peat, coconut fiber, coir dust and husks, sand, vermicompost, sugarcane filter cake, etc.) based on a variety of microgreens. However integrated multiomics approaches alongwith nutriomics and foodomics may be explored and utilized to identify and breed most potential microgreen genotypes, biofortify including increasing the nutritional content (macro-elements:K, Ca and Mg; oligo-elements: Fe and Zn and antioxidant activity) and microgreens related other traits viz., fast growth, good nutritional values, high germination percentage, and appropriate shelf-life through the implementation of integrated approaches includes genomics, transcriptomics, sequencing-based approaches, molecular breeding, machine learning, nanoparticles, and seed priming strategiesetc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Gupta
- Sharda School of Agricultural Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India,*Correspondence: Astha Gupta, ; Rajendra Kumar,
| | - Tripti Sharma
- Sharda School of Agricultural Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Surendra Pratap Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (PG) College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University,, Kanpur, India
| | - Archana Bhardwaj
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Deepti Srivastava
- Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Astha Gupta, ; Rajendra Kumar,
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Fitzner M, Schreiner M, Baldermann S. The interaction of salinity and light regime modulates photosynthetic pigment content in edible halophytes in greenhouse and indoor farming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1105162. [PMID: 37082347 PMCID: PMC10110887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1105162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Given its limited land and water use and the changing climate conditions, indoor farming of halophytes has a high potential to contribute significantly to global agriculture in the future. Notably, indoor farming and classical greenhouse cultivation differ in their light regime between artificial and solar lighting, which can influence plant metabolism, but how this affects the cultivation of halophytes has not yet been investigated. To address this question, we studied the yield and content of abscisic acid, carotenoids, and chlorophylls as well as chloride of three halophyte species (Cochlearia officinalis, Atriplex hortensis, and Salicornia europaea) differing in their salt tolerance mechanisms and following four salt treatments (no salt to 600 mM of NaCl) in two light regimes (greenhouse/indoor farming). In particular, salt treatment had a strong influence on chloride accumulation which is only slightly modified by the light regime. Moreover, fresh and dry mass was influenced by the light regime and salinity. Pigments exhibited different responses to salt treatment and light regime, reflecting their differing functions in the photosynthetic apparatus. We conclude that the interaction of light regime and salt treatment modulates the content of photosynthetic pigments. Our study highlights the potential applications of the cultivation of halophytes for indoor farming and underlines that it is a promising production system, which provides food alternatives for future diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fitzner
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
- Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Food4Future (F4F), c/o Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Grossbeeren, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maria Fitzner,
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
- Food4Future (F4F), c/o Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
- Food4Future (F4F), c/o Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Grossbeeren, Germany
- Food Metabolome, Faculty of Life Science: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, Kulmbach, Germany
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Guijarro-Real C, Hernández-Cánovas L, Abellán-Victorio Á, Ben-Romdhane O, Moreno DA. The Combination of Monochromatic LEDs and Elicitation with Stressors Enhances the Accumulation of Glucosinolates in Mustard Sprouts with Species-Dependency. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2961. [PMID: 36365416 PMCID: PMC9657432 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work studies the enhancement of glucosinolates (GSLs) in mustard sprouts as health promoters. Sprouts of Sinapis alba, Brassica nigra, and B. carinata were grown under broad-spectrum, monochromatic blue or red light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, irrigated with 0-100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), and sprayed with 0-250 µM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as elicitor. The use of LEDs did not result in increased sprout biomass in any case. The effect of the applied treatments on the GSLs depended on the species and were restricted to Brassica spp. The red LEDs produced an overall increase in GSLs over 500% in B. carinata (from 12 to 81 mg 100 g-1 F.W.), compared to the white broad-spectrum lights, although the highest increase in content was obtained in treated sprouts with 250 µM MeJA (104 an 105 mg 101 g-1 F.W., under the red and blue LEDs, respectively). The combination of blue LEDs, 100 mM NaCl, and 250 µM MeJA enhanced the levels of GLSs in B. nigra to the maximum (81 mg 100 g-1 F.W.). Overall, these results indicate that by modifying the growing conditions for a given sprout, enhancement in the accumulation of GSLs as health promoters is possible. The use of these treatments is a sustainable alternative to genetic modification when looking for bioactive-enriched foods, delivering natural plant foods rich in bioactive ingredients (e.g., glucosinolates). Nevertheless, the response to the treatments varies among species, indicating that treatments will require adjustment across sprouts. Further research continues with producing cruciferous sprouts to obtain GSL-enriched formulas for further studying the effects of their bioavailability and bioactivity on health-promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Guijarro-Real
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Food Laboratory, Food Science and Technology Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorena Hernández-Cánovas
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Food Laboratory, Food Science and Technology Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Sakata Seeds Iberica S.L., Dolores de Pacheco, 30739 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Abellán-Victorio
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Food Laboratory, Food Science and Technology Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Oumaima Ben-Romdhane
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Food Laboratory, Food Science and Technology Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego A. Moreno
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Food Laboratory, Food Science and Technology Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Wang J, Mao S, Liang M, Zhang W, Chen F, Huang K, Wu Q. Preharvest Methyl Jasmonate Treatment Increased Glucosinolate Biosynthesis, Sulforaphane Accumulation, and Antioxidant Activity of Broccoli. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071298. [PMID: 35883789 PMCID: PMC9312100 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Broccoli is becoming increasingly popular among consumers owing to its nutritional value and rich bioactive compounds, such glucosinolates (GSLs) and hydrolysis products, which are secondary metabolites for plant defense, cancer prevention, and higher antioxidant activity for humans. In this study, 40 μmol/L methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was sprayed onto broccoli from budding until harvest. The harvested broccoli florets, stem, and leaves were used to measure the contents of GSLs, sulforaphane, total phenolics, and flavonoids, as well as myrosinase activity, antioxidant activity, and gene expression involved in GSL biosynthesis. The overall results revealed that GSL biosynthesis and sulforaphane accumulation were most likely induced by exogenous MeJA treatment by upregulating the expression of CYP83A1, SUR1, UGT74B1, and SOT18 genes. Exogenous MeJA treatment more remarkably contributed to the increased GSL biosynthesis in broccoli cultivars with low-level GSL content (Yanxiu) than that with high-level GSLs (Xianglv No.3). Moreover, MeJA treatment had a more remarkable increasing effect in broccoli florets than stem and leaves. Interestingly, total flavonoid content substantially increased in broccoli florets after MeJA treatment, but total phenolics did not. Similarly, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were higher in broccoli floret after MeJA treatment. In conclusion, MeJA mediated bioactive compound metabolism, had positive effects on GSL biosynthesis, sulforaphane, and flavonoids accumulation, and showed positive correlation on inducing higher antioxidant activities in broccoli floret. Hence, preharvest supplementation with 40 μM MeJA could be a good way to improve the nutritional value of broccoli florets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (M.L.); (W.Z.); (F.C.)
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shuxiang Mao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (M.L.); (W.Z.); (F.C.)
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mantian Liang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (M.L.); (W.Z.); (F.C.)
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (M.L.); (W.Z.); (F.C.)
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fangzhen Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (M.L.); (W.Z.); (F.C.)
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (M.L.); (W.Z.); (F.C.)
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiuyun Wu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (M.L.); (W.Z.); (F.C.)
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (Q.W.)
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Variation in Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Various Organs of African Cabbage ( Cleome gynandra L.) Accessions at Different Growth Stages. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121952. [PMID: 34943055 PMCID: PMC8750509 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of nutritional and health-benefiting compounds has increased awareness of orphan leafy vegetables such as Cleome gynandra (CG), whose phytochemicals vary among accessions and organs during growth. This study investigated the polyphenol accumulation and antioxidant activities (AOA) of eight CG accessions from the vegetative stage to the seed set stage. Plants were separated into leaves and stem (LS), flowers, and silique organs, and extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), rutin and astragalin content, and AOA using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). There were significant interaction effects of growth stages and accessions that contributed to changes in compounds content and AOA. TPC accumulated in plant generative parts, whereas flavonoids accumulated in young plant organs. HPLC profiling revealed that rutin was the most abundant compound in all organs, with flowers having the highest levels, while astragalin was only found in flowers. Silique extracts, particularly accession KF-14, recorded the highest TPC, which corresponded to the strongest radical scavenging activity in ABTS and DPPH assays and a strong linear correlation. The germplasm contained accessions with significantly different and varying levels of bioactive compounds and AOA. These findings potentiate the exploitation of CG organs such as siliques for AOA, flowers for rutin and astragalin, and young shoots for flavonoids. Moreover, the significant accumulation of the compounds in particular accessions of the germplasms suggest that such superior accessions may be useful candidates in genetic breeding programs to improve CG vegetable.
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Bantis F. Light Spectrum Differentially Affects the Yield and Phytochemical Content of Microgreen Vegetables in a Plant Factory. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102182. [PMID: 34685989 PMCID: PMC8549008 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light quality exerts considerable effects on crop development and phytochemical content. Moreover, crops grown as microgreens are ideal for plant factories with artificial lighting, since they contain greater amounts of bioactive compounds compared to fully-grown plants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of broad-spectra light with different red/blue ratios on the yield, morphology, and phytochemical content of seven microgreens. Mustard, radish, green basil, red amaranth, garlic chives, borage, and pea shoots were grown in a vertical farming system under three light sources emitting red/blue ratios of about 2, 5, and 9 units (RB2, RB5, and RB9, respectively). Mustard exhibited the most profound color responses. The yield was enhanced in three microgreens under RB9 and in garlic under RB2. Both the hypocotyl length and the leaf and cotyledon area were significantly enhanced by increasing the red light in three microgreens each. Total soluble solids (Brix) were reduced in 4 microgreens under RB2. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were reduced under RB2 in 6 and 5 microgreens, respectively. The chlorophylls were variably affected but total the carotenoid content was reduced in RB9 in three microgreens. Overall, light wavelength differentially affected the microgreens' quality, while small interplays in spectral bands enhanced their phytochemical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Bantis
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Environment, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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