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Pan X, Hao E, Zhang F, Wei W, Du Z, Yan G, Wang X, Deng J, Hou X. Diabetes cardiomyopathy: targeted regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction and therapeutic potential of plant secondary metabolites. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1401961. [PMID: 39045049 PMCID: PMC11263127 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1401961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a specific heart condition in diabetic patients, which is a major cause of heart failure and significantly affects quality of life. DCM is manifested as abnormal cardiac structure and function in the absence of ischaemic or hypertensive heart disease in individuals with diabetes. Although the development of DCM involves multiple pathological mechanisms, mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to play a crucial role. The regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction mainly include mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative stress, calcium handling, uncoupling, biogenesis, mitophagy, and insulin signaling. Targeting mitochondrial function in the treatment of DCM has attracted increasing attention. Studies have shown that plant secondary metabolites contribute to improving mitochondrial function and alleviating the development of DCM. This review outlines the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of DCM and discusses the regulatory mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, it also summarizes treatment strategies based on plant secondary metabolites. These strategies targeting the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction may help prevent and treat DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Erwei Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhengcai Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guangli Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Puerarin alleviates atherosclerosis via the inhibition of Prevotella copri and its trimethylamine production. Gut 2024:gutjnl-2024-331880. [PMID: 38777572 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2024-331880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Puerarin (PU) is a natural compound that exhibits limited oral bioavailability but has shown promise in the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS). However, the precise mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PU and its mechanisms in mitigating AS in both mice and humans. DESIGN The impact of PU on AS was examined in ApoE -/- mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and in human patients with carotid artery plaque. To explore the causal link between PU-associated gut microbiota and AS, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and mono-colonisation of mice with Prevotella copri (P. copri) were employed. RESULTS PU alleviated AS by modulating the gut microbiota, as evidenced by alterations in gut microbiota composition and the amelioration of AS following FMT from PU-treated mice into ApoE-/- mice fed HFD. Specifically, PU reduced the abundance of P. copri, which exacerbated AS by producing trimethylamine (TMA). Prolonged mono-colonisation of P. copri undermines the beneficial effects of PU on AS. In clinical, the plaque scores of AS patients were positively correlated with the abundance of P. copri and plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels. A 1-week oral intervention with PU effectively decreased P. copri levels and reduced TMAO concentrations in patients with carotid artery plaque. CONCLUSION PU may provide therapeutic benefits in combating AS by targeting P. copri and its production of TMA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR1900022488.
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Bi S, Han B, Fan H, Liu Y, Cui X. Mitochondria-Related Gene MAOB is a Key Biomarker of Osteoarthritis and Inhibition of Its Expression Reduces LPS-induced Chondrocyte Damage. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:2314-2331. [PMID: 37651071 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondria are an important organelle in cells responsible for producing energy, and its abnormal function is closely related to the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis. Finding key genes associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in osteoarthritis can provide new ideas for the study of its pathogenesis. Firstly, 371 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained through bioinformatics analysis of the GSE12021 and GSE55235 datasets in the GEO database, and 24 mitochondria-related DEGs (Mito-DEGs) were obtained by crossing differential genes with mitochondrial related genes. Next, KEGG and GO analysis of Mito-DEGs showed that upregulated Mito-DEGs were mainly enriched in small molecule catabolic process and tryptophan metabolism, while downregulated Mito-DEGs were mainly enriched in acetyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the key genes ME2 and MAOB were obtained through protein-protein interaction network analysis and lasso cox analysis of the 24 Mito-DEGs. In addition, the comparison results of immune cell scores showed differences between T cells CD4 memory resting, T cells regulatory (Tregs), Mast cells resting, and Mast cells activated in the OA group and the control group. More importantly, the potential regulatory mechanisms of key genes were studied through GSEA analysis and their correlation with immune infiltrating cells, immune checkpoints, m6A, and ferroptosis. Finally, in LPS-induced C28/I2 cells, silencing MAOB reduced inflammation injury and inhibited mitochondrial damage. Our research findings suggest that MAOB may hold potential as a target for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Hongjuan Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yongming Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Xuewen Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
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Tao Q, Chen Y, Liang Q, Shi J, Wang Z, Min H, Gao Q, Yao X, Wang L. Puerarin Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis by Regulating Macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1670-1679. [PMID: 38668725 PMCID: PMC11102028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disease, predominantly affecting women. Although the pathogenesis of HT is incompletely understood, some studies have found that macrophage polarization plays a role. Puerarin is a soy isoflavone compound that has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and regulates macrophage immune activity. This study aimed to verify the therapeutic effect of puerarin on HT and explored its regulatory effect on macrophage polarization imbalance in HT. Through bioinformatics analysis and molecular biology methods, it was found that macrophages increased significantly in HT patients and model mice. Immunological staining showed that puerarin intervention could reduce tissue inflammatory cell infiltration. Molecular biological examination displayed that puerarin could inhibit local and systemic inflammation levels, and the expression of marker thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase Abs. In vivo experimental results indicated that puerarin regulated macrophage polarity and reduced inflammatory damage, possibly by inhibiting the pyroptosis signaling pathway. In vivo macrophage clearance experiments demonstrated that puerarin relied on macrophages to exert its mechanism of action in treating HT. The results of this study indicate that macrophages are important mediators in the development of HT, and puerarin can regulate macrophage polarity and inflammatory status to provide thyroid tissue protection, which provides a new idea for the treatment of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiao Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Min
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Chauhan P, Wadhwa K, Mishra R, Gupta S, Ahmad F, Kamal M, Iqbal D, Alsaweed M, Nuli MV, Abomughaid MM, Almutary AG, Mishra PC, Jha SK, Ojha S, Nelson VK, Dargar A, Singh G, Jha NK. Investigating the Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms of Puerarin in Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04222-4. [PMID: 38780722 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Plants and their derived phytochemicals have a long history of treating a wide range of illnesses for several decades. They are believed to be the origin of a diverse array of medicinal compounds. One of the compounds found in kudzu root is puerarin, a isoflavone glycoside commonly used as an alternative medicine to treat various diseases. From a biological perspective, puerarin can be described as a white needle crystal with the chemical name of 7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyran-4-one-8-D-glucopyranoside. Besides, puerarin is sparingly soluble in water and produces no color or light yellow solution. Multiple experimental and clinical studies have confirmed the significant therapeutic effects of puerarin. These effects span a wide range of pharmacological effects, including neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, cardioprotection, immunomodulation, anticancer properties, anti-diabetic properties, anti-osteoporosis properties, and more. Puerarin achieves these effects by interacting with various cellular and molecular pathways, such as MAPK, AMPK, NF-κB, mTOR, β-catenin, and PKB/Akt, as well as different receptors, enzymes, and growth factors. The current review highlights the molecular mechanism of puerarin as a neuroprotective agent in the treatment of various neurodegenerative and neurological diseases. Extensive cellular, animal, and clinical research has provided valuable insights into its effectiveness in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, cerebral stroke, depression, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Karan Wadhwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Richa Mishra
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Parul University, Gujrat, Vadodara, 391760, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaweed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohana Vamsi Nuli
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vinod Kumar Nelson
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India.
| | - Abha Dargar
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Govind Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India.
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
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Liga S, Paul C. Puerarin-A Promising Flavonoid: Biosynthesis, Extraction Methods, Analytical Techniques, and Biological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5222. [PMID: 38791264 PMCID: PMC11121215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, a variety of plant secondary metabolites, are known for their diverse biological activities. Isoflavones are a subgroup of flavonoids that have gained attention for their potential health benefits. Puerarin is one of the bioactive isoflavones found in the Kudzu root and Pueraria genus, which is widely used in alternative Chinese medicine, and has been found to be effective in treating chronic conditions like cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, gastric diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. Puerarin has been extensively researched and used in both scientific and clinical studies over the past few years. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date exploration of puerarin biosynthesis, the most common extraction methods, analytical techniques, and biological effects, which have the potential to provide a new perspective for medical and pharmaceutical research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Paul
- Biocatalysis Group, Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Organic and Natural Compounds, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timisoara, Vasile Pârvan No. 6, 300223 Timisoara, Romania;
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Mu Y, Yang Y, Jiang S, Liu C, Han Y, Jiang J, Wang Y. Benefits of Puerarin on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Cardiovascular Diseases in Rats Fed a High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:1273. [PMID: 38732519 PMCID: PMC11085683 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) that has become a global public health problem. Puerarin (PUE), the principal active compound of Pueraria lobata, has the effects of regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and protecting against cardiovascular damage. This study aimed to investigate whether dietary supplementation with PUE could ameliorate MetS and its associated cardiovascular damage. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: the normal diet group (NC), the high-fat/high-sucrose diet group (HFHS), and the HFHS plus PUE diet group (HFHS-PUE). The results showed that PUE-supplemented rats exhibited enhanced glucose tolerance, improved lipid parameters, and reduced blood pressure compared to those on the HFHS diet alone. Additionally, PUE reversed the HFHS-induced elevations in the atherogenic index (AI) and the activities of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK). Ultrasonic evaluations indicated that PUE significantly ameliorated cardiac dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Histopathological assessments further confirmed that PUE significantly mitigated cardiac remodeling, arterial remodeling, and neuronal damage in the brain. Moreover, PUE lowered systemic inflammatory indices including C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PUE effectively moderated metabolic disorders, attenuated systemic inflammation, and minimized cardiovascular damage in rats with MetS induced by an HFHS diet. These results provide novel insights into the potential benefits of dietary PUE supplementation for the prevention and management of MetS and its related CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiandong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Park SY, Lee YY, Kim MH, Kim CE. Deciphering the Systemic Impact of Herbal Medicines on Allergic Rhinitis: A Network Pharmacological Approach. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:553. [PMID: 38792575 PMCID: PMC11122645 DOI: 10.3390/life14050553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a systemic allergic disease that has a considerable impact on patients' quality of life. Current treatments include antihistamines and nasal steroids; however, their long-term use often causes undesirable side effects. In this context, traditional Asian medicine (TAM), with its multi-compound, multi-target herbal medicines (medicinal plants), offers a promising alternative. However, the complexity of these multi-compound traits poses challenges in understanding the overall mechanisms and efficacy of herbal medicines. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of these multi-compound herbal medicines specifically used for AR at a systemic level. We utilized a modified term frequency-inverse document frequency method to select AR-specific herbs and constructed an herb-compound-target network using reliable databases and computational methods, such as the Quantitative Estimate of Drug-likeness for compound filtering, STITCH database for compound-target interaction prediction (with a high confidence score threshold of 0.7), and DisGeNET and CTD databases for disease-gene association analysis. Through this network, we conducted AR-related targets and pathway analyses, as well as clustering analysis based on target-level information of the herbs. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was conducted using a protein-protein interaction network. Our research identified 14 AR-specific herbs and analyzed whether AR-specific herbs are highly related to previously known AR-related genes and pathways. AR-specific herbs were found to target several genes related to inflammation and AR pathogenesis, such as PTGS2, HRH1, and TBXA2R. Pathway analysis revealed that AR-specific herbs were associated with multiple AR-related pathways, including cytokine signaling, immune response, and allergic inflammation. Additionally, clustering analysis based on target similarity identified three distinct subgroups of AR-specific herbs, corroborated by a protein-protein interaction network. Group 1 herbs were associated with the regulation of inflammatory responses to antigenic stimuli, while Group 2 herbs were related to the detection of chemical stimuli involved in the sensory perception of bitter taste. Group 3 herbs were distinctly associated with antigen processing and presentation and NIK/NF-kappa B signaling. This study decodes the principles of TAM herbal configurations for AR using a network pharmacological approach, providing a holistic understanding of drug effects beyond specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Yeol Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hee Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, and Dermatology, Kyung Hee University College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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Ran S, Peng R, Guo Q, Cui J, Chen G, Wang Z. Bupleurum in Treatment of Depression Disorder: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:512. [PMID: 38675471 PMCID: PMC11054835 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of depression has been steadily rising in recent years, making it one of the most prevalent mental illnesses. As the pursuit of novel antidepressant drugs captivates the pharmaceutical field, the therapeutic efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been widely explored. Chaihu (Bupleurum) has been traditionally used for liver conditions such as hepatitis, liver inflammation, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. It is believed to have hepatoprotective effects, promoting liver cell regeneration and protecting against liver damage. In addition, Bupleurum has also been used as a Jie Yu (depression-relieving) medicine in China, Japan, Republic of Korea, and other Asian countries for centuries. This review article aims to summarize the research conducted on the antidepressant properties and mechanisms of Bupleurum, as well as discuss the potential of TCM formulas containing Bupleurum. This review highlights various antidepressant ingredients isolated from Bupleurum, including saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D, rutin, puerarin, and quercetin, each with distinct mechanisms of action. Additionally, Chinese herb prescriptions and extracts containing Bupleurum, such as Chaihu Shugansan, Xiaoyaosan, and Sinisan, are also included due to their demonstrated antidepressant effects. This review reveals that these Bupleurum compounds exhibit antidepressant effects through the regulation of neurotransmitter mechanisms (such as 5-HT and DA), the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) system, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and other intracellular signaling pathways. Collectively, this comprehensive review provides insights into the multiple applications of Bupleurum in the treatment of depression and highlights its potential as an alternative or complementary approach to traditional therapies. However, it is essential to consider the potential adverse effects and clinical restrictions of Bupleurum despite its promising potential. Further research is needed to elucidate its specific mechanisms of action and evaluate its effectiveness in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gang Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (S.R.); (R.P.); (Q.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Ziying Wang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (S.R.); (R.P.); (Q.G.); (J.C.)
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Wang YS, Li BY, Xing YF, Huang JC, Chen ZS, Yue L, Zou YG, Guo B. Puerarin Ameliorated PCOS through Preventing Mitochondrial Dysfunction Dependent on the Maintenance of Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2963-2976. [PMID: 38305024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the major cause of infertility in reproductive women, but no universal drug is feasible. Although puerarin clinically treats cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, its curative effect on PCOS remains elusive. The present study discovered that administration of puerarin restored estrous cycle of PCOS mice and diminished the number of cystic follicles with the concomitant recovery for circulating testosterone, LH and FSH levels, and LH/FSH ratio, indicating the therapeutic role of puerarin in PCOS. KEGG analysis of differential genes between PCOS and control revealed the enrichment in MAPK and calcium signaling pathway. Application of puerarin restricted the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK, whose activation neutralized the improvement of puerarin on the secretory function and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). Meanwhile, puerarin alleviated the accumulation of cytosolic Ca2+ through restricting the opening of Ryr and Itpr channels, but this effectiveness was counteracted by the activatory ERK1/2 and JNK. Attenuation of cytosolic Ca2+ counteracted the antagonistic effects of ERK1/2 and JNK activation on puerarin's role in rescuing the calcineurin and Nfatc. Further analysis manifested that Mcu had been authenticated as a direct downstream target of Nfatc to mediate the amelioration of puerarin on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Moreover, puerarin prevented the disorder of ATP content, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening through maintaining mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis. Collectively, puerarin might ameliorate the symptoms of PCOS mice through preventing mitochondrial dysfunction that is dependent on the maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis after inactivation of ERK1/2 and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Si Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Bai-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yin-Fei Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhi-Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liang Yue
- Reproductive Medical Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Ying-Gang Zou
- Reproductive Medical Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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11
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Yao P, Liang S, Liu Z, Xu C. A review of natural products targeting tumor immune microenvironments for the treatment of lung cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343316. [PMID: 38361933 PMCID: PMC10867126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) produces some of the most malignant tumors in the world, with high morbidity and mortality. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), a component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), are critical in tumor development, immune escape, and drug resistance. The TIME is composed of various immune cells, immune cytokines, etc, which are important biological characteristics and determinants of tumor progression and outcomes. In this paper, we reviewed the recently published literature and discussed the potential uses of natural products in regulating TIME. We observed that a total of 37 natural compounds have been reported to exert anti-cancer effects by targeting the TIME. In different classes of natural products, terpenoids are the most frequently mentioned compounds. TAMs are one of the most investigated immune cells about therapies with natural products in TIME, with 9 natural products acting through it. 17 natural products exhibit anti-cancer properties in LC by modulating PD-1 and PD-L1 protein activity. These natural products have been extensively evaluated in animal and cellular LC models, but their clinical trials in LC patients are lacking. Based on the current review, we have revealed that the mechanisms of LC can be treated with natural products through TIME intervention, resulting in a new perspective and potential therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Yao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Su Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenying Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Xu
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital), Jinan, China
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12
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Wang R, Li T, Pan Z, Chen H, Xu S, Lu X, Shi K, Bian B, Wu G. Effect of Dietary Puerarin Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immune Response, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Morphology in Domestic Pigeons ( Columba livia). J Poult Sci 2024; 61:2024003. [PMID: 38283163 PMCID: PMC10805655 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2024003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Puerarin is an isoflavone extracted from Gegen (Pueraria lobata) and has been widely utilized to treat various human diseases; however, information regarding its benefits in animal production is limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of dietary puerarin supplementation on growth performance, immune organ index, immunoglobulin profile, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal morphology in pigeons. In total, 375 healthy 28-day-old White King pigeons were randomly divided into five groups, each consisting of five replicates and 15 pigeons per replicate. Each group was administered one of five dietary treatments: the basal diet, or the basal diet supplemented with 40, 80, 120, or 160 mg/kg puerarin. Treatment duration was 30 days following a 7-day acclimation period. Puerarin treatment did not significantly alter the growth performance of pigeons but afforded a significant linear enhancement in the thymus index (P < 0.05). Additionally, puerarin supplementation significantly increased serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M levels in pigeons in a linear manner (P < 0.05). Similarly, puerarin significantly and linearly increased the activities of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase in the serum and liver, and decreased the malondialdehyde content (P < 0.05). Moreover, the villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and VH/CD ratio of the small intestine (including the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) increased linearly upon puerarin supplementation (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results indicate that puerarin supplementation could improve the immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal morphology of pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Poultry Science,
Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Wenzhou 325011, China
| | - Zaixu Pan
- Nanjing Dongchen Pigeon Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000,
China
| | - Hui Chen
- Nanjing Dongchen Pigeon Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000,
China
| | - Shanjin Xu
- Nanjing Dongchen Pigeon Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000,
China
| | - Xixue Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing
Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing
Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bang Bian
- Nanjing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Poultry Science,
Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Guansuo Wu
- Nanjing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Poultry Science,
Nanjing 210036, China
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13
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Li C, Liu Y. Puerarin reduces cell damage from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by inhibiting ferroptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 693:149324. [PMID: 38101001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the protective effects of Puerarin, a compound derived from the traditional Chinese herb Pueraria, against cellular damage induced by Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation (OGD/R) in PC12 cells. The research focuses on understanding how Puerarin influences the mechanisms of ferroptosis and oxidative stress, key factors in ischemia-reperfusion injury relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. In our in vitro model, we identified the optimal OGD duration to induce significant cell stress and confirmed the non-toxicity of Puerarin up to 100uM. The results reveal that Puerarin substantially mitigates the detrimental effects of OGD/R, including improvements in cell viability, mitochondrial integrity, and reductions in oxidative stress markers like ROS and lipid peroxidation. Notably, Puerarin modulates key proteins in the autophagy process and the Nrf2 pathway, crucial in cellular stress responses. Further, the use of 3-Methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, underscores the significance of autophagy in managing OGD/R-induced stress. These findings suggest Puerarin's potential as a therapeutic agent for conditions characterized by ischemic cellular damage, highlighting the need for further clinical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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14
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Li C, Zhang Y. Glycosylation and methylation in the biosynthesis of isoflavonoids in Pueraria lobata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1330586. [PMID: 38162309 PMCID: PMC10757850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1330586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The pathway for forming isoflavonoid skeletal structure is primarily restricted to the Leguminosae family. Subsequent decorations on the compound backbone by tailoring enzymes would change their biological and medicinal properties. Pueraria lobata is a leguminous plant, and as a traditional Chinese medicine its roots have been ascribed a number of pharmacological activities. Glycosylation and methylation are the main modifying processes in isoflavonoid metabolism in P. lobata roots, resulting in the accumulation of unique glycosylated and methylated end isoflavonoid compounds. For instance, daidzein 8-C-glucoside (i.e., puerarin) and puerarin derivatives are produced only by the Pueraria genus. Puerarin has been established as a clinical drug for curing cardiovascular diseases. To better understand the characteristic isoflavonoid metabolism in P. lobata, this review attempts to summarize the research progress made with understanding the main glycosylation and methylation of isoflavonoids in P. lobata and their biosynthetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Zhang P, Fang Z, Zhao M, Yi B, Huang Y, Yang H, Guo N, Zhao C. Ethanol extract of Pueraria lobata improve acute myocardial infarction in rats via regulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5932-5946. [PMID: 37697496 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a multifactorial disease with high mortality rate worldwide. Ethanol extract of Pueraria lobata (EEPL) has been widely used in treating cardiovascular diseases in China. This study aimed to explore the underlying therapeutic mechanism of EEPL in AMI rats. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE We first evaluated the anti-AMI efficacy of EEPL through immunohistochemistry staining and biochemical indexes. Then, UPLC-MS/MS, 16S rDNA, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing were used to analyze the alterations in bile acid metabolism and intestinal flora. Finally, the influence of EEPL on ilem bile acid metabolism, related enzymes expression, and transporter proteins expression in rats were verified by mass spectrometry image and ELISA. KEY RESULTS The results showed that EEPL can reduce cardiac impairment in AMI rats. Besides, EEPL effectively increased bile acid levels and regulated gut microbiota disturbance in AMI rats via increasing CYP7A1 expression and restoring intestinal microbiota diversity, separately. Moreover, it can increase bile acids reabsorption and fecal excretion through inhibiting FXR-FGF15 signaling pathway and increasing OST-α expression, which associated with Lachnoclostridium. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings demonstrated that EEPL alleviated AMI partially by remediating intestinal dysbiosis and promoting bile acid biosynthesis, which provided new targets for AMI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyu Fang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bojiao Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihe Huang
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Guo
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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16
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Yang K, Zeng L, Zeng J, Deng Y, Wang S, Xu H, He Q, Yuan M, Luo Y, Ge A, Ge J. Research progress in the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease and regulation by natural plant products. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102063. [PMID: 37673132 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system after Alzheimer's disease. The current understanding of PD focuses mainly on the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra region of the midbrain, which is attributed to factors such as oxidative stress, alpha-synuclein aggregation, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These factors together contribute to the PD phenotype. Recent studies on PD pathology have introduced a new form of cell death known as ferroptosis. Pathological changes closely linked with ferroptosis have been seen in the brain tissues of PD patients, including alterations in iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Preclinical research has demonstrated the neuroprotective qualities of certain iron chelators, antioxidants, Fer-1, and conditioners in Parkinson's disease. Natural plant products have shown significant potential in balancing ferroptosis-related factors and adjusting their expression levels. Therefore, it is vital to understand the mechanisms by which natural plant products inhibit ferroptosis and relieve PD symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive look at ferroptosis, its role in PD pathology, and the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of natural plant products focused on ferroptosis. The insights from this review can serve as useful references for future research on novel ferroptosis inhibitors and lead compounds for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China; Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinsong Zeng
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Deng
- People's Hospital of Ningxiang City, Ningxiang, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qi He
- People's Hospital of Ningxiang City, Ningxiang, China
| | - Mengxia Yuan
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yanfang Luo
- The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, China
| | - Anqi Ge
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China; Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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17
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Zou Y, Ding W, Wu Y, Chen T, Ruan Z. Puerarin alleviates inflammation and pathological damage in colitis mice by regulating metabolism and gut microbiota. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1279029. [PMID: 37908541 PMCID: PMC10614640 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1279029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolic pathway disorders are closely related to the ulcerative colitis. Through network pharmacology, we found that puerarin is a potential ingredient that can improve the crypt deformation and inflammatory infiltration in mice, and decrease the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α significantly. Listeria, Alistipes and P. copri gradually became dominant bacteria in UC mice, which were positively correlated with inflammatory factors. Puerarin effectively improved dysbiosis by reducing the abundance of Alistipes, P. copri and Veillonella, and increasing the level of Desulfovibrionacea. Correlation network and metabolic function prediction analysis of the microbiota showed that they formed a tightly connected network and were widely involved in carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Specifically, we observed significant changes in the tryptophan metabolism pathway in DSS mice, with an increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Enterobacteriaceae involved in tryptophan metabolism. However, this metabolic disorder was alleviated after puerarin treatment, including the reversal of 3-HAA levels and an increase in the abundance of Rhodobacteraceae and Halomonadaceae involved in kynurenine metabolism, as well as a significant increase in the purine metabolite guanosine. In conclusion, our study suggests that puerarin has a good therapeutic effect on UC, which is partially achieved by restoring the composition and abundance of gut microbiota and their metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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18
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Zhao Y, Li S, Feng M, Zhang M, Liu Z, Yao Y, Zhang T, Jiang Y, Lin Y, Cai X. Effects of Puerarin-Loaded Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids on Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302326. [PMID: 37317020 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is recognized as a common refractory orthopedic disease that causes severe pain and poor quality of life in patients. Puerarin (Pue), a natural isoflavone glycoside, can promote osteogenesis and inhibit apoptosis of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), demonstrating its great potential in the treatment of osteonecrosis. However, its low aqueous solubility, fast degradation in vivo, and inadequate bioavailability, limit its clinical application and therapeutic efficacy. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) are promising novel DNA nanomaterials in drug delivery. In this study, tFNAs as Pue carriers is used and synthesized a tFNA/Pue complex (TPC) that exhibited better stability, biocompatibility, and tissue utilization than free Pue. A dexamethasone (DEX)-treated BMSC model in vitro and a methylprednisolone (MPS)-induced ONFH model in vivo is also established, to explore the regulatory effects of TPC on osteogenesis and apoptosis of BMSCs. This findings showed that TPC can restore osteogenesis dysfunction and attenuated BMSC apoptosis induced by high-dose glucocorticoids (GCs) through the hedgehog and Akt/Bcl-2 pathways, contributing to the prevention of GC-induced ONFH in rats. Thus, TPC is a promising drug for the treatment of ONFH and other osteogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Maogeng Feng
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yangxue Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yueying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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19
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Li W, Xing Q, Liu Z, Liu R, Hu Y, Yan Q, Liu X, Zhang J. The signaling pathways of traditional Chinese medicine in treating diabetic retinopathy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1165649. [PMID: 37405050 PMCID: PMC10315578 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1165649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the common diabetic microvascular complications that occurs in the eyes and is closely associated with vision loss in working adults. However, the clinical treatment of DR is limited or accompanied by a large number of complications. Therefore, the development of new drugs for the treatment of DR is urgently needed. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is widely used to treat DR in China, and its multi-pathway and multi-level characteristics can effectively address the complex pathogenesis of DR. Growing evidence suggests that inflammation, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress are the core pathological mechanisms in the development of DR. This study innovatively considers the aforementioned processes as the fundamental unit and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms and potential of TCM against DR in terms of signaling pathways. The results showed that NF-κB, MAPK/NF-κB, TLR4/NF-κB, VEGF/VEGFR2, HIF-1α/VEGF, STAT3, and Nrf2/HO-1 are the key signaling pathways for the treatment of DR by TCMs, which involved curcumolide, erianin, quercetin, blueberry anthocyanins, puerarin, arjunolic acid, ethanol extract of Scutellaria barbata D. Don, Celosia argentea L. extract, ethanol extract of Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl., Shengpuhuang-tang, and LuoTong formula. The purpose of this review is to update and summarize the signaling pathways of TCM in the treatment of DR and provide ideas for the development of new drugs against DR in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencan Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Qichang Xing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Renzhu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Yixiang Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Qingzi Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
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20
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Tossetta G, Fantone S, Marzioni D, Mazzucchelli R. Role of Natural and Synthetic Compounds in Modulating NRF2/KEAP1 Signaling Pathway in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113037. [PMID: 37296999 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Prostate cancer can be treated by surgery or active surveillance when early diagnosed but, when diagnosed at an advanced or metastatic stage, radiation therapy or androgen-deprivation therapy is needed to reduce cancer progression. However, both of these therapies can cause prostate cancer resistance to treatment. Several studies demonstrated that oxidative stress is involved in cancer occurrence, development, progression and treatment resistance. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/KEAP1 (Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1) pathway plays an important role in protecting cells against oxidative damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and NRF2 activation can determine cell fate. In particular, toxic levels of ROS lead physiological cell death and cell tumor suppression, while lower ROS levels are associated with carcinogenesis and cancer progression. On the contrary, a high level of NRF2 promotes cell survival related to cancer progression activating an adaptive antioxidant response. In this review, we analyzed the current literature regarding the role of natural and synthetic compounds in modulating NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Sonia Fantone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazzucchelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Pathological Anatomy, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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21
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Huo L, Liu C, Yuan Y, Liu X, Cao Q. Pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for sepsis-associated organ damage. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115438. [PMID: 37269668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex clinical syndrome caused by dysfunctional host response to infection, which contributes to excess mortality and morbidity worldwide. The development of life-threatening sepsis-associated organ injury to the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and liver is a major concern for sepsis patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying sepsis-associated organ injury remain incompletely understood. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic form of cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation, is involved in sepsis and sepsis-related organ damage, including sepsis-associated encephalopathy, septic cardiomyopathy, sepsis-associated acute kidney injury, sepsis-associated acute lung injury, and sepsis-induced acute liver injury. Moreover, compounds that inhibit ferroptosis exert potential therapeutic effects in the context of sepsis-related organ damage. This review summarizes the mechanism by which ferroptosis contributes to sepsis and sepsis-related organ damage. We focus on the emerging types of therapeutic compounds that can inhibit ferroptosis and delineate their beneficial pharmacological effects for the treatment of sepsis-related organ damage. The present review highlights pharmacologically inhibiting ferroptosis as an attractive therapeutic strategy for sepsis-related organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yujun Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Qingjun Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Zhong XQ, Li GD, Wang KY, Xu Y. Puerarin alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by upregulating the Nrf2 pathway. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:352-360. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i9.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is on the rise, and inflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in the progression of NASH. Puerarin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, but the effect and mechanism of action of puerarin on NASH need to be further explored.
AIM To explore the effect and mechanisms of action of puerarin in the treatment of NASH.
METHODS NASH was induced in C57BL/6 mice with a methionine and choline deficiency (MCD) diet. Mice were randomly divided into a normal diet group, a NASH model group, and a puerarin group. Each group were fed the corresponding diet for 4 wk. Serum and liver samples were collected to evaluate histological changes, inflammation, liver function, and oxidative stress.
RESULTS Compared with the normal diet group, hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly increased in the NASH model group. Histological analysis showed that there was more significant fatty changes, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver of mice in the NASH model group compared with those in the normal diet group. Compared with the normal diet group, glutathione and superoxide dismutase were significantly decreased, but malondialdehyde was significantly increased in the NASH model group. Compared with the NASH model group, serum triglycerides and cholesterol in the puerarin group were significantly reduced, and serum inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) were significantly decreased in the puerarin group (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of fibrosis-related genes (αSMA, PAI-1, COL1A1, and TGFβ) in the liver of mice in the puerarin group were sharply decreased compared with those in the NASH model group. Compared with the NASH model group, glutathione and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased in the puerarin group. Nuclear NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression was significantly increased in the puerarin group compared with the NASH model group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Puerarin can significantly improve MCD diet-induced NASH. The mechanisms may be related to its anti-inflammation and anti-fibrosis effects and up-regulation of the Nrf2 pathway. Our study offers novel insights into the pathogenesis of NASH and provides further evidence for the potential use of puerarin as an anti-NASH agent.
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Study of Hydroxypropyl β-Cyclodextrin and Puerarin Inclusion Complexes Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate-Grafted 2-Acrylamido-2-Methyl-1-Propane Sulfonic Acid Hydrogels for Oral Controlled Drug Delivery. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030246. [PMID: 36975695 PMCID: PMC10048200 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Puerarin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunity enhancement, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antitumor, and antimicrobial effects. However, due to its poor pharmacokinetic profile (low oral bioavailability, rapid systemic clearance, and short half-life) and physicochemical properties (e.g., low aqueous solubility and poor stability) its therapeutic efficacy is limited. The hydrophobic nature of puerarin makes it difficult to load into hydrogels. Hence, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-βCD)-puerarin inclusion complexes (PIC) were first prepared to enhance solubility and stability; then, they were incorporated into sodium alginate-grafted 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (SA-g-AMPS) hydrogels for controlled drug release in order to increase bioavailability. The puerarin inclusion complexes and hydrogels were evaluated via FTIR, TGA, SEM, XRD, and DSC. Swelling ratio and drug release were both highest at pH 1.2 (36.38% swelling ratio and 86.17% drug release) versus pH 7.4 (27.50% swelling ratio and 73.25% drug release) after 48 h. The hydrogels exhibited high porosity (85%) and biodegradability (10% in 1 week in phosphate buffer saline). In addition, the in vitro antioxidative activity (DPPH (71%), ABTS (75%), and antibacterial activity (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) indicated the puerarin inclusion complex-loaded hydrogels had antioxidative and antibacterial capabilities. This study provides a basis for the successful encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs inside hydrogels for controlled drug release and other purposes.
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Li Y, Feng L, Bai L, Jiang H. Study of Therapeutic Mechanisms of Puerarin against Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Injury by Integrating Network Pharmacology, Bioinformatics Analysis, and Experimental Validation. Crit Rev Immunol 2023; 43:25-42. [PMID: 37824375 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial injury is the most prevalent and serious complication of sepsis. The potential of puerarin (Pue) to treat sepsis-induced myocardial injury (SIMI) has been recently reported. Nevertheless, the specific anti-SIMI mechanisms of Pue remain largely unclear. Integrating network pharmacology, bioinformatics analysis, and experimental validation, we aimed to clarify the anti-SIMI mechanisms of Pue, thereby furnishing novel therapeutic targets. Pue-associated targets were collected from HIT, GeneCards, SwissTargetPrediction, SuperPred, and CTD databases. SIMI-associated targets were acquired from GeneCards and DisGeNET. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from GEO database. Potential anti-SIMI targets of Pue were determined using VennDiagram. ClusterProfiler was employed for GO and KEGG analyses. STRING database and Cytoscape were used for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and cytoHubba was used for hub target screening. PyMOL and AutoDock were utilized for molecular docking. An in vitro SIMI model was built to further verify the therapeutic mechanisms of Pue. Seventy-three Pue-SIMI-DEG intersecting target genes were obtained. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that the targets were principally concentrated in cellular response to chemical stress, response to oxidative stress (OS), and insulin and neurotrophin signaling pathways. Through PPI analysis and molecular docking, AKT1, CASP3, TP53, and MAPK3 were identified as the pivotal targets. In vivo experiments indicated that Pue promoted cell proliferation, downregulated AKT1, CASP3, TP53, and MAPK3, and inhibited inflammation, myocardial injury, OS, and apoptosis in the cell model. Pue might inhibit inflammation, myocardial injury, OS, and apoptosis to treat SIMI by reducing AKT1, CASP3, TP53, and MAPK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Department of Emergency, Huadong Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Emergency, Huadong Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Emergency, Huadong Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Huadong Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Sun H, Chen D, Xin W, Ren L, LI Q, Han X. Targeting ferroptosis as a promising therapeutic strategy to treat cardiomyopathy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1146651. [PMID: 37138856 PMCID: PMC10150641 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1146651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are a clinically heterogeneous group of cardiac diseases characterized by heart muscle damage, resulting in myocardium disorders, diminished cardiac function, heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death. The molecular mechanisms underlying the damage to cardiomyocytes remain unclear. Emerging studies have demonstrated that ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic regulated form of cell death characterized by iron dyshomeostasis and lipid peroxidation, contributes to the development of ischemic cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, and septic cardiomyopathy. Numerous compounds have exerted potential therapeutic effects on cardiomyopathies by inhibiting ferroptosis. In this review, we summarize the core mechanism by which ferroptosis leads to the development of these cardiomyopathies. We emphasize the emerging types of therapeutic compounds that can inhibit ferroptosis and delineate their beneficial effects in treating cardiomyopathies. This review suggests that inhibiting ferroptosis pharmacologically may be a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiomyopathy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Sun
- Health Science Center, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetic Diseases in Inner Mongolia, Chifeng, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Wenjing Xin
- Chifeng Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Lixue Ren
- Chifeng Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Qiang LI
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang LI, ; Xuchen Han,
| | - Xuchen Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang LI, ; Xuchen Han,
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