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Wang Q, Saadati S, Kabthymer RH, Gadanec LK, Lawton A, Tripodi N, Apostolopoulos V, de Courten B, Feehan J. The impact of carnosine on biological ageing - A geroscience approach. Maturitas 2024; 189:108091. [PMID: 39153379 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.108091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Biological ageing involves a gradual decline in physiological function and resilience, marked by molecular, cellular, and systemic changes across organ systems. Geroscience, an interdisciplinary field, studies these mechanisms and their role in age-related diseases. Genomic instability, inflammation, telomere attrition, and other indicators contribute to conditions like cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. Geroscience identifies geroprotectors, such as resveratrol and metformin, targeting ageing pathways to extend the healthspan. Carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide (b-alanine and l-histidine), has emerged as a potential geroprotector with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-glycating properties. Carnosine's benefits extend to muscle function, exercise performance, and cognitive health, making it a promising therapeutic intervention for healthy ageing and oxidative stress-related pathologies. In this review, we summarize the evidence describing carnosine's effects in promoting healthy ageing, providing new insights into improving geroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Saeede Saadati
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Robel Hussen Kabthymer
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Laura Kate Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy Lawton
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas Tripodi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Nigdelioglu Dolanbay S, Şirin S, Aslim B. Allocryptopine Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in Microglial Cells Via TLR4-Dependent NF-κB and p38 MAPK Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04520-x. [PMID: 39331354 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Studies in the existing literature propose that allocryptopine possesses both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, showcasing its neuroprotective effects by potentially mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of allocryptopine on various targets and potential mechanisms that have not been previously explored in the literature. Initially, we used MTT and LDH methods to evaluate the effects of allocryptopine on cell viability in BV-2 cells exposed to LPS-induced damage. Subsequently, we evaluated the impact of allocryptopine on pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), other inflammatory mediators (Cox-2 and iNOS), and p38 MAPK genes and proteins through qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Also, we evaluated the impact of allocryptopine on NF-κB proteins (TLR4, MyD88, IκBα, p-p50, and p-p65) through ELISA assay. Molecular docking analyses were performed to investigate the potential binding of allocryptopine to target proteins (TLR4, MyD88, IκBα, p50, p65, MKK3, MKK4, MKK6, p38, AP-1 (c-Jun and ATF2), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Cox-2, and iNOS) associated with the TLR4, NF-κB, and p38 MAPK pathways. Our results indicate that allocryptopine exerts a comprehensive influence on pro-inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators by inhibiting TLR4 signaling and modulating the NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways. The outcomes of our study suggest that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of allocryptopine is intricately linked to the modulation of key molecular pathways associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. These findings highlight the potential of allocryptopine as a therapeutic agent for addressing neurodegenerative diseases by safeguarding neuronal health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seda Şirin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Belma Aslim
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey
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Bhuiyan P, Zhang W, Liang G, Jiang B, Vera R, Chae R, Kim K, Louis LS, Wang Y, Liu J, Wei H. Intranasal Lithium Chloride Nanoparticles Inhibit Inflammatory Pyroptosis in Brains and Ameliorate Memory Loss and Depression Behavior in 5xFAD mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.18.613794. [PMID: 39345574 PMCID: PMC11430220 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.18.613794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
This study compares the changes in lithium concentrations in the brain and blood following the administration of intranasal or oral lithium chloride (LiCl) dissolved in either Ryanodex Formulation Vehicle (RFV) or water, as well as the therapeutic effectiveness and side effects of intranasal versus oral lithium chloride (LiCl) in RFV, and their mechanisms for inhibiting inflammation and pyroptosis in 5xFAD Alzheimer's Disease (AD) mice brains. In comparison to oral LiCl in RFV, intranasal LiCl in RFV decreased lithium blood concentrations but increased brain concentrations and duration, resulting in a significantly higher brain/blood lithium concentration ratio than intranasal LiCl in water or oral LiCl in RFV in young adult mice. Intranasal LiCl in RFV robustly protects both memory loss and depressive behavior in both young and old 5xFAD mice, with no side effects or thyroid/kidney toxicity. In fact, intranasal LiCl in RFV protects against age-dependent kidney function impairment in 5xFAD mice. This lithium mediated neuroprotection was associated with its potent effects on the inhibition of InsP3R-1 Ca 2+ channel receptor increase, ameliorating pathological inflammation and activation of the pyroptosis pathway, and the associated loss of synapse proteins. Intranasal LiCl in RFV could become an effective and potent inhibitor of pathological inflammation/pyroptosis in the CNS and treat both dementia and depression with no or minimal side effects/organ toxicity, particular in AD.
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Rodrigues RO, Shin SR, Bañobre-López M. Brain-on-a-chip: an emerging platform for studying the nanotechnology-biology interface for neurodegenerative disorders. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:573. [PMID: 39294645 PMCID: PMC11409741 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders have for a long time been a global challenge dismissed by drug companies, especially due to the low efficiency of most therapeutic compounds to cross the brain capillary wall, that forms the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reach the brain. This has boosted an incessant search for novel carriers and methodologies to drive these compounds throughout the BBB. However, it remains a challenge to artificially mimic the physiology and function of the human BBB, allowing a reliable, reproducible and throughput screening of these rapidly growing technologies and nanoformulations (NFs). To surpass these challenges, brain-on-a-chip (BoC) - advanced microphysiological platforms that emulate key features of the brain composition and functionality, with the potential to emulate pathophysiological signatures of neurological disorders, are emerging as a microfluidic tool to screen new brain-targeting drugs, investigate neuropathogenesis and reach personalized medicine. In this review, the advance of BoC as a bioengineered screening tool of new brain-targeting drugs and NFs, enabling to decipher the intricate nanotechnology-biology interface is discussed. Firstly, the main challenges to model the brain are outlined, then, examples of BoC platforms to recapitulate the neurodegenerative diseases and screen NFs are summarized, emphasizing the current most promising nanotechnological-based drug delivery strategies and lastly, the integration of high-throughput screening biosensing systems as possible cutting-edge technologies for an end-use perspective is discussed as future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel O Rodrigues
- Advanced (Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Nanomedicine Unit, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Su-Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced (Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Nanomedicine Unit, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal.
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Zhang X, Abdulbagi M, Wang L, Wang J, Di B, Li B. HPLC with chiral stationary phase for separation and kinetics study of aspartic acid epimerization in Peroxiredoxin 2 active site peptide. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 247:116247. [PMID: 38815521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Amino acid epimerization, a process of converting L-amino acids to D-amino acids, will lead to modification in the protein structure and, subsequently, its biological function. This modification causes no change in protein m/z and may be overlooked during protein analysis. Aspartic Acid Epimerization (AAE) is faster than other amino acids and could be accelerated by free radicals and peroxides. In this work, a novel and site-specific HPLC method using a chiral stationary phase for determining the AAE in the active site model peptide (AP) of Peroxiredoxin 2 has been developed and validated. The developed method showed good linearity (1 - 200 μg/mL) and recoveries of the limit of quantification (LOQ), low, medium, and high concentrations were between 85% and 115%. The Kinetics of AAE in AP were studied using the developed method, and the results showed that when ascorbic acid and Cu2+ coexisted, the AP epimerized rapidly. The AAE extent increased with time and was positively correlated with hydrogen peroxide generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mohamed Abdulbagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bin Di
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Hangzhou Innovative Institute of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Boonpraman N, Yi SS. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) as a biomarker and therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1961-1966. [PMID: 38227522 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are defined by inflammation and the damage neurons undergo due to oxidative stress. A primary reactive oxygen species contributor in the central nervous system, NADPH oxidase 4, is viewed as a potential therapeutic touchstone and indicative marker for these ailments. This in-depth review brings to light distinct features of NADPH oxidase 4, responsible for generating superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, emphasizing its pivotal role in activating glial cells, inciting inflammation, and disturbing neuronal functions. Significantly, malfunctioning astrocytes, forming the majority in the central nervous system, play a part in advancing neurodegenerative diseases, due to their reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factor secretion. Our study reveals that aiming at NADPH oxidase 4 within astrocytes could be a viable treatment pathway to reduce oxidative damage and halt neurodegenerative processes. Adjusting NADPH oxidase 4 activity might influence the neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, including myeloperoxidase and osteopontin, offering better prospects for conditions like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review sheds light on the role of NADPH oxidase 4 in neural degeneration, emphasizing its drug target potential, and paving the path for novel treatment approaches to combat these severe conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napissara Boonpraman
- BK21 four Program, Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Sun Shin Yi
- BK21 four Program, Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
- iConnectome, Co., Ltd., Cheonan, South Korea
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Wang W, Li S, Zhu Y, Cui X, Sheng Z, Wang H, Cheng Z. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Seed Oils from Trichosanthes kirilowii and T. laceribractea in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Comparative Analysis and Mechanism Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:861. [PMID: 39061929 PMCID: PMC11273834 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) can accelerate amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation in neuron cells, which further leads to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, there is an urgent need to find natural and safe antioxidants for preventing or treating such neurodegenerative diseases. The seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim and T. laceribractea Hayata have long been used for medicinal and edible purposes in China. However, the antioxidant and neuroprotective activities and underlying mechanisms of their seed oils still remain unclear. Herein, we examine the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of seed oils extracted from different germplasms, T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN) and T. laceribractea (ZJQT and SXHZ), on ROS levels and neuroprotective activities in C. elegans. The results demonstrated that the seed oils significantly reduced the ROS levels in C. elegans by 17.03-42.74%, with T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN) exhibiting significantly stronger ROS scavenging abilities than T. laceribractea (ZJQT and SXHZ). The seed oils from T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN) alleviated the production and aggregation of Aβ and the phosphorylation and polymerization of tau, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role. Conversely, seed oils from T. laceribractea (ZJQT and SXHZ) show minimal neuroprotective effects in C. elegans. These differential outcomes might stem from distinct mechanisms underlying antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, with the ctl-2 gene implicated as pivotal in mediating the significant neuroprotective effects of seed oils from T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN). Our findings have provided valuable insights into the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of T. kirilowii seed oils, paving the way for further research aimed at elucidating the underlying mechanisms and exploring their potential therapeutic applications in combating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhou Cheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (W.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.S.); (H.W.)
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Ullah I, Wang X, Li H. Novel and experimental therapeutics for the management of motor and non-motor Parkinsonian symptoms. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2979-2995. [PMID: 38388896 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Both motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have a substantial detrimental influence on the patient's quality of life. The most effective treatment remains oral levodopa. All currently known treatments just address the symptoms; they do not completely reverse the condition. METHODOLOGY In order to find literature on the creation of novel treatment agents and their efficacy for PD patients, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and other online libraries. RESULTS According to the most recent study on Parkinson's disease (PD), a great deal of work has been done in both the clinical and laboratory domains, and some current scientists have even been successful in developing novel therapies for PD patients. CONCLUSION The quality of life for PD patients has increased as a result of recent research, and numerous innovative medications are being developed for PD therapy. In the near future, we will see positive outcomes regarding PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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Harman RM, Sipka A, Oxford KA, Oliveira L, Huntimer L, Nydam DV, Van de Walle GR. The mammosphere-derived epithelial cell secretome modulates neutrophil functions in the bovine model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367432. [PMID: 38994364 PMCID: PMC11236729 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Innovative therapies against bacterial infections are needed. One approach is to focus on host-directed immunotherapy (HDT), with treatments that exploit natural processes of the host immune system. The goals of this type of therapy are to stimulate protective immunity while minimizing inflammation-induced tissue damage. We use non-traditional large animal models to explore the potential of the mammosphere-derived epithelial cell (MDEC) secretome, consisting of all bioactive factors released by the cells, to modulate host immune functions. MDEC cultures are enriched for mammary stem and progenitor cells and can be generated from virtually any mammal. We previously demonstrated that the bovine MDEC secretome, collected and delivered as conditioned medium (CM), inhibits the growth of bacteria in vitro and stimulates functions related to tissue repair in cultured endothelial and epithelial cells. Methods The immunomodulatory effects of the bovine MDEC secretome on bovine neutrophils, an innate immune cell type critical for resolving bacterial infections, were determined in vitro using functional assays. The effects of MDEC CM on neutrophil molecular pathways were explored by evaluating the production of specific cytokines by neutrophils and examining global gene expression patterns in MDEC CM-treated neutrophils. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the concentrations of select proteins in MDEC CM and siRNAs were used to reduce the expression of specific MDEC-secreted proteins, allowing for the identification of bioactive factors modulating neutrophil functions. Results Neutrophils exposed to MDEC secretome exhibited increased chemotaxis and phagocytosis and decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species and extracellular trap formation, when compared to neutrophils exposed to control medium. C-X-C motif chemokine 6, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin-2, and catalase, each present in the bovine MDEC secretome, were found to modulate neutrophil functions. Conclusion The MDEC secretome administered to treat bacterial infections may increase neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection, stimulate pathogen phagocytosis by neutrophils, and reduce neutrophil-produced ROS accumulation. As a result, pathogen clearance might be improved and local inflammation and tissue damage reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Anja Sipka
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kelly A. Oxford
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Daryl V. Nydam
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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10
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Mardanyan S, Sharoyan S, Antonyan A. Diversity of amyloid beta peptide actions. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:387-398. [PMID: 38281140 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Fibril formation by amyloidogenic proteins and peptides is considered the cause of a number of incurable diseases. One of the most known amyloid diseases is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Traditionally, amyloidogenic beta peptides Aβ40 and Aβ42 (Aβs) are considered as main causes of AD and the foremost targets in AD fight. The main efforts in pharmacology are aimed at reducing Aβs concentration to prevent their accumulation, aggregation, formation of senile plaques, neuronal death, and neurodegeneration. However, a number of publications have demonstrated certain beneficial physiological effects of Aβs. Simultaneously, it is indicated that the effects of Aβs turn into pathological due to the development of certain diseases in the body. The accumulation of C- and N-terminal truncated Aβs under diverse conditions is supposed to play a role in AD development. The significance of transformation of glutamate residue at positions 3 or 11 of Aβs catalyzed by glutaminyl cyclase making them more degradation resistant, hydrophobic, and prone to aggregation, as well as the participation of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in these transformations are discussed. The experimental data presented confirm the maintenance of physiological, nonaggregated state of Aβs by plant preparations. In conclusion, this review suggests that in the fight against AD, instead of removing Aβs, preference should be given to the treatment of common diseases. Glutaminyl cyclase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV can be considered as targets in AD treatment. Flavonoids and plant preparations that possess antiamyloidogenic propensity are proposed as beneficial neuroprotective, anticancer, and antidiabetic food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Mardanyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry of Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan 0014, Republic of Armenia
| | - Svetlana Sharoyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry of Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan 0014, Republic of Armenia
| | - Alvard Antonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry of Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan 0014, Republic of Armenia
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Stevenson LK, Page AJ, Dowson M, ElBadry SK, Barnieh FM, Falconer RA, El-Khamisy SF. The DNA repair kinase ATM regulates CD13 expression and cell migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1359105. [PMID: 38933336 PMCID: PMC11199385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1359105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Classically, ATM is known for its role in sensing double-strand DNA breaks, and subsequently signaling for their repair. Non-canonical roles of ATM include transcriptional silencing, ferroptosis, autophagy and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis mediated by ATM signaling has been shown to be VEGF-independent via p38 signaling. Independently, p38 signaling has been shown to upregulate metalloproteinase expression, including MMP-2 and MMP-9, though it is unclear if this is linked to ATM. Here, we demonstrate ATM regulates aminopeptidase-N (CD13/APN/ANPEP) at the protein level. Positive correlation was seen between ATM activity and CD13 protein expression using both "wildtype" (WT) and knockout (KO) ataxia telangiectasia (AT) cells through western blotting; with the same effect shown when treating neuroblastoma cancer cell line SH-SY5Y, as well as AT-WT cells, with ATM inhibitor (ATMi; KU55933). However, qPCR along with publically available RNAseq data from Hu et al. (J. Clin. Invest., 2021, 131, e139333), demonstrated no change in mRNA levels of CD13, suggesting that ATM regulates CD13 levels via controlling protein degradation. This is further supported by the observation that incubation with proteasome inhibitors led to restoration of CD13 protein levels in cells treated with ATMi. Migration assays showed ATM and CD13 inhibition impairs migration, with no additional effect observed when combined. This suggests an epistatic effect, and that both proteins may be acting in the same signaling pathway that influences cell migration. This work indicates a novel functional interaction between ATM and CD13, suggesting ATM may negatively regulate the degradation of CD13, and subsequently cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise K. Stevenson
- School of Biosciences, Healthy Lifespan and Neuroscience Institutes, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy J. Page
- School of Biosciences, Healthy Lifespan and Neuroscience Institutes, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Dowson
- School of Biosciences, Healthy Lifespan and Neuroscience Institutes, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sameh K. ElBadry
- School of Biosciences, Healthy Lifespan and Neuroscience Institutes, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Francis M. Barnieh
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Falconer
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Sherif F. El-Khamisy
- School of Biosciences, Healthy Lifespan and Neuroscience Institutes, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
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12
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Sharma M, Aggarwal N, Mishra J, Panda JJ. Neuroglia targeting nano-therapeutic approaches to rescue aging and neurodegenerating brain. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123950. [PMID: 38430951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite intense efforts at the bench, the development of successful brain-targeting therapeutics to relieve malicious neural diseases remains primitive. The brain, being a beautifully intricate organ, consists of heterogeneous arrays of neuronal and glial cells. Primarily acting as the support system for neuronal functioning and maturation, glial cells have been observed to be engaged more apparently in the progression and worsening of various neural pathologies. The diseased state is often related to metabolic alterations in glial cells, thereby modulating their physiological homeostasis in conjunction with neuronal dysfunction. A plethora of data indicates the effect of oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and DNA damage in neuroglia impairments. Still, a deeper insight is needed to gain a conflict-free understanding in this arena. As a consequence, glial cells hold the potential to be identified as promising targets for novel therapeutic approaches aimed at brain protection. In this review, we describe the recent strides taken in the direction of understanding the impact of oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and DNA damage on neuroglia impairment and neuroglia-directed nanotherapeutic approaches to mitigate the burden of various neural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Nidhi Aggarwal
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Jibanananda Mishra
- School of Biosciences, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India.
| | - Jiban Jyoti Panda
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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Akıncıoğlu A. Design, synthesis, in silico, and in vitro evaluation of novel benzyloxybenzene substituted (S)-α-amino amide derivatives as cholinesterases and monoaminoxidases inhibitor. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22161. [PMID: 38445811 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a series of novel benzyloxybenzene substituted (S)-α-amino acid methyl esters and their amide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory actions against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). The synthetic strategy was based on starting from benzyl bromide (5) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (6). The reaction of 5 and 6 in the presence of K2 CO3 gave benzyloxybenzaldehyde 7. Benzyloxybenzene substituted (S)-α-amino acid methyl esters 11, 12, 13, (±)-19, and (±)-20 were obtained from the reaction of L-amino acid methyl esters with benzyloxybenzaldehyde (7) followed by in situ reduction with NaBH4 . The reaction of (S)-11, (S)-12, 13, (±)-19, and (±)-20 with excess ammonia gave amides (S)-14, (S)-15, 16, (±)-21, and (±)-22. The in vitro inhibitory activities of compounds against MAO-A, MAO-B, AChE, and BChE were investigated. Within the α-amino acid methyl ester series, 13 (21.32 ± 0.338 µM) showed selectivity by inhibiting the MAO-B better than MAO-A. 13 emerged as the most active member of this series, exhibiting a 12-fold selectivity for MAO-B. 14 (4.501 ± 0.295 µM) demonstrated a pronounced selectivity for MAO-A over MAO-B, with a selectivity ratio of 110-fold. In addition, it was determined that compound 15 (95.65 ± 3.09 µM) had high selectivity for BChE inhibition. 21 was demonstrated the most potent inhibition (18.36 ± 1.36 µM) against AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akın Akıncıoğlu
- Central Researching Laboratory, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
- Vocational School, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
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14
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Zhang J, Peng Y, Fu W, Wang R, Cao J, Li S, Tian X, Li Z, Hua C, Zhai Y, Liu Y, Liu M, Sun J, Li X, Zhao X, Dong J. PLEKHM2 deficiency induces impaired mitochondrial clearance and elevated ROS levels in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:142. [PMID: 38490981 PMCID: PMC10942999 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 2 (PLEKHM2) is an essential adaptor for lysosomal trafficking and its homozygous truncation have been reported to cause early onset dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the molecular mechanism of PLEKHM2 deficiency in DCM pathogenesis and progression is poorly understood. Here, we generated an in vitro model of PLEKHM2 knockout (KO) induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) to elucidate the potential pathogenic mechanism of PLEKHM2-deficient cardiomyopathy. PLEKHM2-KO hiPSC-CMs developed disease phenotypes with reduced contractility and impaired calcium handling. Subsequent RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed altered expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function, autophagy and apoptosis in PLEKHM2-KO hiPSC-CMs. Further molecular experiments confirmed PLEKHM2 deficiency impaired autophagy and resulted in accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which triggered increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). Importantly, the elevated ROS levels caused oxidative stress-induced damage to nearby healthy mitochondria, resulting in extensive Δψm destabilization, and ultimately leading to impaired mitochondrial function and myocardial contractility. Moreover, ROS inhibition attenuated oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial damage, thereby partially rescued PLEKHM2 deficiency-induced disease phenotypes. Remarkably, PLEKHM2-WT overexpression restored autophagic flux and rescued mitochondrial function and myocardial contractility in PLEKHM2-KO hiPSC-CMs. Taken together, these results suggested that impaired mitochondrial clearance and increased ROS levels play important roles in PLEKHM2-deficient cardiomyopathy, and PLEKHM2-WT overexpression can improve mitochondrial function and rescue PLEKHM2-deficient cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wanrong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ruifei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jinhua Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoxu Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhonggen Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chongpei Hua
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yafei Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Mengduan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Jianzeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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15
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Navarro-Hortal M, Romero-Márquez JM, López-Bascón MA, Sánchez-González C, Xiao J, Sumalla-Cano S, Battino M, Forbes-Hernández TY, Quiles JL. In Vitro and In Vivo Insights into a Broccoli Byproduct as a Healthy Ingredient for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease and Aging through Redox Biology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5197-5211. [PMID: 38477041 PMCID: PMC10941188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Broccoli has gained popularity as a highly consumed vegetable due to its nutritional and health properties. This study aimed to evaluate the composition profile and the antioxidant capacity of a hydrophilic extract derived from broccoli byproducts, as well as its influence on redox biology, Alzheimer's disease markers, and aging in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. The presence of glucosinolate was observed and antioxidant capacity was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory capacity was quantified, and the treatment ameliorated the amyloid-β- and tau-induced proteotoxicity in transgenic strains via SOD-3 and SKN-1, respectively, and HSP-16.2 for both parameters. Furthermore, a preliminary study on aging indicated that the extract effectively reduced reactive oxygen species levels in aged worms and extended their lifespan. Utilizing broccoli byproducts for nutraceutical or functional foods could manage vegetable processing waste, enhancing productivity and sustainability while providing significant health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
D. Navarro-Hortal
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and
Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical
Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - Jose M. Romero-Márquez
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and
Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical
Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - M. Asunción López-Bascón
- Research
and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-González
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and
Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical
Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
- Sport
and Health Research Centre, University of
Granada, C/Menéndez
Pelayo 32, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science
and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Sandra Sumalla-Cano
- Research
Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Department
of Health, Nutrition and Sport, Iberoamerican
International University, Campeche 24560, Mexico
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Research
Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University
of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products
Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Tamara Y. Forbes-Hernández
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and
Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical
Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - José L. Quiles
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and
Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical
Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
- Research
and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Research
Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
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16
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Yang Y, Zou J, Li M, Yun Y, Li J, Bai J. Extraction and characterization of polysaccharides from blackcurrant fruits and its inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130047. [PMID: 38336315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Microwave assisted aqueous two-phase system (MA-ATPS) was used to simultaneously extract two polysaccharides from blackcurrant. Under the suitable ATPS (ethanol/(NH4)2SO4, 26.75 %/18.98 %) combining with the optimal MA conditions (liquid-to-material ratio 58.5 mL/g, time 9.5 min, temperature 60.5 °C, power 587 W) predicted by response surface methodology, the yields of the top/bottom phase polysaccharides were 13.08 ± 0.37 % and 42.65 ± 0.89 %, respectively. After purification through column chromatography, the top phase polysaccharide (PRTP) and bottom phase polysaccharide (PRBP) were obtained. FT-IR, methylation and NMR analyses confirmed that the repeating unit in the backbone of PRTP was →2, 5)-α-L-Araf-(1 → 3)-α-D-Manp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-L-Rhap-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalAp-(1→, while the possible unit in PRBP was →4)-α-L-Rhap-(1 → 3)-α-D-Manp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 2, 5)-α-L-Araf-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalAp-(1→. PRBP with relatively low molecular weight exhibited better stability, rheological property, free radical scavenging and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities than PRTP. PRTP and PRBP were reversible mixed-type inhibitors for AChE, and the conformation of AChE was changed after binding with the polysaccharides. Molecular docking, fluorescence and isothermal titration calorimetry assays revealed that PRTP and PRBP quenched the fluorescence through static quenching mechanism, and the van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding played key roles in the stability of polysaccharide-enzyme complexes. This study provided a theoretical basis for blackcurrant polysaccharides as AChE inhibitors to treat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- College of Art and Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaheng Zou
- College of Art and Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Li
- College of Art and Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yun
- College of Art and Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- College of Art and Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Bai
- College of Art and Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Neal CJ, Kolanthai E, Wei F, Coathup M, Seal S. Surface Chemistry of Biologically Active Reducible Oxide Nanozymes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2211261. [PMID: 37000888 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Reducible metal oxide nanozymes (rNZs) are a subject of intense recent interest due to their catalytic nature, ease of synthesis, and complex surface character. Such materials contain surface sites which facilitate enzyme-mimetic reactions via substrate coordination and redox cycling. Further, these surface reactive sites are shown to be highly sensitive to stresses within the nanomaterial lattice, the physicochemical environment, and to processing conditions occurring as part of their syntheses. When administered in vivo, a complex protein corona binds to the surface, redefining its biological identity and subsequent interactions within the biological system. Catalytic activities of rNZs each deliver a differing impact on protein corona formation, its composition, and in turn, their recognition, and internalization by host cells. Improving the understanding of the precise principles that dominate rNZ surface-biomolecule adsorption raises the question of whether designer rNZs can be engineered to prevent corona formation, or indeed to produce "custom" protein coronas applied either in vitro, and preadministration, or formed immediately upon their exposure to body fluids. Here, fundamental surface chemistry processes and their implications in rNZ material performance are considered. In particular, material structures which inform component adsorption from the application environment, including substrates for enzyme-mimetic reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Neal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Elayaraja Kolanthai
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Fei Wei
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
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18
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Kalantar MH, Bayat PD, Ghaffari Khaligh S, Soleimani H. The role of curcumin during pregnancy on the exposed fetuses' tissues of Wistar rats to electromagnetic field. Electromagn Biol Med 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38366892 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2024.2315214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
To investigate curcumin (CUR) as the protector against the harmful effects of low-frequency electromagnetic field(LF- EMF, 50 Hz) during pregnancy period, 5 males and 15 females of Wistar rat mated and vaginal plaques were observed. Then, the pregnant rats were divided into six groups. During pregnancy(21 days), the EMF group was exposed to EMF for 30 min/day, the CUR group received a single dose of 50 mg/kg/daily CUR intraperitoneal, the EMF+CUR group was injected CUR and exposed to EMF daily. The DMSO(dimethyl sulfoxide) group was injected solvent of CUR (DMSO) intraperitoneal with the same volume of CUR solvent, the sham group was placed through the solenoid in the same conditions as the first group without exposure and the control group was kept in their cage in normal condition. After four weeks, babies born were divided according to the mother groups and sacrificed. Then, the three tissues injuries were investigated. EMF exposure led to an increase in outstanding necrotic areas in hippocampal tissue, an increase in the amount of hyperemia(p = 0.017) and necrotic(p = 0.005) in kidneys, and degeneration in liver tissue(p = 0.007) in the EMF group compared with EMF+CUR groups. A single dose of CUR daily during pregnancy can protect these tissues from injuries caused by LF-EMF exposure in rat fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvin-Dokht Bayat
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Sahar Ghaffari Khaligh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Homa Soleimani
- Department of Medical physics, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Department of Medical Physics and Physiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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19
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Alvarez N, Sevilla A. Current Advances in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and the Future Potential of PDT-Combinatorial Cancer Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1023. [PMID: 38256096 PMCID: PMC10815790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-stage treatment that implies the use of light energy, oxygen, and light-activated compounds (photosensitizers) to elicit cancerous and precancerous cell death after light activation (phototoxicity). The biophysical, bioengineering aspects and its combinations with other strategies are highlighted in this review, both conceptually and as they are currently applied clinically. We further explore the recent advancements of PDT with the use of nanotechnology, including quantum dots as innovative photosensitizers or energy donors as well as the combination of PDT with radiotherapy and immunotherapy as future promising cancer treatments. Finally, we emphasize the potential significance of organoids as physiologically relevant models for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niuska Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ana Sevilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Ramakrishnan P, Joshi A, Fazil M, Yadav P. A comprehensive review on therapeutic potentials of photobiomodulation for neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci 2024; 336:122334. [PMID: 38061535 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of experimental trials over the past two centuries has put forth Photobiomodulation (PBM) as a treatment modality that utilizes colored lights for various conditions. While in its cradle, PBM was used for treating simple conditions such as burns and wounds, advancements in recent years have extended the use of PBM for treating complex neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). PBM has exhibited the potential to curb several symptoms and signs associated with NDDs. While several of the currently used therapeutics cause adverse side effects alongside being highly invasive, PBM on the contrary, seems to be broad-acting, less toxic, and non-invasive. Despite being projected as an ideal therapeutic for NDDs, PBM still isn't considered a mainstream treatment modality due to some of the challenges and knowledge gaps associated with it. Here, we review the advantages of PBM summarized above with an emphasis on the common mechanisms that underlie major NDDs and how PBM helps tackle them. We also discuss important questions such as whether PBM should be considered a mainstay treatment modality for these conditions and if PBM's properties can be harnessed to develop prophylactic therapies for high-risk individuals and also highlight important animal studies that underscore the importance of PBM and the challenges associated with it. Overall, this review is intended to bring the major advances made in the field to the spotlight alongside addressing the practicalities and caveats to develop PBM as a major therapeutic for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ramakrishnan
- Fly Laboratory # 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Aradhana Joshi
- Fly Laboratory # 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohamed Fazil
- Fly Laboratory # 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Fly Laboratory # 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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21
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Fátima Heredia R, Riestra-Ayora JI, Yanes-Díaz J, Thuissard Vasallo IJ, Andreu-Vázquez C, Sanz-Fernández R, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Cocoa Polyphenols Prevent Age-Related Hearing Loss and Frailty in an In Vivo Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1994. [PMID: 38001847 PMCID: PMC10669688 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) impairs the quality of life in elderly persons. ARHL is associated with comorbidities, such as depression, falls, or frailty. Frailty syndrome is related to poor health outcomes in old age. ARHL is a potentially modifiable risk factor for frailty. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a key factor underlying the onset and/or development of ARHL and frailty. Cocoa has high levels of polyphenols and provides many health benefits due to its antioxidant properties. Male and female C57Bl/6J mice were randomly assigned to two study groups: animals receiving a cocoa-supplemented diet and the other receiving a standard diet. Then, at the ages of 6, 14, and 22 months, hearing and frailty were measured in all mice. Auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) threshold shifts were measured to different frequencies. The frailty score was based on the "Valencia Score" adapted to the experimental animals. The total antioxidant capacity and total polyphenols in urine samples were also measured. Significant improvements in hearing ability are observed in the cocoa groups at 6, 14, and 22 months compared to the no cocoa group. The cocoa diet significantly retards the development of frailty in mice. Cocoa increases the concentration of polyphenols excreted in the urine, which increases the total antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, cocoa, due to its antioxidant properties, leads to significant protection against ARHL and frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Fátima Heredia
- Department Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12.500, 28905 Getafe, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan I. Riestra-Ayora
- Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12.500, 28905 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; (J.I.R.-A.); (J.Y.-D.); (R.S.-F.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain; (I.J.T.V.); (C.A.-V.)
| | - Joaquín Yanes-Díaz
- Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12.500, 28905 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; (J.I.R.-A.); (J.Y.-D.); (R.S.-F.)
| | - Israel John Thuissard Vasallo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain; (I.J.T.V.); (C.A.-V.)
| | - Cristina Andreu-Vázquez
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain; (I.J.T.V.); (C.A.-V.)
| | - Ricardo Sanz-Fernández
- Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12.500, 28905 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; (J.I.R.-A.); (J.Y.-D.); (R.S.-F.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain; (I.J.T.V.); (C.A.-V.)
| | - Carolina Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain; (I.J.T.V.); (C.A.-V.)
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22
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Buga AM, Oancea CN. Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegeneration and Antioxidative Strategies: Current Stage and Future Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1762. [PMID: 37760065 PMCID: PMC10525970 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are the leading cause of neurological disorders, constituting a public health problem with an exponentially growing incidence rate [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen-Nicoleta Oancea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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23
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Kulawik A, Cielecka-Piontek J, Zalewski P. The Importance of Antioxidant Activity for the Health-Promoting Effect of Lycopene. Nutrients 2023; 15:3821. [PMID: 37686853 PMCID: PMC10490373 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a compound of colored origin that shows strong antioxidant activity. The positive effect of lycopene is the result of its pleiotropic effect. The ability to neutralize free radicals via lycopene is one of the foundations of its pro-health effect, including the ability to inhibit the development of many civilization diseases. Therefore, this study focuses on the importance of the antioxidant effect of lycopene in inhibiting the development of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diseases within the nervous system, diabetes, liver diseases, and ulcerative colitis. According to the research mentioned, lycopene supplementation has significant promise for the treatment of illnesses marked by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the majority of the supporting data for lycopene's health benefits comes from experimental research, whereas the evidence from clinical studies is both scarcer and less certain of any health benefits. Research on humans is still required to establish its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kulawik
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (A.K.); (J.C.-P.)
- Phytopharm Klęka S.A., Klęka 1, 63-040 Nowe Miasto nad Wartą, Poland
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (A.K.); (J.C.-P.)
| | - Przemysław Zalewski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (A.K.); (J.C.-P.)
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24
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Petrovskiy DV, Nikolsky KS, Rudnev VR, Kulikova LI, Butkova TV, Malsagova KA, Kopylov AT, Kaysheva AL. Modeling Side Chains in the Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins for Post-Translational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13431. [PMID: 37686234 PMCID: PMC10488155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid substitutions and post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a crucial role in many cellular processes by directly affecting the structural and dynamic features of protein interaction. Despite their importance, the understanding of protein PTMs at the structural level is still largely incomplete. The Protein Data Bank contains a relatively small number of 3D structures having post-translational modifications. Although recent years have witnessed significant progress in three-dimensional modeling (3D) of proteins using neural networks, the problem related to predicting accurate PTMs in proteins has been largely ignored. Predicting accurate 3D PTM models in proteins is closely related to another fundamental problem: predicting the correct side-chain conformations of amino acid residues in proteins. An analysis of publications as well as the paid and free software packages for modeling three-dimensional structures showed that most of them focus on working with unmodified proteins and canonical amino acid residues; the number of articles and software packages placing emphasis on modeling three-dimensional PTM structures is an order of magnitude smaller. This paper focuses on modeling the side-chain conformations of proteins containing PTMs (nonstandard amino acid residues). We collected our own libraries comprising the most frequently observed PTMs from the PDB and implemented a number of algorithms for predicting the side-chain conformation at modification points and in the immediate environment of the protein. A comprehensive analysis of both the algorithms per se and compared to the common Rosetta and FoldX structure modeling packages was also carried out. The proposed algorithmic solutions are comparable in their characteristics to the well-known Rosetta and FoldX packages for the modeling of three-dimensional structures and have great potential for further development and optimization. The source code of algorithmic solutions has been deposited to and is available at the GitHub source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristina A. Malsagova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.P.); (K.S.N.); (V.R.R.); (L.I.K.); (T.V.B.); (A.T.K.); (A.L.K.)
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25
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Darenskaya M, Kolesnikov S, Semenova N, Kolesnikova L. Diabetic Nephropathy: Significance of Determining Oxidative Stress and Opportunities for Antioxidant Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12378. [PMID: 37569752 PMCID: PMC10419189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) belongs to the category of socially significant diseases with epidemic rates of increases in prevalence. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a specific kind of kidney damage that occurs in 40% of patients with DM and is considered a serious complication of DM. Most modern methods for treatments aimed at slowing down the progression of DN have side effects and do not produce unambiguous positive results in the long term. This fact has encouraged researchers to search for additional or alternative treatment methods. Hyperglycemia has a negative effect on renal structures due to a number of factors, including the activation of the polyol and hexosamine glucose metabolism pathways, the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products and increases in the insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction of tissues. The above mechanisms cause the development of oxidative stress (OS) reactions and mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn contribute to the development and progression of DN. Modern antioxidant therapies for DN involve various phytochemicals (food antioxidants, resveratrol, curcumin, alpha-lipoic acid preparations, etc.), which are widely used not only for the treatment of diabetes but also other systemic diseases. It has also been suggested that therapeutic approaches that target the source of reactive oxygen species in DN may have certain advantages in terms of nephroprotection from OS. This review describes the significance of studies on OS biomarkers in the pathogenesis of DN and analyzes various approaches to reducing the intensity of OS in the prevention and treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Darenskaya
- Department of Personalized and Preventive Medicine, Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia; (S.K.); (N.S.); (L.K.)
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26
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Cores Á, Carmona-Zafra N, Clerigué J, Villacampa M, Menéndez JC. Quinones as Neuroprotective Agents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1464. [PMID: 37508002 PMCID: PMC10376830 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinones can in principle be viewed as a double-edged sword in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, since they are often cytoprotective but can also be cytotoxic due to covalent and redox modification of biomolecules. Nevertheless, low doses of moderately electrophilic quinones are generally cytoprotective, mainly due to their ability to activate the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and thus induce the expression of detoxifying enzymes. Some natural quinones have relevant roles in important physiological processes. One of them is coenzyme Q10, which takes part in the oxidative phosphorylation processes involved in cell energy production, as a proton and electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and shows neuroprotective effects relevant to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Additional neuroprotective quinones that can be regarded as coenzyme Q10 analogues are idobenone, mitoquinone and plastoquinone. Other endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activities include tocopherol-derived quinones, most notably vatiquinone, and vitamin K. A final group of non-endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activity is discussed, comprising embelin, APX-3330, cannabinoid-derived quinones, asterriquinones and other indolylquinones, pyrroloquinolinequinone and its analogues, geldanamycin and its analogues, rifampicin quinone, memoquin and a number of hybrid structures combining quinones with amino acids, cholinesterase inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Carmona-Zafra
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Clerigué
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Zhang Y, Shan L, Yang F, Liu Z, Xu M. Editorial: The pharmacological effects and mechanisms of drugs against human diseases by modulating redox homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1200137. [PMID: 37521464 PMCID: PMC10381933 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Luchen Shan
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuchun Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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28
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Kavčič H, Jug U, Mavri J, Umek N. Antioxidant activity of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine in aqueous and lipophilic environments: an experimental and computational study. Front Chem 2023; 11:1208843. [PMID: 37408557 PMCID: PMC10318152 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1208843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Local anesthetics are widely recognized pharmaceutical compounds with various clinical effects. Recent research indicates that they positively impact the antioxidant system and they may function as free radical scavengers. We hypothesize that their scavenging activity is influenced by the lipophilicity of the environment. Methods: We assessed the free radical scavenging capacity of three local anesthetics (lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine) using ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidant assays. We also employed quantum chemistry methods to find the most probable reaction mechanism. The experiments were conducted in an aqueous environment simulating extracellular fluid or cytosol, and in a lipophilic environment (n-octanol) simulating cellular membranes or myelin sheets. Results: All local anesthetics demonstrated ABTS˙+ radical scavenging activity, with lidocaine being the most effective. Compared to Vitamin C, lidocaine exhibited a 200-fold higher half-maximal inhibitory concentration. The most thermodynamically favorable and only possible reaction mechanism involved hydrogen atom transfer between the free radical and the -C-H vicinal to the carbonyl group. We found that the antioxidant activity of all tested local anesthetics was negligible in lipophilic environments, which was further confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. Conclusion: Local anesthetics exhibit modest free radical scavenging activity in aqueous environments, with lidocaine demonstrating the highest activity. However, their antioxidant activity in lipophilic environments, such as cellular membranes, myelin sheets, and adipose tissue, appears to be negligible. Our results thus show that free radical scavenging activity is influenced by the lipophilicity of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Kavčič
- Clinical Department for Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Therapy, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - U. Jug
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J. Mavri
- Laboratory of Computational Biochemistry and Drug Design, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - N. Umek
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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29
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Majid N, Khan RH. Protein aggregation: Consequences, mechanism, characterization and inhibitory strategies. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125123. [PMID: 37270122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a major role in the regulation of various cellular functions including the synthesis of structural components. But proteins are stable under physiological conditions only. A slight variation in environmental conditions can cost them huge in terms of conformational stability ultimately leading to aggregation. Under normal conditions, aggregated proteins are degraded or removed from the cell by a quality control system including ubiquitin-proteasomal machinery and autophagy. But they are burdened under diseased conditions or are impaired by the aggregated proteins leading to the generation of toxicity. The misfolding and aggregation of protein such as amyloid-β, α-synuclein, human lysozyme etc., are responsible for certain diseases including Alzheimer, Parkinson, and non- neuropathic systemic amyloidosis respectively. Extensive research has been done to find the therapeutics for such diseases but till now we have got only symptomatic treatment that will reduce the disease severity but will not target the initial formation of nucleus responsible for disease progression and propagation. Hence there is an urgent need to develop the drugs targeting the cause of the disease. For this, a wide knowledge related to misfolding and aggregation under the same heading is required as described in this review alongwith the strategies hypothesized and implemented till now. This will contribute a lot to the work of researchers in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela Majid
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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30
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Liuzzi GM, Petraglia T, Latronico T, Crescenzi A, Rossano R. Antioxidant Compounds from Edible Mushrooms as Potential Candidates for Treating Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081913. [PMID: 37111131 PMCID: PMC10145943 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The last century has seen an increase in our life expectancy. As a result, various age-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), have emerged, representing new challenges to society. Oxidative stress (OS), a condition of redox imbalance resulting from excessive production of reactive oxygen species, represents a common feature that characterizes the brains of elderly people, thus contributing to NDs. Consequently, antioxidant supplementation or dietary intake of antioxidant-containing foods could represent an effective preventive and therapeutic intervention to maintain the integrity and survival of neurons and to counteract the neurodegenerative pathologies associated with aging. Food contains numerous bioactive molecules with beneficial actions for human health. To this purpose, a wide range of edible mushrooms have been reported to produce different antioxidant compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, polysaccharides, vitamins, carotenoids, ergothioneine, and others, which might be used for dietary supplementation to enhance antioxidant defenses and, consequently, the prevention of age-related neurological diseases. In this review, we summarized the role of oxidative stress in age-related NDs, focusing on the current knowledge of the antioxidant compounds present in edible mushrooms, and highlighting their potential to preserve healthy aging by counteracting age-associated NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Tania Petraglia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Tiziana Latronico
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Aniello Crescenzi
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Rossano
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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31
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Zampieri D, Calabretti A, Romano M, Fortuna S, Collina S, Amata E, Dichiara M, Marrazzo A, Mamolo MG. Cytotoxicity Profiles and Neuroprotective Properties of the Novel Ifenprodil Analogues as Sigma Ligands. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083431. [PMID: 37110664 PMCID: PMC10146949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a slow and progressive loss of neuronal cells or their function in specific regions of the brain or in the peripheral system. Among several causes responsible for the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), cholinergic/dopaminergic pathways, but also some endogenous receptors, are often involved. In this context, sigma 1 receptor (S1R) modulators can be used as neuroprotective and antiamnesic agents. Herein, we describe the identification of novel S1R ligands endowed with antioxidant properties, potentially useful as neuroprotective agents. We also computationally assessed how the most promising compounds might interact with the S1R protein's binding sites. The in silico predicted ADME properties suggested that they could be able to cross the brain-blood-barrier (BBB), and to reach the targets. Finally, the observation that at least two novel ifenprodil analogues (5d and 5i) induce an increase of the mRNA levels of the antioxidant NRF2 and SOD1 genes in SH-SY5Y cells suggests that they might be effective agents for protecting neurons against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zampieri
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonella Calabretti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Romano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 28, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Fortuna
- Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 6 and 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Amata
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Dichiara
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Mamolo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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32
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Wei JJ, Li XJ, Liu W, Chai XJ, Zhu XY, Sun PH, Liu F, Zhao YK, Huang JL, Liu YF, Zhao ST. Eucommia Polysaccharides Ameliorate Aging-Associated Gut Dysbiosis: A Potential Mechanism for Life Extension in Drosophila. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065881. [PMID: 36982954 PMCID: PMC10054339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is increasingly considered to play a key role in human immunity and health. The aging process alters the microbiota composition, which is associated with inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased tissue function, and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. It has been demonstrated that plant polysaccharides have beneficial effects on the gut microbiota, particularly in reducing pathogenic bacteria abundance and increasing beneficial bacteria populations. However, there is limited evidence of the effect of plant polysaccharides on age-related gut microbiota dysbiosis and ROS accumulation during the aging process. To explore the effect of Eucommiae polysaccharides (EPs) on age-related gut microbiota dysbiosis and ROS accumulation during the aging process of Drosophila, a series of behavioral and life span assays of Drosophila with the same genetic background in standard medium and a medium supplemented with EPs were performed. Next, the gut microbiota composition and protein composition of Drosophila in standard medium and the medium supplemented with EPs were detected using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and quantitative proteomic analysis. Here, we show that supplementation of Eucommiae polysaccharides (EPs) during development leads to the life span extension of Drosophila. Furthermore, EPs decreased age-related ROS accumulation and suppressed Gluconobacter, Providencia, and Enterobacteriaceae in aged Drosophila. Increased Gluconobacter, Providencia, and Enterobacteriaceae in the indigenous microbiota might induce age-related gut dysfunction in Drosophila and shortens their life span. Our study demonstrates that EPs can be used as prebiotic agents to prevent aging-associated gut dysbiosis and reactive oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xue-Jun Chai
- College of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Peng-Hao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yong-Kang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jun-Lang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ya-Fei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Shan-Ting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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33
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Pilipović K, Jurišić Grubešić R, Dolenec P, Kučić N, Juretić L, Mršić-Pelčić J. Plant-Based Antioxidants for Prevention and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Phytotherapeutic Potential of Laurus nobilis, Aronia melanocarpa, and Celastrol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030746. [PMID: 36978994 PMCID: PMC10045087 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With the progress of medicine, especially in the last century, life expectancy increased considerably. As a result, age-related diseases also increased, especially malignancies and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. The incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases steadily increased over the years, but despite efforts to uncover the pathophysiological processes behind these conditions, they remain elusive. Among the many theories, oxidative stress was proposed to be involved in neurodegenerative processes and to play an important role in the morbidity and progression of various neurodegenerative disorders. Accordingly, a number of studies discovered the potential of natural plant constituents to have significant antioxidant activity. This review focused on several plant-based antioxidants that showed promising results in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Laurus nobilis, Aronia melanocarpa, and celastrol, a chemical compound isolated from the root extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii and T. regelii, are all known to be rich in antioxidant polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Pilipović
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Renata Jurišić Grubešić
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Petra Dolenec
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Natalia Kučić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lea Juretić
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jasenka Mršić-Pelčić
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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34
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Hurst J, Schnichels S. Editorial: Brain vs. retina - Differences and commonalities: The role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1171235. [PMID: 36992855 PMCID: PMC10040834 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1171235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
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Khan S, Hassan MI, Shahid M, Islam A. Nature's Toolbox Against Tau Aggregation: An Updated Review of Current Research. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101924. [PMID: 37004844 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Tau aggregation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Hyperphosphorylated tau is believed to contribute to the degeneration of neurons and the development of these complex diseases. Therefore, one potential treatment for these illnesses is to prevent or counteract tau aggregation. In recent years, interest has been increasing in developing nature-derived tau aggregation inhibitors as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. Researchers have become increasingly interested in natural compounds with multifunctional features, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, resveratrol, and curcumin, since these molecules can interact simultaneously with the various targets of AD. Recent studies have demonstrated that several natural compounds can inhibit tau aggregation and promote the disassembly of pre-formed tau aggregates. Nature-derived tau aggregation inhibitors hold promise as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which these compounds exert their effects and their safety and efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. Nature-derived inhibitors of tau aggregation are a promising new direction in the research of neurodegenerative complexities. This review focuses on the natural products that have proven to be a rich supply for inhibitors in tau aggregation and their uses in neurodegenerative complexities, including AD.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Li S, Jin H, Duan J, Lu X, Qin Y, Song J, Li X, Jin X. Insights of Chinese herbal medicine for mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced cognitive impairment: Existed evidences and potential directions. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1138566. [PMID: 36843941 PMCID: PMC9950122 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1138566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is one of the main pathophysiological markers of cognitive impairment in central nervous system diseases. Mitochondria are cores of energy generation and information process. Mitochondrial dysfunction is the key upstream factors of CCH induced neurovascular pathology. Increasing studies explored the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and self-repair for effective targets to improve CCH-related cognitive impairment. The clinical efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of CCH induced cognitive impairment is definite. Existed evidences from pharmacological studies have further proved that, Chinese herbal medicine could improve mitochondrial dysfunction and neurovascular pathology after CCH by preventing calcium overload, reducing oxidative stress damage, enhancing antioxidant capacity, inhibiting mitochondria-related apoptosis pathway, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and preventing excessive activation of mitophagy. Besides, CCH mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the fundamental causes for neurodegeneration pathology aggravation. Chinese herbal medicine also has great potential therapeutic value in combating neurodegenerative diseases by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Wang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shixin Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Jin
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Duan
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyue Lu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yinglin Qin
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiale Song
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshan Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xianglan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xianglan Jin,
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Karvandi MS, Sheikhzadeh Hesari F, Aref AR, Mahdavi M. The neuroprotective effects of targeting key factors of neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative diseases: The role of ER stress, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1105247. [PMID: 36950516 PMCID: PMC10025411 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal loss is one of the striking causes of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including major neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although these diseases have different features and clinical manifestations, they share some common mechanisms of disease pathology. Progressive regional loss of neurons in patients is responsible for motor, memory, and cognitive dysfunctions, leading to disabilities and death. Neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative diseases is linked to various pathways and conditions. Protein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activation of the innate immune response are the most critical hallmarks of most common neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are the major pathological factors of neuronal cell death. Even though the exact mechanisms are not fully discovered, the notable role of mentioned factors in neuronal loss is well known. On this basis, researchers have been prompted to investigate the neuroprotective effects of targeting underlying pathways to determine a promising therapeutic approach to disease treatment. This review provides an overview of the role of ER stress, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in neuronal cell death, mainly discussing the neuroprotective effects of targeting pathways or molecules involved in these pathological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sobhan Karvandi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Majid Mahdavi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Majid Mahdavi
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