Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Crude Extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and Their Correlations with Flavonoids

In Vitro Investigation of the Anti-Fibrotic Effects of 1-Phenyl-2-Pentanol, Identified from Moringa oleifera Lam., on Hepatic Stellate Cells

Liver fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition, is driven by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Due to the limited availability of anti-fibrotic drugs, the research on therapeutic agents continues. Here we have investigated Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO), known for its various bioactive properties, for anti-fibrotic effects. This study has focused on 1-phenyl-2-pentanol (1-PHE), a compound derived from MO leaves, and its effects on LX-2 human hepatic stellate cell activation. TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells were treated with MO extract or 1-PHE, and the changes in liver fibrosis markers were assessed at both gene and protein levels. Proteomic analysis and molecular docking were employed to identify potential protein targets and signaling pathways affected by 1-PHE. Treatment with 1-PHE downregulated fibrosis markers, including collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), collagen type IV alpha 1 chain (COL4A1), mothers against decapentaplegic homologs 2 and 3 (SMAD2/3), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), and reduced the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Proteomic analysis data showed that 1-PHE modulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, providing a possible mechanism for its effects. Our results suggest that 1-PHE inhibits the TGF-β1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and HSC activation, indicating its potential as an anti-liver-fibrosis agent.

Moringa oleifera flowers: insights into their aroma chemistry, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties

BACKGROUND

Moringa oleifera is a highly nutritious plant widely used in traditional medicine.

RESULTS

The aroma constituents present in the fresh flowers of M. oleifera versus the hydrodistilled oil and hexane extract were studied using GC-MS. Aldehydes were the major class detected in the fresh flowers (64.75%) with E-2-hexenal being the predominant component constituting > 50%. Alkane hydrocarbons, monoterpenes, and aldehydes constituted > 50% of the hydrodistilled oil, while alkane hydrocarbons exclusively constitute up to 65.48% of the hexane extract with heptacosane being the major component (46.2%). The cytotoxicity of the hexane extract was assessed on RAW 264.7 macrophages using the MTT assay which revealed no significant cytotoxicity at concentrations of 1 µg/mL and displayed IC50 value at 398.53 µg/mL as compared to celecoxib (anti-inflammatory drug) with IC50 value at 274.55 µg/ml. The hexane extract of Moringa flowers displayed good anti-inflammatory activity through suppression of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the hexane extract was found to be 12.51 ± 0.28 mg GAE/g extract and 0.16 ± 0.01 mg RuE/g extract, respectively. It displayed moderate antioxidant activity as indicated by the in vitro DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, and phosphomolybdenum (PBA) assays. No metal chelating properties were observed for the extract. The enzyme inhibitory potential of the hexane extract was evaluated on acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases (for neuroprotective assessment), α-amylase and α-glucosidase (for antihyperglycemic assessment), and tyrosinase (for dermoprotective assessment) revealing promising results on cholinesterases, tyrosinase, and α-glucosidase.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggested that M. oleifera leaves can be considered as a multidirectional ingredient for preparing functional applications.

Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Attenuate Acrylamide-Induced Cardiac Injury via Controlling Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Associated Apoptosis Through ATF3/CHOP/BCL2 Signaling in Rats

Due to their distinctive properties, several eco-friendly metal oxide nanoparticles were assessed for their possible cardioprotective properties. Acrylamide (ACD), a pervasive chemical in food and the environment, has been linked to cardiac toxicity. Therefore, this study examined the probable protective effect of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (GS-ZNPs) against ACD-oral exposure-induced cardiac damage in rats. For 60 days, 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four sets that orally administered distilled water, 10-mg GS-ZNP/kg b.w., 20-mg ACD/kg b.w., or GS-ZNP + ACD. Then, cardiac damage indicators comprising CPK, CK-MB, cTn, and LDH were assessed. Besides, cardiac tissues' architecture, oxidative stress indicators, and Zn content were evaluated. The mRNA expression of the ERS-related genes, including ATF3, ATF4, ATF6, XBP-1, CHOP, JNKs, and BiP, were determined. Moreover, ERS-dependent anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) and apoptotic (Caspase-3 and BAX) genes mRNA expression were analyzed. The results showed that GS-ZNP significantly alleviated the increased ACD-induced serum cardiac damage indicators, MDA tissue content, and histopathological changes. Furthermore, the ACD-induced reduction of antioxidants and Zn heart contents were significantly reestablished by GS-ZNP. Furthermore, the ACD-induced upregulation of the ERS-encoding genes and apoptotic genes was reversed by GS-ZNP. Besides, the ACD-induced BCL-2 downregulation was counteracted by GS-ZNP. Overall, GS-ZNP could be a biologically potent compound to alleviate ACD's cardiotoxic effects, possibly by controlling the ERS and apoptosis-related genes and antioxidant activity.

Preliminary Investigation of Astragalus arpilobus subsp. hauarensis: LC-MS/MS Chemical Profiling, In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory Properties, Cytotoxicity, and In Silico Analysis against COX-2

The search results offer comprehensive insights into the phenolic compounds, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic effects, LC-MS/MS analysis, molecular docking, and MD simulation of the identified phenolic compounds in the Astragalus arpilobus subsp. hauarensis extract (AAH). The analysis revealed substantial levels of total phenolic content (TPC), with a measured value of 191 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g DM. This high TPC was primarily attributed to two key phenolic compounds: total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC), quantified at 80.82 ± 0.02 mg QE/g DM and 51.91 ± 0.01 mg CE/g DM, respectively. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 28 phenolic compounds, with gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, and others. In the DPPH scavenging assay, the IC50 value for the extract was determined to be 19.44 ± 0.04 μg/mL, comparable to standard antioxidants like BHA, BHT, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, the extract demonstrated a notably lower IC50 value compared to both diclofenac and ketoprofen, with values of 35.73 µg/mL, 63.78 µg/mL, and 164.79 µg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed significant cytotoxicity of the A. arpilobus extract, with an LC50 value of 28.84 µg/mL, which exceeded that of potassium dichromate (15.73 µg/mL), indicating its potential as a safer alternative for various applications. Molecular docking studies have highlighted chrysin as a promising COX-2 inhibitor, with favorable binding energies and interactions. Molecular dynamic simulations further support chrysin's potential, showing stable interactions with COX-2, comparable to the reference ligand S58. Overall, the study underscores the pharmacological potential of A. arpilobus extract, particularly chrysin, as a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Further research is warranted to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms and clinical implications of these natural compounds.

The properties and mechanism of action of plant immunomodulators in regulation of immune response - A narrative review focusing on Curcuma longa L., Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Moringa oleifera Lam

Herbal treatments have been utilized for millennia to cure a variety of ailments. There are over 20, 000 herbal remedies available to treat cancer and other disease in humans. In Ayurveda, traditional plants having revitalizing and nourishing characteristics are known as "Rasayanas." They have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-microbicidal, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects on the immune system. Immunomodulation is a mechanism through which the body stimulates, suppresses, or boosts the immune system to maintain homeostasis. Plant-derived immunomodulators are typically phytocompounds, including carbohydrates, phenolics, lipids, alkaloids, terpenoids, organosulfur, and nitrogen-containing chemicals. Immunomodulation activity of phytocompounds from traditional plants is primarily mediated through macrophage activation, phagocytosis stimulation, peritoneal macrophage stimulation, lymphoid cell stimulation, and suppression or enhancement of specific and non-specific cellular immune systems via numerous signalling pathways. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanism of immunomodulation of most traditional plants has not yet been fully elucidated, justifying the need for further experimentation. Therefore, this review describes the immunomodulatory agents from traditional plants such as Curcuma longa L., Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, and Moringa oleifera Lam, further highlighting the common molecular targets and immunomodulatory mechanism involved in eradicating diseases.

Moringa oleifera and Its Biochemical Compounds: Potential Multi-targeted Therapeutic Agents Against COVID-19 and Associated Cancer Progression

The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global concern, with updated pharmacological therapeutic strategies needed. Cancer patients have been found to be more susceptible to severe COVID-19 and death, and COVID-19 can also lead to cancer progression. Traditional medicinal plants have long been used as anti-infection and anti-inflammatory agents, and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is one such plant containing natural products such as kaempferol, quercetin, and hesperetin, which can reduce inflammatory responses and complications associated with viral infections and multiple cancers. This review article explores the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of M. oleifera as an anti-COVID-19 and anti-inflammatory agent, and its potential role in reducing the risk of cancer progression in cancer patients with COVID-19. The article discusses the ability of M. oleifera to modulate NF-κB, MAPK, mTOR, NLRP3 inflammasome, and other inflammatory pathways, as well as the polyphenols and flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol, that contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, this review highlights the potential therapeutic benefits of M. oleifera in addressing COVID-19 and associated cancer progression. However, further investigations are necessary to fully understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of M. oleifera and its natural products as anti-inflammatory, anti-COVID-19, and anti-cancer strategies.

Effects of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf extract on semen characteristics, fertility, and hatchability in aged broiler breeder roosters

Declining semen quality will have a negative impact on the fertility of aged roosters. Various factors influence this decrease in quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of Moringa plant extract on semen characteristics, fertility, and hatchability in aged broiler breeder roosters. A total of 24 roosters were fed 1 of 4 dietary supplements for 10 wk: Control, 100 μL/kg (Moringa oleifera leaf extract [MOLE]-100), 200 μL/kg (MOLE-200), or 400 μL/kg body weight (MOLE-400) of Moringa oleifera extract. Results showed supplementation with MOLE-200 significantly improved (P < 0.05) semen concentration, total motility, progressive motility, sperm membrane integrity compared to other treatments. However, semen volume and body weight were unaffected (P > 0.05). Sperm lipid peroxidation, as indicated by malondialdehyde concentration, was lowest in MOLE-200. There was a significant difference observed among the treatments in terms of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) results. The testosterone concentration in the MOLE-200 treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) hormones among the experimental treatments. Fertility and hatchability rates were measured at the end of the trial. Fertility, defined as the number of fertilized eggs, was greatest in the MOLE-200 treatment compared to the other treatments. Similarly, hatchability (hatched chicks/fertilized eggs %) was highest at 88.02% for MOLE-200. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with M. oleifera extract improved semen quality, fertility, and hatchability in aged broiler breeder roosters.

Revisiting of Properties and Modified Polyethylenimine-Based Cancer Gene Delivery Systems

A new era of medical technology in cancer treatment is a directly specific modification of gene expression in tumor cells by nucleic acid delivery. Currently, the main challenge to achieving this goal is to find a non-toxic, safe, and effective strategy for gene transfer to cancer cells. Synthetic composites based on cationic polymers have historically been favored in bioengineering due to their ability to mimic bimolecular structures. Among them, polyethylenimines (PEIs) with superior properties such as a wide range of molecular weight and a flexible structure may propel the development of functional combinations in the biomedical and biomaterial fields. Here, in this review, we will focus on the recent progressions in the formulation optimization of PEI-based polyplex in gene delivery to treat cancer. Also, the effect of PEI's intrinsic characteristics such as structure, molecular weight, and positive charges which influence the gene delivery efficiency will be discussed.

Moringa oleifera: A Review of the Pharmacology, Chemical Constituents, and Application for Dental Health

Moringa oleifera L., commonly known as Kelor in Indonesia and miracle tree in English, has a rich history of utilization for medicinal, nutritional, and water treatment purposes dating back to ancient times. The plant is renowned for its abundance of vitamins, minerals, and various chemical constituents, making it a valuable resource. Among its notable pharmacological properties are its effectiveness as an anti-diabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-helmintic, anti-leishmanial, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-allergic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant agent. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the extensive pharmacological applications and phytochemical constituents of M. oleifera and its application in dental health.

Potential antioxidative and anti-hyperuricemic components in Rodgersia podophylla A. Gray revealed by bio-affinity ultrafiltration with SOD and XOD

Rodgersia podophylla A. Gray (R. podophylla) is a traditional Chinese medicine with various pharmacological effects. However, its antioxidant and anti-hyperuricemia components and mechanisms of action have not been explored yet. In this study, we first assessed the antioxidant potential of R. podophylla with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The results suggested that the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of R. podophylla not only exhibited the strongest DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging and ferric-reducing activities, but also possessed the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents among the five fractions. After that, the potential superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) ligands from the EA fraction were quickly screened and identified through the bio-affinity ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS). Accordingly, norbergenin, catechin, procyanidin B2, 4-O-galloylbergenin, 11-O-galloylbergenin, and gallic acid were considered to be potential SOD ligands, while gallic acid, 11-O-galloylbergenin, catechin, bergenin, and procyanidin B2 were recognized as potential XOD ligands, respectively. Moreover, these six ligands effectively interacted with SOD in molecular docking simulation, with binding energies (BEs) ranging from -6.85 to -4.67 kcal/mol, and the inhibition constants (Ki) from 9.51 to 379.44 μM, which were better than the positive controls. Particularly, catechin exhibited a robust binding affinity towards XOD, with a BE value of -8.54 kcal/mol and Ki value of 0.55 μM, which surpassed the positive controls. In conclusion, our study revealed that R. podophylla possessed remarkable antioxidant and anti-hyperuricemia activities and that the UF-LC-MS method is suitable for screening potential ligands for SOD and XOD from medicinal plants.

Flavonoid from Moringa oleifera leaves revisited: A review article on in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies of antidiabetic insulin-resistant activity

Diabetes mellitus (DM) occurs when the body experiences insulin deficiency or is unable to use insulin appropriately, which increases the blood glucose levels over the threshold. Moringa oleifera leaf is a widely used and scientifically proven herbal medicine to treat DM. The demand for the development of new drugs has prompted in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies of antidiabetic insulin-resistant activity. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive study of the types of flavonoid and nonflavonoid compounds that have antidiabetic activity in insulin resistance mellitus using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. The literature review was conducted in accordance with the offered reporting items for systematic review. Major bibliographic databases, i.e. Scopus, PubMed, and DOAJ, covering original articles about the aforementioned issues between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2021 were used. In this study, 274 articles were retrieved, of which 4 were duplicates, and after the titles were read, only 108 were left for analysis. After the abstract screening, 32 articles were eligible for the literature review. The results exhibit that flavonoids, including quercetin and kaempferol, and nonflavonoids, including anthraquinone, cytogluside (glycoside), hemlock tannin, phenolic steroid, and 2-phenylchromenylium (anthocyanins), have potential insulin-resistant antidiabetic activity in vitro, in vivo, and in silico. This has broadened the research into the development of new drugs.

Clinical Assessment of Moringa oleifera as a Natural Crosslinker for Enhanced Dentin Bond Durability: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Dentin biomodification is a biomimetic approach that strengthens the collagen network, making it less susceptible to enzymatic degradation and improving the durability of bonded restorative materials, using collagen crosslinkers.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera as a natural crosslinker in improving the clinical success of resin-dentin restorations.

METHOD

A double-blind, controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted in accordance with Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines, with 50 adult participants with initial carious lesions (ICDAS 4 and 5) enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (which received Moringa oleifera as a pretreatment liner) or the control group (standard restorative procedures without a liner). Functional and biological outcomes were assessed at baseline, six months, and 12 months using the FDI criteria. Statistical analysis included Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon sign rank test, and Mann-Whitney U test.

RESULTS

Both groups exhibited excellent functional properties and marginal adaptation at baseline and six months. At the 12-month mark, the test group displayed clinically better functional properties (97.9%, n=47) compared to the control group (95.8%, n=46), but there was no significant difference (p-value>0.05). Marginal gaps were observed in both groups at six and 12 months (8.3%, n=4), with no significant inter-group variation (p-value>0.05). Radiographic examination showed a harmonious restoration-to-tooth transition. Patient satisfaction remained high, with the test group 4.2% (n=2) and control 2.1% (n=1) reporting minor issues at 12 months, though not statistically significant (p-value>0.05). Postoperative sensitivity was minimal, and tooth integrity was well-preserved.

CONCLUSION

Moringa oleifera, as a pretreatment liner, showed promise in enhancing the clinical success of resin-dentin restorations. Despite minor reported issues, the groups had no statistically significant differences regarding functional and biological outcomes.

Optimization of the Green Extraction of Red Araçá (Psidium catteyanum Sabine) and Application in Alginate Membranes for Use as Dressings

In this research, the aim was to introduce innovation to the pharmaceutical field through the exploration of an underutilized plant matrix, the red araçá, along with the utilization of sodium alginate for the development of membranes designed for active topical dressings. Within this context, optimal extraction conditions were investigated using the central composite rotational statistical design (CCRD) to obtain a red araçá epicarp extract (RAEE) rich in bioactive compounds utilizing the maceration technique. The extract acquired under the optimized conditions (temperature of 66 °C and a hydroalcoholic solvent concentration of 32%) was incorporated into a sodium alginate matrix for the production of active membranes using a casting method. Characterization of the membranes revealed that the addition of the extract did not significantly alter its morphology. Furthermore, satisfactory results were observed regarding mechanical and barrier properties, as well as the controlled release of phenolic compounds in an environment simulating wound exudate. Based on these findings, the material produced from renewable matrices demonstrates the promising potential for application as a topical dressing within the pharmaceutical industry.

Antioxidant Capacity of Polar and Non-Polar Extracts of Four African Green Leafy Vegetables and Correlation with Polyphenol and Carotenoid Contents

In sub-Saharan Africa, chronic malnutrition is often associated with intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress. African green leafy vegetables (GLVs), commonly consumed by these populations and rich in bioactive compounds, may improve the antioxidant status. The aim of this study was to measure the antioxidant capacity using complementary assays (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, ORAC and NO scavenging) in polar and non-polar leaf extracts of four African GLVs, cassava (Manihot esculenta), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius), and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), with spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chosen as a reference. Their antioxidant capacity was correlated with their total polyphenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), condensed tannin, lutein, and β-carotene contents. Identification of phenolic compounds by UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS revealed the presence of three main classes of compound: flavonols, flavones, and hydroxycinnamic acids. Cassava and roselle leaves presented significantly higher TPC and TFC than amaranth, jute mallow, and spinach. They also exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, even higher than that of spinach, which is known for its important antioxidant effect. The antioxidant capacity was 2 to 18 times higher in polar than non-polar extracts, and was more strongly correlated with TPC and TFC (R > 0.8) than with β-carotene and lutein contents. These findings provide new data especially for cassava and roselle leaves, for which studies are scarce, suggesting an appreciable antioxidant capacity compared with other leafy vegetables.

Transcriptomic, epigenomic and physiological comparisons reveal key factors for different manganese tolerances in three Chenopodium ambrosioides L. populations

Chenopodium ambrosioides is a manganese (Mn) hyperaccumulator that can be used for Mn-polluted soil phytoremediation. However, the mechanism of Mn tolerance of C. ambrosioides remains largely unknown. In this study, the key factors for Mn tolerance of C. ambrosioides was investigated from the aspects of DNA methylation pattern, gene expression regulation and physiological function. We found that the two genotypes of C. ambrosioides populations have differentiated tolerance to Mn stress (Mn-tolerant: CS and XC, Mn-sensitive: WH). Although there was no difference in Mn accumulation between two types under excess Mn, the biomass and photosynthetic systems were more severely inhibited in Mn-sensitive type, as well as suffering more serious oxidative damage. More differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were downregulated in the Mn-tolerant type, indicating that the Mn-tolerant type tends to inhibit gene expression to cope with Mn stress. DEGs related to metal transport, antioxidant system, phytohormone and transcription factors contribute to the tolerance of C. ambrosioides to Mn, and account for difference in Mn stress sensitivities between the Mn-sensitive and tolerant types. We also found that DNA methylation variation may help to cope with Mn stress. The global DNA methylation level in C. ambrosioides increased under Mn stress, especially in the Mn-sensitive type. Dozens of methylated loci were significantly associated with the Mn accumulation trait of C. ambrosioides, and some critical DEGs were regulated by DNA methylation. Our study comprehensively demonstrated the Mn tolerance mechanism of C. ambrosioides for the first time, and highlighted the roles of epigenetic modification in C. ambrosioides response to Mn stress. Our findings may contribute to elucidating the adaptation mechanism of hyperaccumulator to the heavy metal toxicity.

Innovative Materials with Possible Applications in the Wound Dressings Field: Alginate-Based Films with Moringa oleifera Extract

For a long time, biopolymers have proven their effectiveness in the development of materials with various applications, lately those intended for the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, due to their high biocompatibility and non-toxic, non-allergenic, and non-immunogenic nature. The ability to incorporate various active substances in this matrix has yielded materials with characteristics that are far superior to those of classic, conventional ones. The beneficial effects of consuming Moringa oleifera have promoted the use of this plant, from Ayurvedic to classical medicine. The addition of such compounds in the materials intended for the treatment of surface wounds may represent the future of the development of innovative dressings. This study followed the development of materials based on sodium alginate and moringa powder or essential oil for use as dressings, pads, or sheets. Thus, three materials with the addition of 10-30% moringa powder and three materials with the addition of 10-30% essential oil were obtained. The data were compared with those of the control sample, with sodium alginate and plasticizer. The microtopography indicated that the materials have a homogeneous matrix that allows them to incorporate and maintain natural compounds with prolonged release. For example, the sample with 30% moringa essential oil kept its initial shape and did not disintegrate, although the swelling ratio value reached 4800% after 20 min. After testing the mechanical properties, the same sample had the best tensile strength (TS = 0.248 MPa) and elongation (31.41%), which is important for the flexibility of the dressing. The same sample exhibited a very high antioxidant capacity (60.78% inhibition). The materials obtained with moringa powder added presented good values of physical and mechanical properties, which supports their use as wound dressings for short-term application and the release of embedded compounds. According to the obtained results, all the biopolymeric materials with moringa added can be used as dressings for different wound types.

Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for the Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of Moringa oleifera: Extraction Yield, Content of Bioactive Compounds, and Biological Effects In Vitro

This study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to maximize the extraction yield, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity from Moringa oleifera. The four UAE factors, solvent ratio (A), solvent-solid ratio (B), extraction temperature (C), and extraction time (D), were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design was used for the experimental design. The optimal conditions were found to be a 50% v/v solvent ratio, a 30% v/w solvent-solid ratio, 35 °C extraction temperature, and 45 min extraction time. The experimental value of extraction yield (R₁), TFC (R₂), TPC (R₃), and DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity (R₄) (87.99% w/w, 56.63 mg QE/g extract, 97.26 mg GAE/g extract, and 93.32% inhibition, respectively) agreed with those predicted by RSM models (88.10% w/w, 56.61 mg QE/g extract, 97.16 mg GAE/g extract, and93.38% inhibition, respectively), thus demonstrating the appropriateness of the model used and the ability of the RSM to optimize the extraction conditions. Excellent DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity was exhibited by M. oleifera compared with the standard, sitagliptin. While the modeled equation fits the data, the t-test is not significant, suggesting that the experimental values agree with those predicted by the RSM-BBD.

Moringa oleifera impedes protein glycation and exerts reno-protective effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Moringa oleifera is a valued plant with wide distribution in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is traditionally used for the treatment of fever, infections, rheumatism, cancer, improving cardiac, renal and hepatic functions, and regulating blood glucose level. The plant has been scientifically reported for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, renoprotective, and anti-diabetic properties. Diabetic patients are prone to develop end-stage renal diseases due to incidence of diabetes-induced renal dysfunctions. Given that, increased production and accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) play a conspicuous role in the development of diabetes-linked renal dysfunctions, nature-based interventions with AGEs inhibitory activity can prevent renal dysfunctions leading to renoprotection.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aimed to demonstrate the preventive effects of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Moringa oleifera (EEMO) on protein glycation and its further assessment for the renoprotective effect in diabetic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Antiglycation activity of EEMO was assessed in vitro using bovine serum albumin. For reno-protective activity assessment, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were orally treated with EEMO (100 mg/kg) or standard antiglycation agent aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg) for consecutive 8 weeks. The effects on glucose homeostasis, renal functions, and renal morphology were assessed by clinical biochemistry, molecular and histological examination.

RESULTS

Presence of EEMO efficiently prevented glucose-, fructose- or methylglyoxal-mediated glycation of protein. Under in vivo set-up, compared to diabetic control rats, EEMO treatment effectively improved the glucose tolerance and body weight, and reduced the serum levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol. Additionally, EEMO administration significantly ameliorated renal dysfunctions in diabetic rats characterized by improved levels of creatinine, urea nitrogen, and uric acid in serum, and total protein level in urine, accompanied by improved kidney morphology. The diabetes-associated pro-inflammatory response characterized by upregulated expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos), activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the raised levels of inflammatory factors, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in renal tissue was significantly attenuated in EEMO-treated rats. Moreover, EEMO treatment diminished renal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in diabetic animals.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated that EEMO prevented AGEs formation and ameliorated renal dysfunctions in diabetic rats by blocking inflammatory/oxidative pathways. Our observations justify M. oleifera as a potential source of therapeutic interventions for diabetic nephropathy management.

The anti-inflammatory activity of GABA-enriched Moringa oleifera leaves produced by fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum LK-1

Introduction

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the main active components in Moringa oleifera leaves, can be widely used to treat multiple diseases including inflammation.

Methods

In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism of the GABA-enriched Moringa oleifera leaves fermentation broth (MLFB) were investigated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells model. The key active components changes like total flavonoids, total polyphenols and organic acid in the fermentation broth after fermentation was also analyzed.

Results

ELISA, RT-qPCR and Western blot results indicated that MLFB could dose-dependently inhibit the secretions and intracellular expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like 1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Furthermore, MLFB also suppressed the expressions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Moreover, the mRNA expressions of the key molecules like Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB in the NF-κB signaling pathway were also restrained by MLFB in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, the key active components analysis result showed that the GABA, total polyphenols, and most organic acids like pyruvic acid, lactic acid as well as acetic acid were increased obviously after fermentation. The total flavonoids content in MLFB was still remained to be 32 mg/L though a downtrend was presented after fermentation.

Discussion

Our results indicated that the MLFB could effectively alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and its underlying mechanism might be associated with the inhibition of TLR-4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway activation. The anti-inflammatory activity of MLFB might related to the relative high contents of GABA as well as other active constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics and organic acids in MLFB. Our study provides the theoretical basis for applying GABA-enriched Moringa oleifera leaves as a functional food ingredient in the precaution and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Biostimulant Formulations and Moringa oleifera Extracts to Improve Yield, Quality, and Storability of Hydroponic Lettuce

The urgent need to increase the sustainability of crop production has pushed the agricultural sector towards the use of biostimulants based on natural products. The current work aimed to determine whether the preharvest application of two commercial formulations, based on a Fabaceae enzymatic hydrolysate or a blend of nitrogen sources including fulvic acids, and two lab-made aqueous extracts from Moringa oleifera leaves (MLEs), could improve yield, quality, and storability of lettuce grown in a hydroponic system, as compared to an untreated control. Lettuce plants treated with the MLEs showed significantly improved quality parameters (leaf number, area, and color), total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, and resistance against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, comparable to that obtained with commercial formulates, particularly those based on the protein hydrolysate. A difference between the M. oleifera extracts was observed, probably due to the different compositions. Although further large-scale trials are needed, the tested MLEs seem a promising safe and effective preharvest means to improve lettuce agronomic and quality parameters and decrease susceptibility to rots.

Plant ingredients in Thai food: a well-rounded diet for natural bioactive associated with medicinal properties

Background

Seeking cures for chronic inflammation-associated diseases and infectious diseases caused by critical human pathogens is challenging and time-consuming. Even as the research community searches for novel bioactive agents, consuming a healthy diet with functional ability might be an effective way to delay and prevent the progression of severe health conditions. Many plant ingredients in Thai food are considered medicinal, and these vegetables, herbs, and spices collectively possess multiple biological and pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antipyretic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects.

Methodology

In this review, the selected edible plants are unspecific to Thai food, but our unique blend of recipes and preparation techniques make traditional Thai food healthy and functional. We searched three electronic databases: PUBMED, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, using the specific keywords "Plant name" followed by "Anti-inflammatory" or "Antibacterial" or "Antiviral" and focusing on articles published between 2017 and 2021.

Results

Our selection of 69 edible and medicinal plant species (33 families) is the most comprehensive compilation of Thai food sources demonstrating biological activities to date. Focusing on articles published between 2017 and 2021, we identified a total of 245 scientific articles that have reported main compounds, traditional uses, and pharmacological and biological activities from plant parts of the selected species.

Conclusions

Evidence indicates that the selected plants contain bioactive compounds responsible for anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties, suggesting these plants as potential sources for bioactive agents and suitable for consumption for health benefits.

Novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives: design, synthesis, molecular docking, molecular simulations and biological evaluations as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents

Current medical approaches to control the Covid-19 pandemic are either to directly target the SARS-CoV-2 via innovate a defined drug and a safe vaccine or indirectly target the medical complications of the virus. One of the indirect strategies for fighting this virus has been mainly dependent on using anti-inflammatory drugs to control cytokines storm responsible for severe health complications. We revealed the discovery of novel fused pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The newly synthesised compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using RAW264.7 cells after stimulation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The results revealed that 3a, 4b, and 8e were the most potent analogues. Molecular docking and simulations of these compounds against COX-2, TLR-2 and TLR-4 respectively was performed. The former results were in line with the biological data and proved that 3a, 4b and 8e have potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Assessing the cytotoxic effect and antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera aqueous and ethanolic extract against oral pathogens extracted from periodontal and orthodontic patients

Background: Periodontitis is the result of inflammation caused due to the activity of microorganisms. The prevalence of anaerobic organisms is more when it comes to periodontal pockets and orthodontic patients. Plants with phytochemicals that could exert antimicrobial effects could aid in host modulation for management of periodontitis caused by these bacteria in periodontal and orthodontic patients Aim: To assess the antimicrobial effect of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Lam (MOL) and cytotoxic effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of MOL. Materials and methods: Moringa oleifera Lam. extracts were prepared by maceration. Subgingival plaque samples were collected and microorganisms were cultured in anaerobic environment. The microorganisms were treated with the extracts and minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration was assessed. The cytotoxic effects were assessed by brine shrimp assay. Results: Aqueous extract showed antimicrobial effect in dose and time dependent manner and both extracts exhibited cytotoxic effects in a dose and time dependent manner Summary and Conclusion: The antimicrobial effect of MOL could be utilized to develop a nature derived local drug delivery system for treating plaque induced periodontitis in different clinical situations.

Influence of Soil Nutrient Toxicity and Deficiency from Three Ecuadorian Climatic Regions on the Variation of Biological, Metabolic, and Nutritional Properties of Moringa oleifera Lam

Moringa oleifera Lam. contains numerous essential constituents found in all plant parts (leaves, pods, and seeds). From all its edible parts, the leaf represents an effective remedy with high potential for medicinal applications. Ecuador is part of the new promising cultivation areas for Moringa, and therefore our study is emphasized to determine the influence of soil nutrition, toxicity (excess), and deficiency, from three main areas of this country, correlated with its climatic characteristics, on the mineral components, bioactive compounds' synthesis, and antioxidant capacity of Moringa. Different analyses were performed in soil and especially leaf samples for phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, calcium, protein, and vitamin C determination to identify the relationship between soil nutrients, abiotic conditions, and the therapeutic potential of this species cultivated in Ecuador. The obtained values using methods such as DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS showed a high antioxidant capacity of the leaves from the Coastal Ecuadorian region, related with total phenolic compounds' content (through the Folin-Ciocalteu method) and flavonoids in samples, with results obtained under the positive influence of high soil nutrients such as Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe. We can conclude that M. oleifera from the coastal area of Ecuador presents the right environmental and soil conditions to positively influence its mineral and phytochemical content, making it suitable for incorporation into foods and medicines to solve the nutritional and medical problems in Ecuador and worldwide.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction, optimization, isolation, and antioxidant activity analysis of flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus stems and leaves

Astragalus membranaceus is a medicinal and edible species in China, with a variety of biological activities. This study evaluated the reuse potential of A. membranaceus waste as a source of food antioxidants. Antioxidant and antifungal activities of flavonoids, polysaccharides, and saponins from A. membranaceus stems and leaves were evaluated. Results showed that inhibition rate of flavonoids on six tested fungi reaches 100 % at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, and the antioxidant test demonstrated satisfactory antioxidant activity. On this basis, an extremely economical ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from A. membranaceus stems and leaves was developed and optimized via response surface methodology (RSM). Optimized conditions included an extraction time of 35 min, ethanol concentration of 75 %, liquid-solid ratio of 40 mL/g, and extraction temperature of 58 °C, in which the extraction yield of flavonoids was 22.0270 ± 2.5739 mg/g. The total flavonoids were separated and purified using activity-guided isolation technology, and frac. ccd with strong antioxidant activity were analyzed via HPLC-MS/MS. Results showed that main components are isoquercitrin and astragalin. This study can provide a potential innovative application for the development of natural food antioxidants from A. membranaceus waste.

Antiproliferative effects of dried Moringa oleifera leaf extract on human Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have seen an elevated use in clinical works like regenerative medicine. Its potential therapeutic properties increases when used in tandem with complementary agents like bio-based materials. Therefore, the present study is the first to investigate the cytotoxicity of a highly valued medicinal plant, Moringa oleifera, on human Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSCs) and its effects on the cells' gene expression when used as a pre-treatment agent in vitro. M. oleifera leaves (MOL) were dried and subjected to UHPLC-QTOF/MS analysis, revealing several major compounds like apigenin, kaempferol, and quercetin in the MOL, with various biological activities like antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. We then treated the hWJMSCs with MOL and noticed a dose-dependant inhibition on the cells' proliferation. RNA-sequencing was performed to explain the possible mechanism of action and revealed genes like PPP1R1C, SULT2B1, CDKN1A, mir-154 and CCNB1, whose expression patterns were closely associated with the negative cell cycle regulation and cell cycle arrest process. This is also evident from gene set enrichment analysis where the GO and KEGG terms for down-regulated pathways were closely related to the cell cycle regulation. The Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software further predicted the significant activation of (p < 0.05, z-score > 2) of the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulation pathway. The present study suggests that MOL exhibits an antiproliferative effect on hWJMSCs via cell cycle arrest and apoptotic pathways. We believe that this study provides an important baseline reference for future works involving MOL's potential to accompany MSCs for clinical works. Future works can take advantage of the cell's strong anti-cancer gene expression found in this study, and evaluate our MOL treatment on various cancer cell lines.

Inhibitory Effect on Nitric Oxide Release in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Croton linearis Jacq. Leaves

Oxidative stress is an important component of many diseases including cancer, along with inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. Natural antioxidants have emerged as promising substances to protect the human body against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The present study evaluates the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and the free radical scavenging activity of Croton linearis Jacq. leaves. UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis identified 18 compounds: nine alkaloids with a morphinane, benzylisoquinoline or aporphine nucleus, and nine O-glycosylated-flavonoids with quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin as the aglycones. The crude extract (IC₅₀ 21.59 µg/mL) and the n-hexane fraction (IC₅₀ 4.88 µg/mL) significantly reduced the NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages but with relatively high cytotoxicity (CC₅₀ 75.30 and CC₅₀ 70.12 µg/mL, respectively), while the ethyl acetate fraction also showed good activity (IC₅₀ 40.03 µg/mL) without affecting the RAW 264.7 cell viability. On the other hand, the crude extract, as well as the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions, showed better DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities. Considering the chemical composition and the activity observed for Croton linearis leaves, they may be considered a good source of antioxidants to combat oxidative damage-related diseases.

The Potential of Moringa oleifera to Ameliorate HAART-Induced Pathophysiological Complications

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) comprises a combination of two or three antiretroviral (ARV) drugs that are administered together in a single tablet. These drugs target different steps within the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle, providing either a synergistic or additive antiviral effect; this enhances the efficiency in which viral replication is suppressed. HIV cannot be completely eliminated, making HAART a lifetime treatment. With long-term HAART usage, an increasing number of patients experience a broadening array of complications, and this significantly affects their quality of life, despite cautious use. The mechanism through which ARV drugs induce toxicity is associated with metabolic complications such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. To address this, it is necessary to improve ARV drug formulation without compromising its efficacy; alternatively, safe supplementary medicine may be a suitable solution. The medicinal plant Moringa oleifera (MO) is considered one of the most important sources of novel nutritionally and pharmacologically active compounds that have been shown to prevent and treat various diseases. MO leaves are rich in polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, and tannins; studies have confirmed the therapeutic properties of MO. MO leaves provide powerful antioxidants, scavenge free radicals, promote carbohydrate metabolism, and repair DNA. MO also induces anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-proliferative, and anti-mutagenic effects. Therefore, MO can be a source of affordable and safe supplement therapy for HAART-induced toxicity. This review highlights the potential of MO leaves to protect against HAART-induced toxicity in HIV patients.

Methanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract protects against epithelial barrier damage and enteric bacterial translocation in intestinal I/R: Possible role of caspase 3

Background: Activation of caspase 3 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of I/R injury in various organs, but there is a paucity of data on its role in IIRI. Also, no reports were found on the beneficial role of methanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MMOLE) in IIRI. This study investigated the involvement of caspase 3 in IIRI, and the impact of MMOLE in IIRI.

Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups; the sham-operated group that was sham-operated and received 0.5 ml of distilled water for 7 days prior to sham surgery, and the IIRI, febuxostat (FEB) +IIRI, low dose MMOLE (LDMO)+IIRI, and high dose MMOLE (HDMO)+IIRI groups that underwent I/R and also received 0.5 ml of distilled water, 10 mg/kg of febuxostat, 200 mg/kg of MMOLE, and 400 mg/kg of MMOLE respectively for 7 days prior to I/R. Markers of hepatic function, oxidative stress, and inflammation as well as enteric bacterial translocation and histoarchitecture integrity of intestinal and hepatic tissues were evaluated. The bioactive components of MMOLE were also determined by GC-MS.

Results: As revealed by GC-MS, the active bioactive components of MMOLE were thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine, 1,3-dioxolane, octanoic acid, 1,3-benzenediamine, 9-octadecenoic acid, oleic acid, nonadecanoic acid, 3-undecanone, phosphonic acid, and cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. MMOLE alleviated IIRI-induced rise in intestinal and hepatic injury markers, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-6, and myeloperoxidase activities. MMOLE improved IIRI-induced suppression of reduced glutathione, thiol and non-thiol proteins, and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. These were associated with suppression of IIRI-induced caspase 3 activity and bacterial translocation. Histopathological evaluation revealed that MMOLE attenuated IIRI-induced alterations in intestinal and hepatic histoarchitecture integrity. MMOLE also militated against increased absolute and relative intestinal and hepatic weight, intestinal and hepatic injuries, epithelial mucosal barrier dysfunction, and enteric bacterial translocation associated with IIRI by downregulating oxidative stress-mediated activation of caspase 3.

Conclusion: IIRI is associated with a rise in caspase 3 activity. Also, MMOLE confers protection against IIRI, possibly due to its constituent bioactive molecules, especially hydrazine, 9-octadecenoic acid, 1,3-dioxolane, oleic acid, and nonadecanoic acid.

Comparison of Antioxidant and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Properties of Moringa peregrina and Ferulago carduchorum Leaf Extracts and Microencapsulation of Superior Plant

Today, medicinal plants have a crucial role in treating diseases such as diabetes and cancer. These plants do not impose any side effects owing to their bioactive compounds in comparison with chemical drugs. Several studies have demonstrated antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. According to previous studies, Moringa peregrina (MP) and Ferulago carduchorum (FC) are two promising plants in terms of antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. This research followed a three-stage study. In the first stage, the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of MP and FC ethanolic extracts, native to Iran, were compared using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the ABTS•+ radical scavenging and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activities of both plants were dependent on extract concentration. MP exhibited lower IC50 values in both tests, 1.01 and 4.96 mg·mL−1, respectively. Accordingly, the extract of MP was selected for further experiments. In the second stage, total phenolic content (TPC) and GC-MS analysis were conducted on MP extract to investigate the reason behind its antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties. Results of assessing total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin-Ciocalteu method revealed a strong positive correlation between TPC with antioxidant activity (r = 0.94, $p<0.05$ ). GC-MS was used to identify phytoconstituents of the extract, leading to the determination of 35 components whose major one was vitamin E (10.2%). To ensure its suitability for food fortification, in the third stage, encapsulation of the MP extract was followed. Microencapsulation was performed using three polymer coatings, and the effects of carriers were investigated on moisture content, solubility, bulk density, microencapsulation yield, particle size, antioxidant activity, and TPC. According to the experiments, antioxidant activity and TPC were retained well in all carriers. Moreover, SEM, DSC, and FTIR analyses confirmed that the extract was well-coated and no surface fractures were observed. The results indicated that MP can be a promising plant for food fortification as a natural antioxidant and antidiabetic source.

A Comprehensive Review with Updated Future Perspectives on the Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacological Aspects of Moringa oleifera

Moringa oleifera is an ancient remedy plant, known as the miraculous plant due to its many prominent uses and significant health benefits. It is a nutrient-rich plant, with exceptional bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols that possess several medicinal properties. Many significant studies have been carried out to evaluate the ethnomedicinal and pharmacological properties of M. oleifera in various applications. Therefore, this comprehensive review compiles and summarizes important findings from recent studies on the potential properties of different parts of M. oleifera. The pharmacological properties of M. oleifera have been studied for various potential biological properties, such as cardio-protective, anti-oxidative, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-diabetic and anti-carcinogenic effects. Therefore, the potential of this plant is even more anticipated. This review also highlights the safety and toxicity effects of M. oleifera treatment at various doses, including in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials from human studies.

Exploring potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory flavonoids from Euphorbia humifusa with an integrated strategy

E. humifusa Willd, a monoecious annual plant, native to Eastern Asia, has been traditionally attributed to the treatment and prevention of miscellaneous diseases, including diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Earlier studies have supported this species’ pharmacological efficacies including its antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Even so, the underlying bioactive components with their mechanisms of action associated with its antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects remain elusive. The preamble in vitro assessments of the crude extract and its different fractions revealed that the n-butanol fraction (EHNB) exhibited the best activity, which was subsequently subjected to a rapid screening of candidate ligands through bio-affinity ultrafiltration with the two enzyme targets: α-glucosidase (α-Glu) and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) combined with UPLC/QTOF-MS. As a result, 7 compounds were identified from EHNB, among them, vitexin and astragalin were screened out as the most active ligand compounds. Vitexin showed great specific binding (SB) affinity values of 1.26 toward α-Glu and 1.32 toward COX-2, while astragalin showed 1.32 and 1.36, respectively. The docking simulation results exhibited strong interactions of vitexin and astragalin with the key residues of the enzyme targets, suggesting their possible mechanisms of action. The in vitro antidiabetic validation revealed noticeable half-maximal inhibitory effects (IC₅₀) of 36.38 ± 3.06 µM for vitexin and 42.47 ± 4.13 µM for astragalin, much better than that of the positive drug acarbose (109.54 ± 14.23 µM). Similarly, these two compounds showed the inhibitory activity against COX-2 with the half-maximal inhibitory effects (IC₅₀) at 27.91 ± 1.74 µM and 49.05 ± 1.49 µM, respectively. Therefore, these two flavonoid compounds (vitexin and astragalin) were speculated as potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory compounds from E. humifusa. Taken together, the integrated strategy applied to E. humifusa led to the fast identification of two potential double-acting flavonoids and enlightened its antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory uses. Besides these findings, the integrated strategy in this study could also be used to facilitate the rapid discovery and development of active candidates from other traditional herbal medicines against multi-drug targets and to aid in revealing their mechanisms of action for their traditional uses.

Potential Antioxidative and Anti-Hyperuricemic Components Targeting Superoxide Dismutase and Xanthine Oxidase Explored from Polygonatum Sibiricum Red

Polygonatum sibiricum Red. (P. sibiricum) has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of pharmacology effects. However, the responsible bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action concerning its antioxidative and anti-hyperuricemic activities remain unexplored. In this work, the antioxidant capacity of P. sibiricum was firstly evaluated with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis-(3ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, from which the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction exhibited the highest DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and ferric-reducing capacities. Meanwhile, the EA fraction displayed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents among the four fractions. Next, the potential ligands from the EA fraction were screened out by bio-affinity ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS) with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XOD). As a result, N-trans-p-coumaroyloctopamine, N-trans-feruloyloctopamine, N-trans-feruloyltyramine were identified as potential SOD ligands, while N-cis-p-coumaroyltyramine was determined as potential XOD ligand. Additionally, these four ligands effectively interact with SOD and XOD in the molecular docking analysis, with binding energies (BEs) ranging from –6.83 to –6.51 kcal/mol, and the inhibition constants (Ki) from 9.83 to 16.83 μM, which were better than the positive controls. In conclusion, our results indicated that P. sibiricum has good antioxidative and anti-hyperuricemic activities, and its corresponding active ligands targeting SOD and XOD could be explored by the UF-LC-MS method.

Evaluation of Biological Activity of Natural Compounds: Current Trends and Methods

Natural compounds have diverse structures and are present in different forms of life. Metabolites such as tannins, anthocyanins, and alkaloids, among others, serve as a defense mechanism in live organisms and are undoubtedly compounds of interest for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Plants, bacteria, and insects represent sources of biomolecules with diverse activities, which are in many cases poorly studied. To use these molecules for different applications, it is essential to know their structure, concentrations, and biological activity potential. In vitro techniques that evaluate the biological activity of the molecules of interest have been developed since the 1950s. Currently, different methodologies have emerged to overcome some of the limitations of these traditional techniques, mainly via reductions in time and costs. These emerging technologies continue to appear due to the urgent need to expand the analysis capacity of a growing number of reported biomolecules. This review presents an updated summary of the conventional and relevant methods to evaluate the natural compounds' biological activity in vitro.

A Review on the Antidiabetic Properties of Moringa oleifera Extracts: Focusing on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation as Main Therapeutic Targets

Moringa oleifera is one of the popular plants that have shown significant health benefits. Certainly, preclinical evidence (predominantly from animal models) summarized in the current review supports the beneficial effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in combating the prominent characteristic features of diabetes mellitus. This includes effective control of blood glucose or insulin levels, enhancement of insulin tissue sensitivity, improvement of blood lipid profiles, and protecting against organ damage under sustained conditions of hyperglycemia. Interestingly, as major complications implicated in the progression of diabetes, including organ damage, Moringa oleifera leaf and seed extracts could efficiently block the detrimental effects of oxidative stress and inflammation in these preclinical models. Notably, these extracts (especially leaf extracts) showed enhanced effects in strengthening intracellular antioxidant defences like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione to lower lipid peroxidation products and reduce prominent pro-inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (1L)-β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and nitric oxide synthase. From animal models of diabetes, the common and effective dose of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera was 100-300 mg/kg, within the treatment duration of 2-8 weeks. Whereas supplementation with approximately 20 g leaf powder of Moringa oleifera for at least 2 weeks could improve postprandial blood glucose in subjects with prediabetes or diabetes. Although limited clinical studies have been conducted on the antidiabetic properties of Moringa oleifera, current findings provide an important platform for future research directed at developing this plant as a functional food to manage diabetic complications.

A Complex Characterization of Pumpkin and Quince Purees Obtained by a Combination of Freezing and Conventional Cooking

Two main sources of fibers and bioactive compounds represented by pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) and quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) were selected for the present study. The current changes in consumers behavior oblige manufacturers to develop new assortments of ready-to-eat products, considering their nutritional characteristics. Hence, this study aimed to process free sugar pumpkin and quince puree using a combination of freezing (−15 °C) and cooking at 95 °C for 20 min. Four variants of purees were obtained by using different combinations between pumpkin and quince (pumpkin puree, quince puree, and pumpkin and quince puree in ratios of 1:1 and 3:1). The samples were characterized in terms of complex interconnected analysis, which could provide further information for the added-value products. Thus, highest values of β-carotene content were attributed to pumpkin puree (P −5.34 ± 0.05 mg/g DW) and pumpkin and quince puree 3:1 (PQ 3:1 −3.78 ± 0.014 mg/g DW). These findings are also supported by the values of ABTS inhibition, which was registered as 71.32% for the P sample and 76.25% for the PQ 3:1 sample. The textural analysis revealed firmness values of 1.27 N for pumpkin puree and 2.33 N for quince puree. Moreover, the structural changes were minimum, while the cellular structure and some tissues were preserved intact.

Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder Dietary Inclusion Differentially Modulates the Antioxidant, Inflammatory, and Histopathological Responses of Normal and Aeromonas hydrophila-Infected Mono-Sex Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aimed to detect the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf powder dietary inclusion on the antioxidant and innate immune responses of mono-sex Nile tilapia fingerlings. A total of 180 fingerlings were allocated in a random method into three groups with triplicate each. One group (1^st group) received the control diet (basal diet (BD) free of moringa) and the other groups (2^nd and 3^rd) fed BD containing M. oleifera leaf powder at 5 and 10% of the diet, respectively. After 6 weeks of feeding, fish were randomly redistributed into four replicates and rested for 24 h. Then, each fish in the first two replicates was injected with 0.2 mL of PBS, while the others were injected with 0.2 mL of A. hydrophila suspension (1.8 × 10⁶ CFU/mL). Healthy fish fed on M. oleifera leaf powder showed enhanced immune response manifested by significant increases in phagocytic and lysozyme activities with a marked H/L ratio (P < 0.05). In addition, significant alterations of the lymphocytic and heterophilic population in circulation with increasing infiltration in tissue such as the spleen were noticed. Also, M. oleifera significantly upregulated the antioxidants, CAT and GPx, proinflammatory cytokines, IL1-β, IL-8, and IFN-γ relative mRNA levels. On the other hand, following A. hydrophila challenging conditions, M. oleifera caused downregulations of IL1-β, IL-8, and IFN-γ transcription levels, and also lowered the CAT and GPx mRNA levels. In addition, a marked reduction of leukocytic infiltration plus a significant improvement of the degenerative changes in intestinal architecture has occurred. So, M. oleifera leaf powder can be included in the fish diet to enhance immune response under normal health conditions and lower the infection-associated inflammatory response.

Flavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii Hieron and Their Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities

Selaginella doederleinii Hieron. (S. doederleinii) is a traditional herb that is widely used in China to treat several ailments, but mainly cancer. Studies have been carried out to determine the phytochemicals ascribed to its pharmacological activity. However, both phytochemical and pharmacological profiles have not been fully explored as few compounds have been reported. This study evaluated the flavonoid content of the ethanol extract and its four fractions (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) together with their antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays). Further, the antiproliferative activity was evaluated. Two new secondary metabolites (1 and 3) were isolated from S. doederleinii, which comprised of an apigenin skeleton with a phenyl attached at C-8 of ring A and an acetyl group. Additionally, other known metabolites 2 and 4–16 were isolated, whereby compounds 2, 4, 5, 8, 12, 15, and 16 were reported for the first time in this species. These compounds were evaluated for their antioxidative potentials by both DPPH and FRAP assays, and for their antiproliferative activities by the MTT assay on three human cancer cell lines: colon cancer (HT-29), cervical cancer (HeLa), and lung cancer (A549). Compound 7 exhibited the best activity on the three cancer cell lines (HT-29, HeLa, A549) by inhibiting the rate of growth of the cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC₅₀ values of 27.97, 35.47, and 20.71 µM, respectively. The structure–activity relationship of the pure compounds was highlighted in this study. Hence, the study enriched both the phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of S. doederleinii.

Evaluating anti-obesity potential, active components, and antioxidant mechanisms of Moringa peregrina seeds extract on high-fat diet-induced obesity

There are no medical drugs that provide an acceptable weight loss with minimal adverse effects. This study evaluated the Moringa peregrina (MP) seed extract's anti-obesity effect. Twenty-four (6/each group) male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into group Ι (control), group ΙΙ (high-fat diet [HFD]), group ΙΙΙ (HFD+ MP [250 mg/kg b.wt]), and group ΙV (HFD+ MP [500 mg/kg b.wt]). MP administration significantly ameliorated body weight gains and HFD induced elevation in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and reduced HDL. Moreover, MP seed oil showed high free radical-scavenging activity, delayed β-carotene bleaching and inhibited lipoprotein and pancreatic lipase enzymes. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed three major active components: crypto-chlorogenic acid, isoquercetin, and astragalin. Both quantitative Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting revealed that MP seeds oil significantly decreased the expression of lipogenesis-associated genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) and significantly elevated the expression of lipolysis-associated genes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase1, ACCl). The oil also enhanced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPK-α) and suppressed CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ). In conclusion, administration of M. peregrina seeds oil has anti-obesity potential in HFD-induced obesity in rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: M. peregrina seeds oil had a potential anti-obesity activity that may be attributed to different mechanisms. These included decreasing body weight, and body mass index and improving lipid levels by decreasing total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C, and increasing HDL-C. Also, M. peregrina seeds oil regulated adipogenesis-associated genes, such as downregulating the expression of (PPARγ, C/EBPα, and FAS) and improving and upregulating the expression and phosphorylation of AMPKα and ACCl. Despite that M. peregrina extract has reported clear anti-obesity potential through animal and laboratory studies, the available evidence-based on human clinical trials are very limited. Therefore, further studies are needed that could focus on clinical trials investigating anti-obesity potential different mechanisms of M. peregrina extract in humans.

Potential Anti-aging Components From Moringa oleifera Leaves Explored by Affinity Ultrafiltration With Multiple Drug Targets

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), widely used in tropical and subtropical regions, has been reported to possess good anti-aging benefits on skincare. However, the potential bioactive components responsible for its anti-aging effects, including anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities, have not been clarified so far. In this study, M. oleifera leaf extracts were first conducted for anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities in vitro by spectrophotometric and fluorometric assays, and the results revealed that they possessed good activities against skin aging-related enzymes. Then, multi-target bio-affinity ultrafiltration coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (AUF-HPLC-MS) was applied to quickly screen anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase ligands in M. oleifera leaf extracts. Meanwhile, 10, 8, and 14 phytochemicals were screened out as the potential anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase ligands, respectively. Further confirmation of these potential bioactive components with anti-aging target enzymes was also implemented by molecule docking analysis. In conclusion, these results suggest that the M. oleifera leaves might be a very promising natural source of anti-aging agent for skincare, which can be further explored in the cosmetics and cosmeceutical industries combating aging and skin wrinkling.

GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimicrobial Effect of Pelargonium peltatum (Geraniaceae)

In recent years, the increase in antibiotic resistance demands searching for new compounds with antimicrobial activity. Phytochemicals found in plants offer an alternative to this problem. The genus Pelargonium contains several species; some have commercial use in traditional medicine such as P. sinoides, and others such as P. peltatum are little studied but have promising potential for various applications such as phytopharmaceuticals. In this work, we characterized the freeze-dried extracts (FDEs) of five tissues (root, stem, leaf, and two types of flowers) and the ethyl acetate fractions from leaf (Lf-EtOAc) and flower (Fwr-EtOAc) of P. peltatum through the analysis by thin-layer chromatography (T.L.C.), gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), phytochemicals quantification, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity. After the first round of analysis, it was observed that the FDE-Leaf and FDE-Flower showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to the other FDEs, for which FDE-Leaf and FDE-Flower were fractionated and analyzed in a second round. The antioxidant activity determined by ABTS showed that Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc had the lowest IC₅₀ values with 27.15 ± 1.04 and 28.11 ± 1.3 µg/mL, respectively. The content of total polyphenols was 264.57 ± 7.73 for Lf-EtOAc and 105.39 ± 4.04 mg G.A./g FDE for Fwr-EtOAc. Regarding the content of flavonoid, Lf-EtOAc and Fw-EtOAc had the highest concentration with 34.4 ± 1.06 and 29.45 ± 1.09 mg Q.E./g FDE. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (M.I.C.) of antimicrobial activity was evaluated: Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc were effective at 31.2 µg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus and 62.5 µg/mL for Salmonella enterica, while for the Enterococcus feacalis strain, Fwr-EtOAc presented 31.2 µg/mL of M.I.C. According to the GC-MS analysis, the main compounds were 1,2,3-Benzenetriol (Pyrogallol), with 77.38% of relative abundance in the Lf-EtOAc and 71.24% in the Fwr-EtOAc, followed by ethyl gallate (13.10%) in the Fwr-EtOAc and (Z)-9-Octadecenamide (13.63% and 6.75%) in both Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc, respectively.

The First Optimization Process from Cultivation to Flavonoid-Rich Extract from Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves in Brazil

Flavonoids are significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents and have multiple potential health applications. Moringa oleifera is globally recognized for its nutritional and pharmacological properties, correlated to the high flavonoid content in its leaves. However, the bioactive compounds found in plants may vary according to the cultivation, origin, season, and extraction process used, making it difficult to extract reliable raw material. Hence, this study aimed to standardize the best cultivation and harvest season in Brazil and the best extraction process conditions to obtain a flavonoid-rich extract from M. oleifera as a final product. Firstly, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized to reach the highest flavonoid content by three-level factorial planning and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal cultivation condition was mineral soil fertilizer in the drought season, and the optimized extraction was with 80% ethanol and 13.4 min of extraction time. The flavonoid-rich extract was safe and significantly decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Lastly, the major flavonoids characterized by HPLC-ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS were compounds derived from apigenin, quercetin, and kaempferol glycosides. The results confirmed that it was possible to standardize the flavonoid-rich extract leading to a standardized and reliable raw material extracted from M. oleifera leaves.

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Inhibition Activity of Picrorhiza kurroa Against α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase

Picrorhiza kurroa (P.K) usually familiar as kutki is a well-known plant in the Ayurvedic system of medicine due to its reported activities including antidiabetic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective. The current research was intended to evaluate the antioxidant, inhibition activity of the ethanolic, methanolic, and aqueous extracts of P.K roots against α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro, after the phytochemical analysis. For this purpose, P.K roots were extracted with ethanol (EthPk), methanol (MthPk), and distilled water (AqPk) and phytochemical study of the extracts were performed to recognize the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC). Antioxidant capability of the extracts was assessed by FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH assay. α-amylase inhibitory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were also determined. Software SPSS-23 was used to statistically analyze with One Way ANOVA and results were stated as mean standard deviation. Result of the study showed that MthPk contained the maximum concentration of TPC and TFC than EthPk and AqEh. Antioxidants in terms of DPPH (lowest IC₅₀ = .894 ± .57), FRAP (612.54 ± 11.73) and ABTS (406.42 ± 4.02) assay was also maximum in MthPk. MthPk was also showed maximum inhibition activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase with lowest IC₅₀ (.39 ± .41; .61 ± .24), respectively. The extracts α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities order was as MthPk > EthPk> AqPk. Results clearly specified that the methanolic extract of Picrorhiza kurroa have the maximum antioxidant, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. A positive correlation of TPC, TFC with antioxidant, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of the P.K roots were also shown. The plant has capability to diminish the oxidative stress and can be used to treat diabetes by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase actions.

A review of Leaves and Seeds Moringa oleifera Extract: The potential Moringa oleifera as Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiarrhoeal, And Antiulcer Approaches To Bacterial Gastroenteritis

BACKGROUND: Bacterial gastroenteritis is a disease in the tropics in the form of inflammation of the stomach and intestines due to several bacteria, such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio, Yersinia, and Listeria with symptoms of diarrhea without or with vomiting and frequent fever. Gastroenteritis is a global disease with the highest prevalence in the agricultural community, especially farmers and fishermen. AIM: This research is to determine the potential of leaf and seed extract Moringa oleifera as an alternative therapy for bacterial gastroenteritis. METHODS: A literature review approach derived from the analysis and synthesis of various related references is used. The author selects journals full text and books published in the last ten years maximum through several databases, namely PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane with the keywords: diarrhea, gastroenteritis, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflammation, and M. oleifera. RESULTS: Seed and leaf extract M. oleifera played a role in preventing some of the effects of the pathogenesis of diarrhea due to bacterial infection. Methanol, N-hexane, ethyl acetate, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids from seed and leaf extract M. oleifera have antibacterial effects. The content of quercetin has an anti-inflammatory effect. The content of tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids has antidiarrheal activity. The content of ethanol and tannins has an antiulcer effect. This potential can help cure patients with bacterial gastroenteritis. CONCLUSION: Leaf and seed extract of M. oleifera has good antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and antidiarrheal potential for the treatment of bacterial gastroenteritis.

Therapeutic Strategies of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) for stomach and forestomach ulceration induced by HCl/EtOH in rat model

Background

The drumstick tree Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), distributed in many parts of the world, is an important food plant with high nutritional value and used in medical applications and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to highlight the gastroprotective effect of Moringa oleifera in hydrochloric acid/Ethanol (HCl/EtOH) in a rat model.

Methods

Moringa phytocompounds were characterized by infrared spectra (FTIR). Rats were induced for gastric ulcer with 150 mmol/L HCl/60% EtOH solution and pretreated orally with the edible infusion extract of the leaves of Moringa oleifera at a single dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (bw). Antioxidant parameters and lipid peroxide levels were measured and the pathological damage was histologically analysed.

Results

The FTIR analysis showed the presence of several chemical biocompounds. The methanolic extract is the potent radical-scavengers with an estimated value of 87.54% at the higher concentration used (500 µg/ml) and antibacterial agent. Further, the DPPH inhibition value of the M. oleifera infusion was 80.58%. For in vivo analysis, mucus was highly produced in gastric mucosa of plant-treated rats, thereby pH were elevated in rats pretreated with M. oleifera compared to ulcerated animals. Whereas, lesion index was markedly reduced (79%) in stomach protected with plant. Interestingly, oral administration of M. oleifera protected gastric mucosa through decreasing MDA levels as well as increasing antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GPx).

Conclusion

Overall, the therapeutic value against acidified ethanol induced gastric and ulcer ability of M. oleifera might be due to its biocompounds.

Potential Use of Moringa oleifera Twigs Extracts as an Anti-Hyperuricemic and Anti-Microbial Source

Moringa oleifera (MO) grows throughout most of the tropics and has several industrial and medicinal uses. Besides the various uses of the plant parts such as its leaves, seed kernels, roots, or stem barks, the twigs (MT) of this plant are usually regarded as excessive parts. Although there have been few studies conducted to determine the value of this plant part, in fact, its potential uses—especially the pharmaceutical effects—of this biomaterial remains an up-to-date topic for scientists to discover due to the lack of interest so far. This study aims to identify the optimized fractions of different solvents for the extraction of antioxidants, for xanthine oxidase inhibition agents, and for anti-microbial activities. The two most active fractions obtained by column chromatography were the Hexane-Ethyl Acetate elution at a 9:1 (E1) and 8:2 (E2) ratio, respectively. With regard to antioxidant activity, E1 and E2 displayed relatively high DPPH radical scavenging capacity (IC50 = 87.7 and 99.0 µg/mL), which was only four times weaker than the control BHT (IC50 = 21.4 µg/mL). The highest inhibition activity against xanthine oxidase was also observed clearly in E1 and E2, which showed relatively low IC50 (54.7 and 42.0 µg/mL, respectively). These levels were inconsiderably higher than that of the positive control (IC50 = 20.8 µg/mL), proving that E1 and E2 exerted relatively strong antioxidant activity in terms of XOD inhibition. Regarding the antimicrobial test, E2 showed the highest inhibition activities against E. coli, K. pneumoiae, L. monocytogenes, B. subtilis, and P. mirabilis. The result indicates that (1) E1 and E2 were the strongest fractions for constraining free radical agents and several bacteria, and thus, (2) Moringa oleifera twigs are also a potential source for the prevention of gout-related symptoms.