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Lee CH, Hamdan N, Nyakuma BB, Wong SL, Wong KY, Tan H, Jamaluddin H, Lee TH. Purification, identification and molecular docking studies of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides from Edible Bird's Nest. Food Chem 2024; 454:139797. [PMID: 38797099 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides from Edible Bird's Nest (EBN). The prepared EBN peptides were sequentially separated, purified, and successively identified by ultrafiltration, gel filtration and mass spectrometry techniques. Four potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides were identified as Peptide 1 (LFWSPSVYLK), Peptide 2 (GWPHLEDNYLDW), Peptide 3 (NPPADLHK) and Peptide 4 (GDLAYLDQGHR). Molecular docking analysis revealed that Peptide 1 and Peptide 2 can competitively interrupt the formation of Keap1-Nrf2 due to the presence of hydrophobic and antioxidant amino acids in their peptide sequences. Peptide 3 and Peptide 4 have a strong effect on interacting with the binding site of IKK-β due to the interaction of anti-inflammatory amino acids and C-terminal arginine/lysine. The four peptides were synthesised and validated for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The results suggest that the four peptides may serve as promising bioactive peptides for preventing oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Hau Lee
- Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norfadilah Hamdan
- Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Computing, North-Eastern University, 0198 Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria
| | - Syie Luing Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Keng Yinn Wong
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Huiyi Tan
- Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Haryati Jamaluddin
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ting Hun Lee
- Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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Wang S, Mao X, Zhang R, Gao Y, Liu D. Purification, characterization, and in vitro digestion of novel antioxidant peptides from chicken blood hemoglobin. J Food Sci 2024; 89:1567-1581. [PMID: 38343291 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to purify and characterize antioxidant peptides from chicken blood hemoglobin hydrolysate. The fraction M2 (< 3 KDa) with the strongest antioxidant activity was isolated by ultrafiltration, and its DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging rate, ABTS [2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)] free radical scavenging rate, and iron ion chelation activity were 82.91%, 77.49%, and 80.99%, respectively. After in vitro digestion, the antioxidant capacity of chicken blood hydrolysate was significantly higher than that before digestion (p < 0.05). M2 exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity after stomach digestion, with a DPPH radical scavenging rate and iron ion chelating power of 82.91% and 79.61%, respectively. Component A was purified from M2 by Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography. The peptide sequences were identified by LC-MS/MS from fraction A, and four peptides, AEDKKLIQ (944.54 Da), APAPAAK (625.36 Da), LSDLHAHKL (1033.57 Da), and LSNLHAYNL (1044.54 Da) were synthesized using the solid-phase peptide method, among which APAPAAK was a novel antioxidant peptide. Molecular docking was used to simulate the binding of these four peptides to the key active site of Keap1 via hydrogen bonding. This study suggests that chicken blood may provide a new natural source of antioxidant peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suye Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Mao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yurong Gao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dunhua Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Cordeiro ARRDA, Bezerra TKA, Madruga MS. Valuation of Goat and Sheep By-Products: Challenges and Opportunities for Their Use. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233277. [PMID: 36496799 PMCID: PMC9736461 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat and sheep meat production is a challenge for the meat industry as well as for environmental management. Yet within cultures, certain by-products, such as liver, the lungs, heart, brain, spleen, blood, tail and ears, are traditionally used in the production of typical dishes for regional or local cuisine. These by-products are a rich source of lipids, proteins, essential amino acids, B-complex vitamins, and minerals. They can be effectively exploited for higher (value-added) applications, including functional foods or feed ingredients, food supplements, enzymes and other chemical products such as hydrolyzed proteins and flavorings. This review article gathers data on: (i) the production of by-products obtained from slaughter and available for processing, and (ii) potential strategies for using and applying these by-products in obtaining new value-added ingredients. Other than proteins, the review discusses other macromolecules and possible uses of these by-products in culinary dishes, as hydrolyzed enzymes, and as food additives. Even though these by-products undoubtedly present themselves as rich in nutrients, there remains an unfortunate lack of documented information on the potential use of these by-products for their bioactive components, peptides that have various biological and technological properties, and the use of hydrolyzed versions of these by-products as precursors for the production of flavorings.
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Xi J, Kan W, Zhu Y, Huang S, Wu L, Wang J. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Eucommia ulmoides extract and their potential biological function in cosmetics. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10021. [PMID: 35942280 PMCID: PMC9356174 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from plant extracts have recently emerged as a rapidly growing field with numerous applications in pharmaceutical and clinical contexts. The purpose of this research is to come up with a novel method for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles that use Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract as a reducing agent. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed using UV-vis spectroscopy, and the properties of AgNPs were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscope, Fourier Infrared Spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric Analysis, and Zeta potential. The results showed that the AgNPs exhibited a characteristic absorption peak at 430 nm, their diameter ranged from 4 nm to 52 nm, and C, O, and Cl elements, which might represent flavonoids and phenolic components absorbed on the surface of AgNPs. The zeta potential of AgNPs was found to be −30.5 mV, which indicates repulsion among AgNPs and they have good dispersion stability. AgNPs have been found to suppress the tyrosinase activity both in mushroom tyrosinase and A375 cells, as well as diminish ROS formation in HaCat cells. According to this study, AgNPs is a novel material that can enhance skin health by preventing melanin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Xi
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering and Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Wenjie Kan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering and Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Shengwei Huang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, 233100, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lifang Wu
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering and Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Zhongke Taihe Experimental Station, Taihe 236626, Anhui, China
- Corresponding authors at: The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering and Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering and Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Zhongke Taihe Experimental Station, Taihe 236626, Anhui, China
- Corresponding authors at: The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering and Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
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Sun KL, Gao M, Wang YZ, Li XR, Wang P, Wang B. Antioxidant Peptides From Protein Hydrolysate of Marine Red Algae Eucheuma cottonii: Preparation, Identification, and Cytoprotective Mechanisms on H 2O 2 Oxidative Damaged HUVECs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:791248. [PMID: 35531284 PMCID: PMC9069057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.791248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To screen, prepare, identify, and evaluate the activities of natural antioxidants for treating chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress. Two algal proteins, namely ZD10 and ZD60, precipitated with 10 and 60% (NH4)2SO4 were extracted from red algae Eucheuma cottonii (E. cottonii) and hydrolyzed using five proteolytic enzymes. The results showed that ZD60 played the most significant role in the enhancement of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH⋅) scavenging activity (25.91 ± 0.24%) among all protein hydrolysates. Subsequently, six antioxidant peptides (EP1-EP6) were isolated from the papain hydrolysate of ZD60 by ultrafiltration and chromatography methods. Their amino acid sequences were identified as Thr-Ala (EP1), Met-Asn (EP2), Tyr-Ser-Lys-Thr (EP3), Tyr-Ala-Val-Thr (EP4), Tyr-Leu-Leu (EP5), and Phe-Tyr-Lys-Ala (EP6) with molecular weights of 190.21, 263.33, 497.55, 452.51, 407.51, and 527.62 Da, respectively. Of which, EP3, EP4, EP5, and EP6 showed strong scavenging activities on DPPH⋅, hydroxyl radical (HO⋅), and superoxide anion radical (O- 2⋅). Moreover, EP4 and EP5 could significantly protect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from H2O2-induced oxidative damage by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzyme systems including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) to reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (60.51 and 51.74% of model group) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (75.36 and 64.45% of model group). In addition, EP4 and EP5 could effectively inhibit H2O2-induced apoptosis by preventing HUVECs from early apoptosis to late apoptosis. These results indicated that the antioxidant peptides derived from E. cottonii, especially EP4 and EP5, could serve as the natural antioxidants applied in pharmaceutical products to treat chronic cardiovascular diseases caused by oxidative damage, such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Lai Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Min Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yue-Zhen Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xue-Rong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
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la Paz SMD, Martinez-Lopez A, Villanueva-Lazo A, Pedroche J, Millan F, Millan-Linares MC. Identification and Characterization of Novel Antioxidant Protein Hydrolysates from Kiwicha ( Amaranthus caudatus L.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050645. [PMID: 33922174 PMCID: PMC8145011 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) is considered one of the few multipurpose pseudocereals for its potential use not only as a source of nutrients and fiber but also for its bioactive compounds. In recent years, antioxidant peptides are commonly used as functional ingredient of food. Herein, a kiwicha protein isolate (KPI), obtained from kiwicha defatted flour (KDF), was hydrolyzed by Bioprotease LA 660, a food-grade endoprotease, under specific conditions. The resulting kiwicha protein hydrolysates (KPHs) were chemically characterized and their digestibility and antioxidant capacity were evaluated by in vitro cell-free experiments owing to their measure of capacity to sequester DPPH free radical and reducing power. KPHs showed higher digestibility and antioxidant capacity than intact proteins into KPI. Therefore, the results shown in this study indicate that KPHs could serve as an adequate source of antioxidant peptides, representing an effective alternative to the generation of functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Montserrat-de la Paz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (S.M.-d.l.P.); (A.M.-L.)
| | - Alicia Martinez-Lopez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (S.M.-d.l.P.); (A.M.-L.)
| | - Alvaro Villanueva-Lazo
- Plant Protein Group, Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.V.-L.); (J.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Justo Pedroche
- Plant Protein Group, Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.V.-L.); (J.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Francisco Millan
- Plant Protein Group, Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.V.-L.); (J.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Maria C. Millan-Linares
- Plant Protein Group, Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.V.-L.); (J.P.); (F.M.)
- Cell Biology Unit, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-95451550 (ext. 357)
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Identification of Potential Peptide Inhibitors of ACE-2 Target of SARS-CoV-2 from Buckwheat & Quinoa. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27:1799-1813. [PMID: 33850482 PMCID: PMC8030649 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is well established fact that peptides from various foods offer human health benefits displaying diverse functionalities. Millets considered as super foods is a major alternative in recent days for traditional diet being rich in proteins and fibre along with trace minerals and vitamins. In this connection, proteins from Buckwheat and Quinoa were digested by in vitro simulation digestion for the generation of peptides, analyzed by nLC-MS/MS and the functional annotations of the identified proteins/peptides were carried out. The study led to the identification of 34 small peptides and their parent proteins clustered into 4 gene functional groups and their localization prediction indicated their involvement in energy metabolism, transport and storage. Interestingly, the identified peptides maximally displayed DPP-IV and ACE inhibitions. The present study was extended to unravel ACE-2 inhibition targeting COVID-19 by selecting ACE-2-Spike binding domain for molecular docking studies. The NWRTVKYG interacted with the ACE-2-Spike interface displaying the feasible binding energy (− 213.63) and docking score (− 12.43) and the MD simulation revealed the ability of the peptide in stabilizing the protein-peptide composite. The present investigation thus establishes newer vista for food derived peptides having ACE-2 inhibitory potential as tentative strategy for SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics.
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Elyass ME, Mahdi AA, Semeih AE, Eltaib FI, Attitalla IH. Exploratory investigation on the antibacterial effect of antimicrobial peptides of four mammalian plasmas. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104839. [PMID: 33689814 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are presently being revisited as promising potential antimicrobial combat agents. Acquisition of resistance to AMPs is very rare compared to conventional antibiotics as they kill microbes by direct disruption of cellular components including the microbial membrane and DNA. In this study four sources of mammalian plasma (human, bovine, caprine and ovine) were explored for presence and effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides by the spot-on-lawn method, followed by the agar well diffusion assay to confirm their antibacterial activity. This was followed by determination of their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by the broth macrodilusion method. The MICs were compared to those produced by the antibiotics Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Doxycycline and Metronidazole. All four plasma types exhibited antibacterial activity in their native form (plasmaN) or in presence of added pepsin (plasmap). The highest antibacterial activity was shown by ovine plasmap against Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC at dilution of 1:128), while least activity (MIC at dilution of 1:2) was shown by bovine plasmap and ovine plasmaN against K. pneumoniae, ovine plasmaN against E. coli, and ovine plasmap against Staph. aureus. All plasma sources achieved bactericidal effect. Activity of ovine plasmaN against K. pneumoniae was higher than that due to Ampilcillin, Amoxicillin, Doxycycline or Metronidazole. The least antibacterial activity was achieved by Ampicillin against K. pneumoniae, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. Metronidazole had no effect on any of the four bacteria tested. These results indicate that AMPs hold great promise as a valuable renewed tool in the control of pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona E Elyass
- National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan; Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Faculty of Medical Technology, Box 919, Al-Bayda, Libya
| | - Ahmed A Mahdi
- Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Faculty of Medical Technology, Box 919, Al-Bayda, Libya
| | | | | | - Idrerss H Attitalla
- Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, Box 919, Al-Bayda, Libya; Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Faculty of Medical Technology, Box 919, Al-Bayda, Libya.
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Mining, heterologous expression, purification and characterization of 14 novel bacteriocins from Lactobacillus rhamnosus LS-8. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2162-2176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tacias-Pascacio VG, Morellon-Sterling R, Siar EH, Tavano O, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Use of Alcalase in the production of bioactive peptides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2143-2196. [PMID: 33091472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to cover the uses of the commercially available protease Alcalase in the production of biologically active peptides since 2010. Immobilization of Alcalase has also been reviewed, as immobilization of the enzyme may improve the final reaction design enabling the use of more drastic conditions and the reuse of the biocatalyst. That way, this review presents the production, via Alcalase hydrolysis of different proteins, of peptides with antioxidant, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory, metal binding, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities (among other bioactivities) and peptides that improve the functional, sensory and nutritional properties of foods. Alcalase has proved to be among the most efficient proteases for this goal, using different protein sources, being especially interesting the use of the protein residues from food industry as feedstock, as this also solves nature pollution problems. Very interestingly, the bioactivities of the protein hydrolysates further improved when Alcalase is used in a combined way with other proteases both in a sequential way or in a simultaneous hydrolysis (something that could be related to the concept of combi-enzymes), as the combination of proteases with different selectivities and specificities enable the production of a larger amount of peptides and of a smaller size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | | | - El-Hocine Siar
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Equipe TEPA, Laboratoire LNTA, INATAA, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of the External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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