Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, Total Flavonoids, Tannins and Phenolic Compounds in Psychotria Leaf Extracts

Acute exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) adults to psychotria carthagenensis leaf extracts: chemical profile, lack of genotoxicity and histological changes

Psychotria carthagenensis is a shrubby plant, often consumed by traditional populations in religious rituals. Previous studies have shown that this plant's infusion can inhibit the activity of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in rats. Despite the therapeutic potential, there is a lack of research regarding its possible toxicological and genotoxic effects. Hence, this study aimed to analyze the chemical profile of the ethanol extract from P. carthagenensis leaves by LC-DAD-MS and assess its possible toxicity and genotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult zebrafish (N = 9/group) were exposed at different concentrations and the LC50 was calculated. Frequencies of micronucleus (MN) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) were estimated for genotoxic effects, and degree of tissue changes (DTC) was used to assess the liver and gill histopathology. From the LC-DAD-MS analyses, the identified compounds included N-fructosyl valine, ethyl hexoside, 5-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid, N-feruloylagmatime, roseoside, di-O-deoxyhexoyl-hexosyl quercetin, loiolide, and oleamide. The calculated values of LC50 did not vary significantly during the time of exposure. At the concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 mg/L, there was no genotoxicity, and only low to moderate toxicity for the tissues was observed, despite mortality of 100% at doses of 20-100 mg/L of P. carthagenensis ethanolic leaf extract. There were changes in cytoplasm of hepatocytes at 1.25 mg/L, and karyorrhexis, karyolysis and megalocytosis at 10 mg/L. In the gills, the alterations were primary lamellar hyperplasia in all concentrations, and at 10 mg/L, secondary lamellar edema and vascular hyperemia were common. Additionally, the chemical composition of P. carthagenensis was expanded.

Development of bioactive films loaded with extract and polysaccharide of Pinus brutia bark

Society's interest in natural and clean products in many areas, such as food and cosmetics, has increased considerably. It has led to the development of new techniques in the packaging of products so that the wastes from the preferred products can be recycled. In this context, Pinus brutia bark was preferred within the scope of the study to transform natural wastes into functional components and use them as packaging material. P. brutia bark (PBB) samples were collected from Bursa, Turkey. PBB samples were ultrasonically extracted using various solvents (acetone, butanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol, petroleum ether, and water) and a solvent-acidic hydrolysis system. The phenolic content profile of PBB samples was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection, and total flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic content were determined. Chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol (CS-PVA) films loaded with polysaccharides and containing methanolic extract were developed. The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the films were characterized. It is known that the thickness of the films determines the mechanical properties required to maintain the integrity of the packaging during storage and transport. From the results of the study, it was concluded that the elongation at break value was higher in CS-PVA-PBB-M films (111.08% ± 10.46%), Young's modulus (31.74 ± 21.37 N/mm2), and tensile strength (3.01 ± 0.50 N/mm2) values were higher in CS-PVA films. In this case, it was concluded that adding proanthocyanidin to edible films gives flexibility to the films.

A Comprehensive Description of the Anatomy and Histochemistry of Psychotria capillacea (Müll. Arg.) Standl. and an Investigation into Its Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Mice and Role in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment

Species of the genus Psychotria are used in popular medicine for pain, inflammatory symptoms, and mental disorders. Psychotria capillacea (Müll. Arg.) Standl. (Rubiaceae) is commonly known as coffee and some scientific studies have demonstrated its therapeutic potential. The goal of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of a methanolic extract obtained from leaves of P. capillacea (MEPC), as well as the micromorphology and histochemistry of the leaves and stems of this plant. In addition, the MEPC was analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS and the alkaloidal fraction (AF) obtained from the MEPC was tested in a mouse model of inflammation. MEPC contained three indole alkaloids, one sesquiterpene (megastigmane-type) and two terpene lactones. MEPC (3, 30 and 100 mg/kg) and AF (3 and 30 mg/kg) were evaluated in inflammation models and significantly inhibited edema at 2 h and 4 h, mechanical hyperalgesia after 4 h and the response to cold 3 h and 4 h after carrageenan injection. Scopolamine significantly increased the escape latency, and reduced the swimming time and number of crossings in the target quadrant and distance, while MEPC (3, 30 and 100 mg/kg), due to its neuroprotective actions, reversed these effects. AChE activity was significantly decreased in the cerebral cortex (52 ± 3%) and hippocampus (60 ± 3%), after MEPC administration. Moreover, micromorphological and histochemical information was presented, to aid in species identification and quality control of P. capillacea. The results of this study demonstrated that P. capillacea is an anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesic agent that can treat acute disease and enhance memory functions in mouse models.

Polyphenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activity of Edible and Inedible Parts of Cultivated and Wild Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

Research background

The aim of this study is to determine and compare the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of juices and extracts of the peel, aril and membrane of the cultivated and wild pomegranate fruits.

Experimental approach

The content of total phenols, total flavonoids, total flavonols, total flavan-3-ols and total anthocyanins was determined spectrophotometrically. The individual phenolics were quantified by HPLC. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS tests and neutralisation of hydroxyl radical, while the antiproliferative activity was measured in vitro by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay.

Results and conclusions

Total phenolics were statistically highest in wild pomegranate peel extract, expressed in gallic acid equivalents, 340.92 mg/g (p<0.05), while total flavonoid content was the highest in cultivated pomegranate peel extract, expressed in quercetin equivalents, 31.84 mg/g (p<0.05). The sample of wild pomegranate peel extract showed the highest antioxidant activity with respect to free DPPH and ABTS radicals. The samples of cultivated pomegranate peel and membrane extracts had almost identical and the strongest effect on the inhibition of hydroxyl radicals (41.24 and 41.23 μg/mL, respectively). The sample of wild pomegranate peel extract showed the strongest effect on the growth inhibition of all tested tumour cell lines.

Novelty and scientific contribution

In this study, the bioactivity of different parts of cultivated and wild pomegranates was determined and compared. In the available literature, the individual antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of only some parts of the pomegranate fruit was investigated. All parts of the pomegranate fruit were investigated, including the membrane, which was barely analysed in other works. The wild pomegranate has also been less analysed in previous studies. Future research should focus on in vivo studies of the obtained pomegranate samples.

Graphene Oxide/Cholesterol-Substituted Zinc Phthalocyanine Composites with Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy Properties

In the present work, cholesterol (Chol)-substituted zinc phthalocyanine (Chol-ZnPc) and its composite with graphene oxide (GO) were prepared for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. Briefly, Chol-substituted phthalonitrile (Chol-phthalonitrile) was synthesized first through the substitution of Chol to the phthalonitrile group over the oxygen bridge. Then, Chol-ZnPc was synthesized by a tetramerization reaction of Chol-phthalonitrile with ZnCl2 in a basic medium. Following this, GO was introduced to Chol-ZnPc, and the successful preparation of the samples was verified through FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H-NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, SEM, and elemental analysis. Regarding PDT properties, we report that Chol-ZnPc exhibited a singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ∆) of 0.54, which is slightly lower than unsubstituted ZnPc. Upon introduction of GO, the GO/Chol-ZnPc composite exhibited a higher Φ∆, about 0.78, than that of unsubstituted ZnPc. Moreover, this enhancement was realized with a simultaneous improvement in fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) to 0.36. In addition, DPPH results suggest low antioxidant activity in the composite despite the presence of GO. Overall, GO/Chol-ZnPc might provide combined benefits for PDT, particularly in terms of image guidance and singlet oxygen generation.

Protective mechanism of fruit vinegar polyphenols against AGEs-induced Caco-2 cell damage

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is linked with development or aggravation of many degenerative processes or disorders. Fruit vinegars are rich in polyphenols that can be a good dietary source of AGEs inhibitors. In this study, eight kinds of vinegars were prepared. Among them, the highest polyphenol and flavonoid content were orange vinegar and kiwi fruit vinegar, respectively. Ferulic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and epicatechin were main polyphenols in eight fruit vinegars. Then, we measured the inhibitory effect of eight fruit vinegars on fluorescent AGEs, and found that orange vinegar had the highest inhibitory rate. Data here suggested that orange vinegar and its main components catechin, epicatechin, and p-coumaric acid could effectively reduce the level of ROS, RAGE, NADPH and inflammatory factors in Caco-2 cells. Our research provided theoretical basis for the application of orange vinegar as AGEs inhibitor.

Myco-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using harnessing metabolites of endophytic fungal strain Aspergillus terreus: an insight into antibacterial, anti-Candida, biocompatibility, anticancer, and antioxidant activities

BACKGROUND

The overuse of antibiotics leads to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbes which causes high mortality worldwide. Therefore, the synthesis of new active compounds has multifunctional activities are the main challenge. Nanotechnology provides a solution for this issue.

METHOD

The endophytic fungal strain Aspergillus terreus BR.1 was isolated from the healthy root of Allium sativum and identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. The copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were synthesized by harnessing the metabolites of the endophytic fungal strain. The UV-Visble spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission electron micrscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential (ζ) were used for the characterization of synthesized CuO-NPs. The activity against different pathogenic bacteria and Candida species were investigated by agar well-diffusion method. The biocombatibility and anticancer activity were assessed by MTT assay method. The scavenging of DPPH was used to investigate the antioxidant activity of synthesized CuO-NPs.

RESULTS

Data showed the successful formation of crystalline nature and spherical shape CuO-NPs with sizes in the ranges of 15-55 nm. The EDX reveals that the as-formed sample contains ions of C, O, Cl, and Cu with weight percentages of 18.7, 23.82, 11.31, and 46.17%, respectively. The DLS and ζ-potential showed high homogeneity and high stability of synthesized CuO-NPs with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.362 and ζ-value of - 26.6 mV. The synthesized CuO-NPs exhibited promising antibacterial and anti-Candida activity (concentration-dependent) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the ranges of 25-50 µg mL^-1. Moreover, the fungal mediated-CuO-NPs targeted cancer cells of MCF7 and PC3 at low IC₅₀ concentrations of 159.2 ± 4.5 and 116.2 ± 3.6 µg mL^-1, respectively as compared to normal cells (Vero and Wi38 with IC₅₀ value of 220.6 ± 3.7 and 229.5 ± 2.1 µg mL^-1, respectively). The biosynthesized CuO-NPs showed antioxidant activity as detected by the DPPH method with scavenging percentages of 80.5 ± 1.2% at a concentration of 1000 µg mL^-1 and decreased to 20.4 ± 4.2% at 1.9 µg mL^-1 as compared to ascorbic acid (control) with scavenging activity of 97.3 ± 0.2 and 37.5 ± 1.3% at the same concentrations, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The fungal mediated-CuO-NPs exhibited promising activity and can be integrated into various biomedical and theraputic applications.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells of White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf Extracts

The white mulberry (Morus alba L.) is widely used as a medicinal plant in Asia. In this study, the bioactive compounds of ethanolic extracts of white mulberry leaves from the Sakon Nakhon and Buriram cultivars were evaluated. The ethanolic extracts of mulberry leaves from the Sakon Nakhon cultivar showed the highest total phenolic content of 49.68 mg GAE/g extract and antioxidant activities of 4.38 mg GAE/g extract, 4.53 mg TEAC/g extract, and 92.78 mg FeSO₄/g extract using 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively. The resveratrol and oxyresveratrol compounds in mulberry leaves were also investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mulberry leaf extracts from the Sakon Nakhon and Buriram cultivars showed oxyresveratrol contents of 1.20 ± 0.04 mg/g extract and 0.39 ± 0.02 mg/g extract, respectively, whereas resveratrol was not detected. It was also found that the potent anti-inflammatory properties of mulberry leaf extracts and its compounds, resveratrol and oxyresveratrol, suppressed the LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by significantly reducing nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner. These compounds further inhibited interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production and suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Therefore, it is established that mulberry leaf extract and its bioactive compounds contribute to its anti-inflammatory activity.

Micro- and nanoencapsulation of natural phytochemicals: Challenges and recent perspectives for the food and nutraceuticals industry applications

Worldwide, there has been growing interest in the research, development, and commercialization of functional bioactive components and nutraceuticals. As a result of consumer awareness of the relationship between diet, health, and disease, the consumption of plant-derived bioactive components has recently increased in the past two decades. Phytochemicals are bioactive nutrient plant chemicals in fruits, vegetables, grains, and other plant foods that may provide desirable health benefits beyond essential nutrition. They may reduce the risk of major chronic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, high blood pressure, and psychotic diseases and have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties, cholesterol-lowering, antithrombotic, or anti-inflammatory effects. Phytochemicals have been recently studied and explored for various purposes, such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavors, fragrances, coloring agents, biopesticides, and food additives. These compounds are known as secondary metabolites and are commonly classified as polyphenols, terpenoids (terpenes), tocotrienols and tocopherols, carotenoids, alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing metabolites, stilbenes and lignans, phenolic acids, and glucosinates. Thus, this chapter aims to define the general chemistry, classification, and essential sources of phytochemicals, as well as describe the potential application of phytochemicals in the food and nutraceuticals industry, explaining the main properties of interest of the different compounds. Finally, the leading technologies involving micro and nanoencapsulation of phytochemicals are extensively detailed to protect them against degradation and enhance their solubility, bioavailability, and better applicability in the pharmaceutical, food, and nutraceutical industry. The main challenges and perspectives are detailed.

Biochemical responses in leaf tissues of alkaloid producing Psychotria brachyceras under multiple stresses

Under natural conditions plants are generally subjected to complex scenarios of combined or sequential environmental stresses. Among the various components of plant biochemistry modulated by abiotic variables, a pivotal role is played by antioxidant systems, including specialized metabolites and their interaction with central pathways. To help address this knowledge gap, a comparative analysis of metabolic changes in leaf tissues of the alkaloid accumulating plant Psychotria brachyceras Müll Arg. under individual, sequential, and combined stress conditions was carried out. Osmotic and heat stresses were evaluated. Protective systems (accumulation of the major antioxidant alkaloid brachycerine, proline, carotenoids, total soluble protein, and activity of the enzymes ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) were measured in conjunction with stress indicators (total chlorophyll, ChA/ChB ratio, lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂ content and electrolyte leakage). Metabolic responses had a complex profile in sequential and combined stresses compared to single ones, being also modified over time. Different stress application schemes affected alkaloid accumulation in distinct ways, exhibiting similar profile to proline and carotenoids, constituting a complementary triad of antioxidants. These complementary non-enzymatic antioxidant systems appeared to be essential for mitigating stress damage and re-establishing cellular homeostasis. The data herein provides clues that may aid the development of a key component framework of stress responses and their appropriate balance to modulate tolerance and yield of target specialized metabolites.

Development of Citrus-Based Functional Jelly and an Investigation of Its Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Properties

Intervention with natural products is becoming a promising obesity control strategy as healthy eating becomes increasingly popular. The present study aimed to prepare a citrus-based functional jelly (CFJ) from citrus by-products and investigate its bioactive effects in mice. The results of the CFJ preparation showed that the optimal formula of CFJ was 29.12%, 20%, and 3.61% for chenpi, orange juice, and pectin, respectively. The optimized CFJ can be personalized and designed with jelly shapes using 3D food printing technology. The evaluation of the biological activity of the CFJ showed that it was low in calories, with a total phenolic content of 12.44 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g. Moreover, the CFJ has a good free radical scavenging ability for ABTS. The results of the mouse experiments showed that the CFJ significantly suppressed the body weight gain and fat deposits with a dose-dependent effect, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the activities of the antioxidant-related enzymes (CAT and SOD) of the mice were also enhanced after a supplementation with the CFJ. In short, the CFJ is a functional snack enriched in phenolic substances with low-calorie, antioxidant and anti-obesity properties. This work promotes the utilization of citrus by-products and the healthy development of its processing industry.

Exploration of essential oil from Psychotria poeppigiana as an anti-hyperalgesic and anti-acetylcholinesterase agent: Chemical composition, biological activity and molecular docking

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Leaves from Psychotria poeppigiana Müll. Arg. (accepted as Palicourea tomentosa (Aubl.) Borhidi), Rubiaceae, has traditionally been used in medicine for treatments of inflammation and pain; Synonymously, Cephaelis elata for the treatment of dementia; However, few scientific studies have been evidence demonstrating this activity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of P. poeppigiana essential oil obtained from leaves (EOPP) and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Molecular docking simulations were carried out with the main constituents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

EOPP (hydrodistillation) was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fractionation of EOPP afforded germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene. The antioxidant activity of EOPP was determined by MDA assay. The inflammatory parameters were evaluated using CFA model (with paw edema, mechanical, thermal hyperalgesia, MPO and NAG) in EOPP (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg), germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene (30 mg/kg). The AChE inhibition was evaluated in rat brain structures and molecular docking simulations were carried out using Autodock v.4.3.2.

RESULTS

GC-MS analysis identified 19 compounds, and the major compounds were germacrene D (29.38%) and bicyclogermacrene (25.21%). EOPP exhibited high antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀ = 12.78 ± 1.36 μg/mL). All the tested doses of EOPP and both major constituents significantly inhibited cold and mechanical hyperalgesia and significantly blocked the increase in MPO activity 24 h after the CFA injection. There was significant AChE inhibition by EOPP and germacrene D in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus (>50%). Enzyme-ligand molecular modelling showed that the major constituents of EOPP interacted differently with AChE.

CONCLUSIONS

The chemical compounds of the essential oil from the leaves of P. poeppigiana is based mainly on terpenes, the sesquiterpenes germacrene D (29.38%) and bicyclogermacrene (25.21%) being the major compounds. EOPP presented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Besides, enzyme-ligand molecular modelling showed the EOPP may act as an anti-hyperalgesic and AChE inhibitory agent. Taken together, these results might be in accordance with if folk use for pain- and inflammation-related symptoms.

Structural Characterization of Peripolin and Study of Antioxidant Activity of HMG Flavonoids from Bergamot Fruit

The structural characterization of a new flavonoid from bergamot fruit (Citrus bergamia Risso) carrying the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl (HMG) ester moiety has been accomplished, and its antioxidant ability was tested from a chemical point of view. The peculiarity of the new molecule, named peripolin, relies on the presence of the HMG chemical group linked to the sugar portion of neoeriocitrin; the structure was elucidated using both high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments performed on the purified molecule extracted from the fruit. The antioxidant ability of the new molecule was tested by classical chemical approaches, such as DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, and from a theoretical point of view. ¹H and ¹³C NMR experiments and HR-ESI-MS/MS experiments show unequivocally that the HMG moiety is linked to the primary position of the glucose unit of neohesperidose, while the chemical tests and the computational results show that peripolin possesses strong antioxidant behavior, similar to that of neoeriocitrin and remarkably higher respect to the other flavonoids present in the fruit. Furthermore, the quantitative assays carried out by UPLC-MS/MS showed that its amount in the fruit is similar to that of the other main flavonoids. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to investigate the possible conformations adopted by the antioxidants in the presence of water molecules. In particular, the switch of open-closed conformations of HMG-containing species was evidenced. As far as the reaction with DPPH, the calculation of ΔG_rea supported the experimental outcomes regarding the peripolin and neoeriocitrin activity. In conclusion, bergamot fruit, already known for its potential to lower the level of blood cholesterol, has been proven to contain molecules such as neoeriocitrin and the newly characterized peripolin, which could have important in-vivo antioxidant characteristics.

Chemotaxonomy and Antibacterial Activity of the Extracts and Chemical Constituents of Psychotria succulenta Hiern. (Rubiaceae)

The use of natural products for medicinal purposes is becoming more and more common nowadays, as evidenced by the presence in plants of secondary metabolites with different potentials such as antioxidant and antibacterial properties. We evaluated in this work the antimicrobial activities of the extracts and some isolated compounds from the seeds of Psychotria succulenta Hiern. (Rubiaceae), a Cameroonian medicinal plant traditionally used to cure microbial infections. The ethanol extract was prepared by maceration and extracted with ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The EtOAc (m = 168 g) and n-BuOH (m = 20 g) extracts were further fractionated by silica gel column chromatography to isolation of compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with published data. The antibacterial activity of extracts and compounds was assessed by evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against pathogenic bacteria. Thirteen compounds including four alkaloids (veprisine (1), naucleofficine III (2), vepridimerine B (3), and vepridimerine C (4)), three triterpenes (barbinervic acid (5), 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl quinovic acid (6), and oleanolic acid (7)), one steroid (β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8)), four phenolic compounds (scopoletin (9), gallic acid (10), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), and kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (12)), and one iridoid (borreriagenin (13)) were isolated from the EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts. These compounds were identified by 1D and 2D NMR combined analysis as well as by melting point comparison. The EtOH, EtOAc, and n-BuOH extracts exhibited significant antibacterial activities (MIC = 32‐128 μg/mL; MBC = 64‐256 μg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacterium), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia (Gram-negative bacteria). Among the isolated compounds, scopoletin (9) showed a moderate activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae with MIC and MBC values of 16 μg/mL and 32 μg/mL, respectively. It appears that, chemotaxonomically, some of the isolated compounds have already been obtained from the genus Psychotria but to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the phytochemical investigation of P. succulenta. Although many other studies need to be achieved, our results support the use of P. succulenta in traditional medicine to cure infectious diseases particularly those caused by the tested bacteria.

Palicourea tomentosa (Aubl.) Borhidi: Microscopy, chemical composition and the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase potential

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Palicourea tomentosa (Aubl.) Borhidi (synonym Psychotria poeppigiana Müll. Arg.) leaves are used in the popular treatments of inflammation and pain; however, there are no scientific studies demonstrating their activity as the methanolic extract of P. tomentosa.

AIM OF STUDY

This study was undertaken to investigate the potential antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-hyperalgesic, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the chemical composition and concentrations of constituents of the methanolic extract of P. tomentosa leaves (MEPT). The study also analyzes the micromorphology and histochemistry of leaves of P. tomentosa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The MEPT was analysed by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). The concentrations of total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols and condensed tannin were determined. The micromorphology and histochemistry of leaves were performed using standard reagents, light and field emission scanning electron microscopy, beyond energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity was evaluated for DPPH, β-carotene and MDA. The anti-inflammatory activity of MEPT (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) was assayed in carrageenan-induced models of paw oedema, mechanical hyperalgesia (Von Frey), cold allodynia (acetone) and pleurisy in mice. The anti-nociceptive potential of MEPT (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) was evaluated by the formalin method in mice. The anti-acetylcholinesterase properties were evaluated in vivo in four rat brain structures.

RESULTS

The total ion chromatogram of MEPT demonstrated two alkaloids, one coumarin, one iridoid and two terpene derivatives. The highest phenol, flavonoid, flavonol and condensed tannin concentrations were found in the extract. A comprehensive explanation of the leaf micromorphology and histochemistry was presented. MEPT was significantly inhibited by the DPPH, β-carotene and MDA models. MEPT (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) reduced the inflammation and hyperalgesic parameters in a carrageenan model and reduced formalin-induced nociception in both phases, which were cold sensitivity and oedema formation. The oral administration of 30 and 100 mg/kg MEPT significantly inhibited AChE activity in the frontal cortex.

CONCLUSION

This is the first chemical and biological study performed with a P. tomentosa methanolic extract and anatomical and histochemical analysis. The present study showed that MEPT inhibited pain and inflammatory parameters contributing, at least in part, to explain the popular use of this plant as analgesic natural agent. Also, anatomical and histochemistry of leaves described in the present study provide microscopical information, which aids species identification.

Polyphenols composition and the biological effects of six selected small dark fruits

The health-promoting activities of fruits are in the limelight in view of the growing risks posed by civilisational diseases and are connected with polyphenols. The present study examined bilberry, blueberry, blackcurrant, redcurrant, cherry and plum for their polyphenolic content and biological activities. The contents of total polyphenolic compounds and their subclasses were determined. Liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to characterise the polyphenolic profiles. Small dark fruits' antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cholinesterase activities were also extensively determined. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences in the analysed fruits' polyphenols composition and biological activities were demonstrated. The highest polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities were established in blackcurrant fruit, but bilberry also had our attention due to an additional mild influence on antioxidant enzymes. The condensed tannin content in small dark fruits is developed. All tested fruits exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-cholinesterase activities.

A, Almasoudi AG, Mekawi E. Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum) By-Products for Stability and Shelf Life Improvement of Refined Olive Oil

The by-product of sesame seed coats from the tahini industry was used for the extraction of bioactive compounds as novel antioxidants. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a natural antioxidant on the quality of refined olive oil (ROO) stored at 60 ± 1 °C for up to 48 days. The lyophilized sesame seed coats extract (LSSCE) was placed into fresh ROO at three levels, i.e., 200, 400, and 600 mg kg−1, and compared with 200 mg kg−1 BHT (reference) and without antioxidant (control). LSSCE exhibited high phenolic (105.9 mg GAE g−1) and lignin (6.3 mg g−1) contents as well as antioxidant activity based on HPLC/DAD. In ROO samples, Including LSSCE, the values of peroxide, p-anisidine, K232, and K270 were remarkably lower than control during storage. The kinetic rate constant (k) of oxidation indicators was the lowest in ROO samples containing BHT and LSSCE 600 mg kg−1compared with other treatments. LSSCE improved the organoleptic acceptability of ROO samples up to 48 days of storage. Moreover, the shelf life (assuming a Q10 value of 2.0 for lipid oxidation) of ROO treated with LSSCE was increased. The findings revealed that LSSCE is a promising natural antioxidant in delaying oxidation, enhancing oil stability, and prolonging the shelf life (~475 days at ambient temperature).

Valorization of Taiwan's Citrus depressa Hayata peels as a source of nobiletin and tangeretin using simple ultrasonic-assisted extraction

As the highest yield crop worldwide, citrus peels that possess bioactive compounds were discarded as a futile by-product. Ultrasonication with environmentally friendly solvent (50% ethanol and ddH₂O) were used in the present study to extract flavonoids from Citrus depressa Hayata peels with extraction period and fruit maturity as other variables. DPPH scavenging activity was investigated. Qualitative flavonoid content analysis was done by UV/Vis and FTIR-ATR spectra. Quantification of flavonoid using LC-MS/MS found that solvent type, fruit maturity, and ultrasonication period significantly affect the extracted flavonoid yield (p < 0.05). Extraction using 50% ethanol showed a higher yield than ddH₂O. Flavonoid content was also higher in unripe than ripe samples. Nobiletin, tangeretin, and rutin were dominant among the identified compounds in all sample treatments. Flavonoid content in Citrus depressa Hayata extract was found to negatively correlate to DPPH scavenging activity, which needs further research to identify other bioactivities of these flavonoids.

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Utilization of simple ultrasonication method with less preparation to extract flavonoids from Citrus depressa Hayata peels.

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Fruit maturity, extraction time and solvent preference significantly affect the yield of extracted flavonoid.

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Environmentally friendly solvent for extraction, deliver a comparable yield of flavonoid compounds to other methods.

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The negative correlation of extracted flavonoid to DPPH scavenging activity.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Fruit Extracts

The fruit of mulberry trees (Morus sp.), mulberries, are traditionally utilised as a nutritional food and provide health benefits as well as skin nourishment in Thailand. White mulberries (Morus alba L.) from Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son provinces were evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The antioxidant activities as well as the total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin content of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The aqueous extracts of mulberries exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, which was associated with a higher phenolic and anthocyanin content. In testing the potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae, the mulberry extracts proved to be quite efficient, especially following water extraction. Time-kill and antibacterial adhesion assays further indicated that aqueous mulberry extracts could inhibit bacterial growth and prevent adhesions of pathogenic enteric bacteria on intestinal epithelial cells. It thus appears that mulberries can potentially be consumed as a good source of antioxidants, containing antimicrobial properties against some pathogenic bacteria which cause gastrointestinal tract infections.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities of Bouea macrophylla Ethanol Extract

The Bouea macrophylla (B. macrophylla) tree is widely grown throughout South East Asia and has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various illnesses. This chapter presents a protocol for preparation of ethanol extracts of B. macrophylla leaves and evaluation of the potential antimicrobial and anticancer activities in vitro. The extract displayed antibacterial activity against nine out of the ten target microorganisms tested. In addition, the extract was capable of inhibiting the proliferation of HeLa and HCT116 cells, thus demonstrating some anticancer activity.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Properties of Adenosma Bracteosum Bonati Extracts in Mice with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. Traditional medicinal plants with antidiabetic properties can be used as drugs or dietary adjuvants to existing therapies. This chapter presents the preparation of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Adenosma bracteosum Bonati (A. bracteosum) and evaluation of these for antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities in vitro. In addition, we tested the extracts and the purified A. bracteosum compound (isoscutellarein 8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) for antihyperglycemic effects in glucose-loaded hyperglycemic and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice.

Characterization of Phytoconstituents from Alcoholic Extracts of Four Woody Species and Their Potential Uses for Management of Six Fusarium oxysporum Isolates Identified from Some Plant Hosts

Background: Trees are good sources of bioactive compounds as antifungal and antioxidant activities. Methods: Management of six molecularly identified Fusarium oxysporum isolates (F. oxy 1, F. oxy 2, F. oxy 3, F. oxy 4, F. oxy 5 and F. oxy 6, under the accession numbers MW854648, MW854649, MW854650, MW854651, and MW854652, respectively) was assayed using four extracts from Conium maculatum leaves, Acacia saligna bark, Schinus terebinthifolius wood and Ficus eriobotryoides leaves. All the extracts were analyzed using HPLC-VWD for phenolic and flavonoid compounds and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and β-carotene-linoleic acid (BCB) bleaching assays. Results: In mg/kg extract, the highest amounts of polyphenolic compounds p-hydroxy benzoic, benzoic, gallic, and rosmarinic acids, with 444.37, 342.16, 311.32 and 117.87, respectively, were observed in C. maculatum leaf extract; gallic and benzoic acids with 2551.02, 1580.32, respectively, in A. saligna bark extract; quinol, naringenin, rutin, catechol, and benzoic acid with 2530.22, 1224.904, 798.29, 732.28, and 697.73, respectively, in S. terebinthifolius wood extract; and rutin, o-coumaric acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, resveratrol, and rosmarinic acid with 9168.03, 2016.93, 1009.20, 1156.99, and 574.907, respectively, in F. eriobotryoides leaf extract. At the extract concentration of 1250 mg/L, the antifungal activity against the growth of F. oxysporum strains showed that A. saligna bark followed by C. maculatum leaf extracts had the highest inhibition percentage of fungal growth (IPFG%) against F. oxy 1 with 80% and 79.5%, F. oxy 2 with 86.44% and 78.9%, F. oxy 3 with 86.4% and 84.2%, F. oxy 4 with 84.2, and 82.1%, F. oxy 5 with 88.4% and 86.9%, and F. oxy 6 with 88.9, and 87.1%, respectively. For the antioxidant activity, ethanolic extract from C. maculatum leaves showed the lowest concentration that inhibited 50% of DPPH free radical (3.4 μg/mL). Additionally, the same extract observed the lowest concentration (4.5 μg/mL) that inhibited BCB bleaching. Conclusions: Extracts from A. saligna bark and C. maculatum leaves are considered potential candidates against the growth of F. oxysporum isolates—a wilt pathogen—and C. maculatum leaf as a potent antioxidant agent.

In silico Study of Trianthema portulacastrum Embedded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β: A Possible Contributor to its Enhanced in vivo Wound Healing Potential

Rich amount of phenolic compounds are available in Trianthema portulacastrum L. (TP) leaves and are traditionally utilized as a wound dressing material. Oxidative stress and inflammation affect the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by modulating the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK) activity subjected to delay in wound healing. The objective of the current study was to explore the wound healing effect of ferric oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized with fractionated TP extract (FeTP). The ability of TP active components (polyphenols) to inhibit the GSK was explored by using molecular docking studies. FeTP were synthesized, characterized, utilized to prepare an ointment and its efficacy was investigated against full-thickness dermal wounds. Different wound healing parameters, level of enzymatic antioxidants, hydroxyproline content and tissue cytokines level were analyzed. Histopathology was performed to confirm the healing by newly formed tissue architecture. Rats treated with FeTP showed significantly swift healing with faster wound contraction rate, high tensile strength and hydroxyproline content along with the utilization of less time for epithelialization. Histopathological study also validated the potential wound healing effect of FeTP with complete re-epithelialization. The results of the present study cumulatively revealed that the green synthesized FeTP ointment approach may serve as a potential tool for dermal wound healing.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action (in vivo and in vitro) from the trunk barks of Cabreúva (Myrocarpus frondosus Allemao, Fabaceae)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Myrocarpus frondosus, known as cabreúva, is a tree whose trunk barks are used in folk medicine as tea, syrup, ointments, and tinctures for the treatment of inflammation. However, there is no scientific evidence demonstrating this activity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present investigation was focused on evaluating the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of M. frondosus, using the in vitro model of RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by LPS and the in vivo model of mouse pleurisy induced by carrageenan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

M. frondosus trunk barks were dried at room temperature for seven days and subjected to exhaustive maceration with ethanol (70%) to obtain its crude extract (CE). CE was subjected to UPLC-HRMS analysis to establish its chemical profile. Its antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method, reducing power by the iron (III) to iron (II) reduction assay and the β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay. The RAW 264.7 macrophages were pretreated with the CE in a non-cytotoxic concentration and induced by LPS (1 μg/mL). After 24 h, using the supernatant, we evaluated the nitric oxide (NOx) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. The anti-inflammatory effects of CE (at doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) were evaluated on leukocyte migration (total and differential), exudate concentrations, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine-deaminase (ADA) activities, NOx, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 levels, by using a murine model of neutrophilic inflammation.

RESULTS

The UPLC-HRMS of CE revealed the presence of isoflavonones, including biochanin A and formononetin. CE exhibited good antioxidant activity by quenching and decreasing free radicals, as well as reducing pro-oxidant metals. CE did not show cytotoxicity at a concentration below 11 μg/mL and reduced the secretion of the pro-inflammatory NOx in the inflamed macrophages. In vivo assay revealed that CE caused a pronounced inhibition on leukocyte migration, and this inhibition was due to its ability to reduce neutrophil migration. Moreover, CE was also able to reduce the release of critical pro-inflammatory mediators such as MPO, NOx, TNF-α, and IL-6.

CONCLUSIONS

All these findings indicate that M. frondosus exhibited antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect.

Cratoxylum formosum dyer extract alleviates testicular damage in hypertensive rats

The effects of a Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. (CF) extract on testicular damage were assessed in hypertensive rats. N^ω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME; 40 mg kg^-1  day^-1 ) was administered for 5 weeks to induce hypertension in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and treated with CF extract (100, 300 or 500 mg kg^-1  day^-1 ) or sildenafil (5 mg kg^-1  day^-1 ) during the final 2 weeks (n = 8/group). Biochemical components of the CF extract were identified and mainly contained phenolic compounds. The CF extract significantly reduced systolic blood pressure and alleviated impaired sperm quality and seminiferous tubular morphology in hypertensive rats. CF extract restored reduced serum testosterone and protein expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in L-NAME rats. Hypertensive rats presented decreased antioxidant enzyme activities, and increased testicular and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide production, all of which were normalised by CF extract. Furthermore, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in testicular tissue and plasma nitrate/nitrite levels were restored in hypertensive rats administered CF extract. Conclusion: CF extract alleviated testicular damage in hypertensive rats. Potential molecular mechanisms may involve suppression of oxidative stress and restoration of StAR, Nrf2, HO-1 and eNOS expression in hypertensive rats.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenolic Contents and Acid Hydrolysis of Flavonoid Glycosides from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Leaf: Optimization and Correlation with Free Radical Scavenging Activity

Malaysia is ranked as the second largest oil palm producer in the world after Indonesia. This leads to the generation of large quantities of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaves (OPLs) annually, considered an underutilized oil palm biomass with low economical value. The present study aimed to study the effects of several parameters of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and the acid hydrolysis of phenolic compounds from OPLs using the single factor experimental approach. The effects of different solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, 1:1 methanol–ethyl acetate, absolute methanol, and 4:1 methanol–water), solid–liquid ratios (1:20, 1:40, 1:50, 1:60, and 1:70), times (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 h), and temperatures (25, 30, 40, 60, and 70 °C) were investigated for UAE. Moreover, the effects of acid concentration (0.2, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 M), incubation time (10, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min), and incubation temperature (65, 75, 85, 90, and 95 °C) on the acid hydrolysis of flavonoid glycosides were also determined. The results revealed that some of the tested parameters had prominent effects on the total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, as well as the DPPH free radical scavenging activity recovered from the OPLs. The optimal UAE conditions were determined to be 0.5 h at 25 °C using 4:1 methanol–water and 1:50 solid–liquid ratio, producing OPL extracts with TPC and TFC at 335.30 and 60.67 milligrams quercetin equivalents per gram of extract (mg QCE/g extract), respectively, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 94.06%. The phenolics present in OPLs were optimally hydrolysed using 6 M hydrochloric acid with an incubation period of 45 min at 95 °C with TPC, TFC, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 126.33 milligrams gallic acid equivalents per gram of extract (mg GAE/g extract), 36.08 mg QCE/g, and 54.88%, respectively. Moreover, acid hydrolysis managed to optimally recover the total apigenin content (TAC), total luteolin content (TLC), and total flavonoid C-glycoside content (TFCGC) with values of 79.12 micrograms vitexin equivalents per milligram of extract (µg VE/mg extract), 20.97 micrograms orientin equivalents per milligram of extract (µg OE/mg extract), and 100.09 µg/mg, respectively. Additionally, there were significant correlations between the polyphenolic compounds, flavonoid C-glycosides, and antioxidant activity for all parameters based on the Pearson correlation analysis. This indicates that OPLs have potential as a natural source of phenolic compounds, especially flavonoid C-glycosides, with beneficial free radical scavenging activity that can be incorporated in food and pharmaceutical products.

Effect of leaf and fruit extracts of

The most highly recommended oils for the diet are those which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. However, the presence of these components in the oils is related to oxidation, which can be determined by the induction period. Further safety and the prolongation of the storage period for such oils can be achieved by the addition of efficient antioxidants, which today are preferably from natural sources. In order to contribute to the related research, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Schinus molle extracts compared to synthetic antioxidants (BHT) in delaying the oxidation of some vegetable oils. The results of the present study showed that the fruit and leaf extracts of Schinus molle presented activities and potential for being used as antioxidants in vegetable oils based on the tested methods (DPPH and ABTS). The extracts were also characterized as containing phenolic compounds by the Folin Ciocalteau method and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The action of the extracts as natural antioxidants was proven in the vegetal oils of chia (Salvia hispanica) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) by the Rancimat method. It was observed that the oils increased their resistance to oxidation when incorporated with the extracts of Schinus molle, and the extract from the leaves increased the induction period of peanut oil by more than three hours (from 19.5 to 22.9 hours) with an extract concentration of 2.5%. The fruit extract was more efficient in delaying the oxidation of chia oil, prolonging its induction period by more than one hour with a concentration of 2.5% (from 3.1 to 4.3 hours). According to the results, the extracts of Schinus molle have favorable properties for possible use as an additive which inhibits the oxidation process of the tested vegetables oils.

Antioxidant Properties of Agri-food Byproducts |and Specific Boosting Effects of Hydrolytic Treatments

Largely produced agri-food byproducts represent a sustainable and easily available source of phenolic compounds, such as lignins and tannins, endowed with potent antioxidant properties. We report herein the characterization of the antioxidant properties of nine plant-derived byproducts. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays indicated the superior activity of pomegranate peels and seeds, grape pomace and pecan nut shell. An increase in the antioxidant potency was observed for most of the waste materials following a hydrolytic treatment, with the exception of the condensed tannin-rich pecan nut shell and grape pomace. UV-Vis and HPLC investigation of the soluble fractions coupled with the results from IR analysis and chemical degradation approaches on the whole materials allowed to conclude that the improvement of the antioxidant properties was due not only to removal of non-active components (mainly carbohydrates), but also to structural modifications of the phenolic compounds. Parallel experiments run on natural and bioinspired model phenolic polymers suggested that these structural modifications positively impacted on the antioxidant properties of lignins and hydrolyzable tannins, whereas significant degradation of condensed tannin moieties occurred, likely responsible for the lowering of the reducing power observed for grape pomace and pecan nut shell. These results open new perspectives toward the exploitation and manipulation of agri-food byproducts for application as antioxidant additives in functional materials.

Potential Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities of an Ethanol Extract from Bouea macrophylla

Bouea macrophylla is a tree widely grown throughout South East Asia. It is used in folk medicine for the treatment of various illnesses. The present study aimed to identify the chemical constituents and to test the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of an ethanol extract from B. macrophylla leaves. The extract exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against 9 out of 10 target microorganisms. including four Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio cholera, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and four Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus), as well as a fungus (Candida albicans). In addition, the extract was also tested on HeLa and human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cells to evaluate its cytostatic effects. The ethanol extract was able to inhibit the proliferation of HeLa and HCT116 cells, showing IC₅₀ = 24 ± 0.8 and 28 ± 0.9 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the IC₅₀ values of doxorubicin (standard) were 13.6 ± 1.3 and 15.8 ± 1.1 µg/mL respectively. Also, we identified various bioactive compounds in the extract such as polyphenols, flavonoids, caryophyllene, phytol, and trans-geranylgeraniol by GC-MS, which could contribute to the extract's biological activities. Therefore, our findings strongly indicate that the constituents of the B. macrophylla ethanol extract could be active against the tested bacteria and fungi as well as cancer cells. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms mediating the antimicrobial and anticancer effects and identify signaling pathways that could be targeted for therapeutic application.

Plants and Lactic Acid Bacteria Combination for New Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties Product Development in a Sustainable Manner

In this study, nutraceuticals based on antimicrobial ingredients (Artemisia absinthium water extract and essential oil (EO), Lactobacillus uvarum LUHS245 strain cultivated in a whey media, and blackcurrants juice (BCJ) preparation by-products were developed. In addition, two texture forming agents for nutraceutical preparations were tested (gelatin and agar). The developed nutraceutical ingredients showed antimicrobial properties: Artemisia absinthium EO (concentration 0.1%) inhibited methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pasteurella multocida; LUHS245 strain inhibited 14 from the 15 tested pathogenic strains; and BCP inhibited 13 from the 15 tested pathogenic strains. The best formulation consisted of the Artemisia absinthium EO, LUHS245, and BCP immobilised in agar and this formulation showed higher TPC content (by 2.1% higher), as well as higher overall acceptability (by 17.7% higher), compared with the formulation prepared using gelatin.

Gene-targeted molecular phylogeny, phytochemical profiling, and antioxidant activity of nine species belonging to family Cactaceae

Cactaceae plant family comprises over 130 genera and 2000 species of succulent flowering plants. The genera Mammillaria and Notocactus (Parodia), which have medicinal and nutritional applications as well as aesthetic appeal, are considered to be among the major genera of the family. Several species of both genera show morphological and chemical similarities and diversities according to environmental conditions and genotypes. Here, we assessed the genetic relationships of nine species belonging to two major genera Mammillaria and Notocactus under the family Cactaceae, using two modern gene-targeting marker techniques, the Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) Polymorphism and the Conserved DNA-Derived Polymorphism (CDDP). Besides, we screened the various phytochemicals and evaluated the antioxidant activities of the nine species of cacti. Five out of the 10 SCoT and eight CDDP primers used to screen genetic variations within the nine species yielded species-specific reproducible bands. The entire 156 loci were detected, of which 107 were polymorphic, 26 were monomorphic, and 23 were unique loci. The nine species were categorized into two groups based on the dendrogram and similarity matrix. Phytochemical profiling revealed that sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids, and tannins were found in all the tested species. Additionally, two Notocactus species (N. shlosserii and N. roseoluteus) and one Mammillaria species (M. spinosissima) revealed a considerable antioxidant activity. Our results demonstrated that gene-targeting marker techniques were highly powerful tools for the classification and characterization of the nine investigated species, despite displaying high similarities at both morphological and phytochemical levels.

Psychotria leiocarpa Extract and Vincosamide Reduce Chemically-Induced Inflammation in Mice and Inhibit the Acetylcholinesterase Activity

Species from Psychotria are used in folk medicine against inflammatory diseases, respiratory disturbances, and anti-hallucinogenic. In the present study, the compound vincosamide (PL-1) was identified for the first time in methanolic extract of the Psychotria leiocarpa (ME-PL) leaves, as well as the anti-inflammatory and anticholinesteric effects in rodents and molecular docking simulations. The fractionation of the chloroform fraction (CF-PL) through chromatographic methods afforded the known compound PL-1. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ME-PL (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) and PL-1 (3, 30, and 100 mg/kg) was analyzed using experimental models: paw edema, pleurisy, and mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan. The anticholinesterase activity of the ME-PL (30 and 100 mg/kg) and PL-1 (30 mg/kg) was showed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory in brain structures. The molecular docking simulations were performed using Molegro Virtual Docker v6.0. Overall, the results indicated that ME-PL and PL-1 demonstrated an anti-edematogenic effect in Cg-induced paw edema, leukocyte migration in the pleurisy model, and significantly reduced mechanical hyperalgesia, cold response to acetone in mice. The samples exhibited maximal inhibition of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the frontal cortex. The molecular coupling of PL-1 with the AChE showed significant interactions with the catalytic and peripheral site, corroborating the activity presented in the inhibition assay. The acute administration of ME-PL did not cause signs of toxicity in the treated animals. The results showed that P. leiocarpa inhibited AChE and anti-inflammatory activity, and alkaloid vincosamide could be responsible, at least in part, for the observed effects, supporting the popular use of this genus.

Adsorption and Desorption Properties of Total Flavonoids from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Mature Leaf on Macroporous Adsorption Resins

Three different macroporous resins (XAD7HP, DAX-8, and XAD4) were evaluated for their adsorption and desorption properties in preparing flavonoid-enriched oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaf extract. The influences of initial concentration, solution pH, contact time, and desorption solvent (ethanol) concentration were determined by static sorption/desorption methods. The optimal condition for adsorption of flavonoids was achieved when the solution of the extract was adjusted to pH 7, reaching equilibrium after 1440 min at 298 K. The adsorption process was well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetics model, while the adsorption isotherm data fitted well with a Freundlich model. The adsorption by each resin was via an exothermic and physical adsorption process. Based on the static experiment results, XAD7HP was found to be the most appropriate adsorbent, while 80% ethanol was the best solvent for desorbent. Further evaluation of its dynamic adsorption and desorption characteristics on a packed glass column showed that XAD7HP could enrich the OPL total flavonoid content by a 3.57-fold increment. Moreover, UHPLC–UV/PDA and UHPLC–MS/MS analysis revealed that apigenin and luteolin derivatives were selectively adsorbed by XAD7HP. Additionally, both the crude OPL extract and the flavonoid-enriched fraction have good DPPH and NO free radical scavenging activities. Multiple interactions between the flavonoids and cross-linked polymeric XAD7HP resin through van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding described the sorption processes. Therefore, by utilizing this method, the flavonoid-enriched fraction from crude OPL extract could be used as a potential bioactive ingredient in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications at minimum cost with optimum efficiency.

Potential Antidiabetic Activity of Extracts and Isolated Compound from Adenosma bracteosum (Bonati)

Adenosma bracteosum Bonati. (A. bracteosum) has been used in traditional and modern medicine in Vietnam for curing hepatitis. In this study, ethanol and aqueous extracts of A. bracteosum were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and anti-hyperglycemic effects on glucose loaded hyperglycemic and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. The α-glucosidase inhibition of the extracts was evaluated by colorimetric assays, and the anti-diabetic activity was tested on a STZ-induced diabetic mice model. The ethanol and aqueous extracts showed a significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, which was more effective than acarbose at the same concentration. In the STZ-induced diabetic mice, both extracts showed a strong anti-hyperglycemic activity, with the group receiving 50 mg/kg of ethanol extract and the group receiving 50 mg/kg of aqueous extract presenting 64.42% and 57.69% reductions, respectively, in the blood glucose levels when compared with the diabetic control group, on day 21 (p > 0.05). Isoscutellarein-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (IG) was identified from the ethanol extract, which showed a strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, with a ten times higher potency compared with the positive control acarbose. The anti-hyperglycemic effect of IG was effectively similar to the standard drug, glibenclamide, at the same dose of 10 mg/kg (p > 0.05). These results indicated that A. bracteosum has a great antidiabetic potential.

2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose isolated from Galla Rhois suppresses osteoclast differentiation and function by inhibiting NF-κB signaling

Natural compounds isolated from medicinal herbs and plants have immense significance in maintaining bone health. Hydrolysable tannins have been shown to possess a variety of medicinal properties including antiviral, anticancer, and anti-osteoclastogenic activities. As a part of a study on the discovery of alternative agent against skeletal diseases, we isolated a hydrolysable tannin, 2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl- β-D-glucose (DTOGG), from Galla Rhois and examined the effect on osteoclast formation and function. We found that DTOGG significantly inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation by downregulating the expression of the key regulator in osteoclastogenesis as well as osteoclast-related genes. Analysis of RANKL/RANK signaling revealed that DTOGG impaired activation of IκBα and p65 in the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain- enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Furthermore, DTOGG reduced bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts, compared to the vehicle-treated control. These results suggest that DTOGG could be a useful natural compound to manage osteoclast-mediated skeletal diseases.

Ferric-bipyridine assay: A novel spectrophotometric method for measurement of antioxidant capacity

Measurement of the antioxidant potential using in vitro assays is paramount in the assessment of various food products and nutraceuticals. Researchers always attempt to develop more accurate assays which can be performed in unsophisticated conditions. This novel method, Ferric-Bipyridine reducing capacity of total antioxidants (FBRC) is a very simple, accurate assay performed based on the reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) by antioxidants with the formation of a colored complex with bipyridine (Bp) i.e, Fe(II)-Bp. The FBRC method thus developed was assessed under carefully adjusted parameters of oxidant concentration, pH, temperature, solvent, light and time in order to fix the optimum conditions for the assay. The spectrophotometric monitoring of Fe(II)-Bp complex was noted by the formation of an intense pink color at room temperature with absorption maxima at 535 nm, pH 4. The analytical performance of this method was fully validated, and the obtained results were satisfactory. It was successfully applied to measure the total antioxidant capacity of standard compounds such as gallic acid, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), in addition to some plant extracts and oils. The FBRC method is inexpensive, reproducible and simple to perform. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the tested compounds compared to common reference methods showed that the novel FBRC method is superior to the Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) with regard to its use of realistic pH and faster kinetics. Thus, the FBRC method is convenient for the estimation of total antioxidant in plants extracts, natural products, essential oils and food stuff.

Evaluation of the Inhibitory Potential of Casuarictin, an Ellagitannin Isolated from White Mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) Leaves, on Snake Venom Secretory Phospholipase A2

Ellagitannins constitute the largest group of hydrolyzable tannins of plants, and, from this group, casuarictin (Casu) was identified in some plant species. However, to our knowledge, no investigation of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) inhibition by Casu has been performed yet. Casuarictin was isolated by chromatography n-butanol (n-BuOH) partition of Laguncularia racemosa leaves. The pharmacological and biological effects of Casu were evaluated on isolated sPLA2 from the rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) and using a plant bacterial strain. The compound was able to form a protein complex consisting of a stable sPLA2 + Casu complex. Analyses carried out with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) revealed that the molecular mass of sPLA2 increased from 14,425.62 to 15,362.74 Da. The enzymatic activity of the sPLA2 + Casu complex was significantly lower than that of native sPLA2. Besides, molecular interactions of Casu with sPLA2 were able to virtually abolish the native edematogenic effect as well as myonecrosis induced by the protein when injected 10 min after sPLA2. Therefore, Casu may be considered a potential anti-inflammatory that can be used to treat edema and myonecrosis induced by serine-secreting phospholipase A2. In addition, the compound also showed great antimicrobial potential.

Optimization of Hyperglycemic Induction in Zebrafish and Evaluation of Its Blood Glucose Level and Metabolite Fingerprint Treated with Psychotria malayana Jack Leaf Extract

A standard protocol to develop type 1 diabetes in zebrafish is still uncertain due to unpredictable factors. In this study, an optimized protocol was developed and used to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of Psychotria malayana leaf. The aims of this study were to develop a type 1 diabetic adult zebrafish model and to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of the plant extract on the developed model. The ability of streptozotocin and alloxan at a different dose to elevate the blood glucose levels in zebrafish was evaluated. While the anti-diabetic activity of P. malayana aqueous extract was evaluated through analysis of blood glucose and LC-MS analysis fingerprinting. The results indicated that a single intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg/kg alloxan was the optimal dose to elevate the fasting blood glucose in zebrafish. Furthermore, the plant extract at 1, 2, and 3 g/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels in the diabetic zebrafish. In addition, LC-MS-based fingerprinting indicated that 3 g/kg plant extract more effective than other doses. Phytosterols, sugar alcohols, sugar acid, free fatty acids, cyclitols, phenolics, and alkaloid were detected in the extract using GC-MS. In conclusion, P. malayana leaf aqueous extract showed anti-diabetic activity on the developed type 1 diabetic zebrafish model.

Antitumoral and Anticholinesterasic Activities of the Seven Species from Rubiaceae

BACKGROUND

The genus Psychotria and Palicourea are reported as a source of alkaloids and iridoids, which exhibit biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate antiproliferative and anticholinesterase activities and quantification of the alkaloids of seven species among the genus found in Mato Grosso do Sul region in Brazil.

METHODS

Concentrations of alkaloids were measured spectrophotometrically. The extracts were submitted to antiproliferative activity against ten cell lines. The anticholinesterase activity of the extracts was developed using brain structures of male Wistar rats: cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and striatum by the Ellman method.

RESULTS

Alkaloids from Psychotria and Palicourea species were quantified which showed values of 47.6 to 21.9 µg/g. Regarding the antiproliferative potential, Palicourea crocea demonstrated selectivity against the 786-0 cell line (GI50: 22.87 µg/mL). Psychotria leiocarpa inhibited cell growth against OVCAR-3 (GI50: 3.28 µg/mL), K-562 (GI50: 5.26 µg/mL), HaCaT (GI50: 27.20 µg/mL), PC-3 (GI50: 34.92 µg/mL), MCF-7 (GI50: 35.80 µg/mL) and P. capillacea showed activity against OVCAR-3 (GI50: 2.33 µg/ml) and U251 (GI50: 16.66 µg/ml). The effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition was more effective in the hippocampus, demonstrating inhibition for Paliourea crocea, Psychotria deflexa, P. brachybotrya and P. leiocarpa of 70%, 57%, 50% and 40%, respectively, followed by P. poeppigiana and P. capillacea, inhibiting 21%, compared to the control.

CONCLUSION

Herein, the present work showed for the first time, anticholinesterasic and antiproliferative activities of extracts of Palicourea and Psychotria seem to be mainly associated with the levels of alkaloids in the leaves of these species.

Effect of Hypericum humifusum aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts on biochemical and histological parameters in adult rats

Hypericum genus is traditionally known for its medicinal use and its therapeutic and antioxidant effects. However, the toxic effect of this plant has not been much explored. Our study aimed at investigating the effect of Hypericum humifusum (Hh) leaf extracts on oxidative stress parameters in male rats. For it, we first focused on the phytochemical analysis of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Hh leaves. Hence, Wistar rats were treated per gavage for 30 days and divided into Control (1 mL/rat, distilled water), A200 group (200 mg/kg body weight (bw) aqueous extract), A400 group (400 mg/kg bw aqueous extract), M10 group (10 mg/kg bw methanolic extract), M20 group (20 mg/kg bw methanolic extract). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds. Biochemical and histological investigations were performed in plasma and liver tissue. Liver tissue homogenates were used for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. At the same time, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed in plasma samples. Histological study was also conducted in liver. We showed that Hh extracts reduced relative liver weight and increased ALT, AST, LDH activities in treated groups compared to control group. These results were associated with an increase of MDA levels and a decrease of antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and SOD) in liver tissues of treated rats. Histology of liver demonstrated several alterations showing necrosis, altered hepatocytes and lymphocyte migration mainly in A200 group and dilated sinusoids, foamy appearance of hepatocytes and lymphocyte accumulation in the other treated groups. This original work indicated that chronic consumption of Hh leaf extracts has no antioxidant effect but instead it induces oxidative stress and enhances markers of cell damage which was confirmed by histological study of liver rats.

Applicability of Plant Extracts in Preclinical Studies of Melanoma: A Systematic Review

Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and arises from melanocyte gene mutation. This disease is multifactorial, but its main cause is the excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Currently, available chemotherapy has shown little expressive results, which may justify the high use of natural products to treat this cancer. We performed a systematic review to compile the results of studies carried out in murine models and investigated the effect of plant extracts on melanoma treatment. Papers were selected in MEDLINE/Pubmed and Scopus according to the PRISM statement. Search filters were developed using three parameters: plant extract, melanoma, and animal model. The 35 identified studies were all submitted to the criteria described in the ARRIVE guidelines. The different extracts showed antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, and also proved to be effective in cell cycle modulation and apoptosis evasion. Bias analysis evidenced the absence of standardized experimental designs, as well as failures in statistical tests and in the presentation of results. The analysis of the studies suggests that the use of plant extracts is effective for the treatment of melanoma in murine models.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori Potential of Three Edible Plants Known as Quelites in Mexico

"Quelites" are edible plants that are part of the traditional agro-ecosystems in Mexico. These plants, despite their already known nutritional properties, are now considered neglected and underutilized species. With the objective of promoting their reinsertion in the markets and mainly, in daily diets, efforts have been made to study them from multidisciplinary approaches to demonstrate their beneficial properties. To generate evidence of an added health-promoting value that would encourage quelites consumption, in the present work, the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of three representative quelite species, Anoda cristata (Alache), Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Chaya), and Crotalaria pumila (Chepil), was tested. H. pylori is considered the etiological agent of gastritis, ulcer, and gastric cancer, and represents a public health problem in Mexico and worldwide. Aqueous (AQ) and dichloromethane-methanol (DM) extracts were obtained from the three species of quelites to investigate their effect on H. pylori growth and on two of its colonization factors (adherence and urease activity). DM extracts from Chaya, Chepil, and Alache exert the best inhibitory effect on bacterial growth, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 62.5, 125, and 250 μg/mL, respectively. AQ and DM extracts inhibit bacterial adhesion by 30% to 50%. None of them has an effect on urease activity. The two flavonoids present in A. cristata, acacetin and diosmetin, inhibit H. pylori growth by ∼90% with 3.9 μg/mL. These results provide new information about the anti-H. pylori potential of three edible quelites, and give an added value, since their routine consumption may impact on the prevention and/or control of H. pylori-associated diseases.

A Comparative Assessment of Biological Effects and Chemical Profile of Italian Asphodeline lutea Extracts

The present study aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of Asphodeline lutea (AL), a wild edible plant of the Mediterranean diet. Roots, aerial parts, and flowers of AL at two different phenological stages were collected from three locations in Italy. The inhibitory activities of extracts on strategic enzymes linked to human diseases were assessed. The antioxidant properties were evaluated in vitro, using six standard bioassays. The phenolic and anthraquinone profiles were also established using HPLC-PDA. Zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper contents were also determined. All the samples inhibited acetylcholinesterase (from 1.51 to 2.20 mg GALAEs/g extract), tyrosinase (from 7.50 to 25.3 mg KAEs/g extract), and α-amylase (from 0.37 to 0.51 mmol ACAEs/g extract). Aloe-emodin and physcion were present in all parts, while rhein was not detected. The phenolic profile and the heavy metals composition of specimens gathered from three different regions of Italy were different. It can be argued that samples collected near the street can contain higher concentrations of heavy metals. The experimental data confirm that the A. lutea species could be considered as a potential source of bioactive metabolites, and its consumption could play a positive and safe role in human health maintenance.

Antioxidant, anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory investigation of extract and dicentrinone from Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Benth. & Hook. f

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The preparations of teas and syrups using Duguetia furfuracea have been used in folk medicine to treat rheumatism and back pain. Several rheumatic diseases are anti-inflammatory and are treated with several anti-inflammatories.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this work were to evaluate the chemical investigation of methanolic extract obtained from leaves of D. furfuracea (MEDF) and test the MEDF, such as chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and hydromethanol (HMF) fractions and the alkaloid dicentrinone (DF-1) in vitro antioxidant effects and in vivo models of inflammation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

MEDF and CF were analyzed by LC-PDA and the results revealed the presence of alkaloid aporphine and oxoaporphine. The concentrations of total phenols, flavonoids and flavonols were determined. Additionally, MEDF, fractions and dicentrinone were evaluated free radical scavenging activity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and peroxidation β-carotene/linoleic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. The anti-inflammatory effects of MEDF, fractions and dicentrinone were studied in carrageenan-induced paw edema. The anti-rheumatic potential was studied in air pouch model and zymosan-induced arthritis.

RESULTS

CF fractionation resulted in the isolation of the oxaporphine alkaloid dicentrinone (DF-1). The highest phenols (624.37mg GAE/g extract), flavonoids (580.51mg QE/g extract) and flavonols (254.44mg QE/g extract), concentration was found in extract. In antioxidant tests, MEDF exhibited the highest scavenging activity and lipoperoxidation. The extract (30-300mg/kg) and all tested fractions inhibited the edema induced by carrageenan. The oral administration of DF-1 inhibited both edema associated with carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. In air pouch model of inflammation, MEDF (30-300mg/kg) and DF-1 (100mg/kg) inhibited leukocyte migration and plasmatic leakage induced by carrageenan in mice. Finally, MEDF (100mg/kg) did not alter zymozan-induced arthritis in mice.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that D. furfuracea exhibits antioxidant, anti-rheumatic potential and anti-inflammatory activity. The presence of the alkaloid dicentrinone in extract and CF fraction could be responsible, at least in part, for the observed effects.