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Terranova ML. Physiological Roles of Eumelanin- and Melanogenesis-Associated Diseases: A Look at the Potentialities of Engineered and Microbial Eumelanin in Clinical Practice. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:756. [PMID: 39199714 PMCID: PMC11351163 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to highlight the physiological actions exerted by eumelanin present in several organs/tissues of the human body and to rationalise the often conflicting functional roles played by this biopolymer on the basis of its peculiar properties. Besides pigmentary disorders, a growing number of organ injuries and degenerative pathologies are presently ascribed to the modification of physiological eumelanin levels in terms of alterations in its chemical/structural features, and of a partial loss or uneven distribution of the pigment. The present review analyses the more recent research dedicated to the physiological and pathological actions of eumelanin and provides an insight into some melanogenesis-associated diseases of the skin, eye, ear, and brain, including the most significant neurodegenerative disorders. Also described are the potentialities of therapies based on the localised supply of exogeneous EU and the opportunities that EU produced via synthetic biology offers in order to redesign therapeutical and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Terranova
- Dip.to di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 00133 Roma, Italy
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2
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Menichetti A, Mordini D, Vicenzi S, Montalti M. Melanin for Photoprotection and Hair Coloration in the Emerging Era of Nanocosmetics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5862. [PMID: 38892049 PMCID: PMC11172709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is revolutionizing fields of high social and economic impact. such as human health preservation, energy conversion and storage, environmental decontamination, and art restoration. However, the possible global-scale application of nanomaterials is raising increasing concerns, mostly related to the possible toxicity of materials at the nanoscale. The possibility of using nanomaterials in cosmetics, and hence in products aimed to be applied directly to the human body, even just externally, is strongly debated. Preoccupation arises especially from the consideration that nanomaterials are mostly of synthetic origin, and hence are often seen as "artificial" and their effects as unpredictable. Melanin, in this framework, is a unique material since in nature it plays important roles that specific cosmetics are aimed to cover, such as photoprotection and hair and skin coloration. Moreover, melanin is mostly present in nature in the form of nanoparticles, as is clearly observable in the ink of some animals, like cuttlefish. Moreover, artificial melanin nanoparticles share the same high biocompatibility of the natural ones and the same unique chemical and photochemical properties. Melanin is hence a natural nanocosmetic agent, but its actual application in cosmetics is still under development, also because of regulatory issues. Here, we critically discuss the most recent examples of the application of natural and biomimetic melanin to cosmetics and highlight the requirements and future steps that would improve melanin-based cosmetics in the view of future applications in the everyday market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Menichetti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Dario Campana 71, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Dario Mordini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Silvia Vicenzi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Dario Campana 71, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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3
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Asadi M, Fayazi F, Iraji A, Sabourian R, Azizian H, Hajimahmoodi M, Larijani B, Mahdavi M, Amanlou M. Nitrophenylpiperazine derivatives as novel tyrosinase inhibitors: design, synthesis, and in silico evaluations. BMC Chem 2024; 18:67. [PMID: 38581040 PMCID: PMC10998383 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel series of 4-nitrophenylpiperazine derivatives (4a-m) was designed and synthesized as potential tyrosinase inhibitors. Comprehensive characterization using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, CNH, and IR techniques was performed for all target compounds. Subsequently, the derivatives were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against tyrosinase. Among them, compound 4l, featuring an indole moiety at the N-1 position of the piperazine ring, exhibited a significant tyrosinase inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 72.55 μM. Enzyme kinetics analysis revealed that 4l displayed mixed inhibition of the tyrosinase enzymatic reaction. Molecular docking was carried out in the enzyme's active site to further investigate the enzyme-inhibitor interactions. Based on the findings, compound 4l shows promise as a lead structure for the design of potent tyrosinase inhibitors. This study paves the way for the development of more effective tyrosinase inhibitors for potential applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Asadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahime Fayazi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sabourian
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Azizian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mannan Hajimahmoodi
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Flieger J, Raszewska-Famielec M, Radzikowska-Büchner E, Flieger W. Skin Protection by Carotenoid Pigments. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1431. [PMID: 38338710 PMCID: PMC10855854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sunlight, despite its benefits, can pose a threat to the skin, which is a natural protective barrier. Phototoxicity caused by overexposure, especially to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), results in burns, accelerates photoaging, and causes skin cancer formation. Natural substances of plant origin, i.e., polyphenols, flavonoids, and photosynthetic pigments, can protect the skin against the effects of radiation, acting not only as photoprotectors like natural filters but as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory remedies, alleviating the effects of photodamage to the skin. Plant-based formulations are gaining popularity as an attractive alternative to synthetic filters. Over the past 20 years, a large number of studies have been published to assess the photoprotective effects of natural plant products, primarily through their antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-immunosuppressive activities. This review selects the most important data on skin photodamage and photoprotective efficacy of selected plant carotenoid representatives from in vivo studies on animal models and humans, as well as in vitro experiments performed on fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines. Recent research on carotenoids associated with lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes, and micelles is reviewed. The focus was on collecting those nanomaterials that serve to improve the bioavailability and stability of carotenoids as natural antioxidants with photoprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Raszewska-Famielec
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Physicl Education, Akademicka 2, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Radzikowska-Büchner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wołoska 137 Street, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, K. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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Terán A, Ferraro G, Imbimbo P, Sánchez-Peláez AE, Monti DM, Herrero S, Merlino A. Steric hindrance and charge influence on the cytotoxic activity and protein binding properties of diruthenium complexes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126666. [PMID: 37660867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Paddlewheel diruthenium complexes are being used as metal-based drugs. It has been proposed that their charge and steric properties determine their selectivity towards proteins. Here, we explore these parameters using the first water-soluble diruthenium complex bearing two formamidinate ligands, [Ru2Cl(DPhF)2(O2CCH3)2], and two derivatives, [Ru2Cl(DPhF)(O2CCH3)3] and K2[Ru2(DPhF)(CO3)3] (DPhF- = N,N'-diphenylformamidinate), with one formamidinate. Their protein binding properties have been assessed employing hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). The results confirm the relationship between the type of interaction (coordinate/non-coordinate bonds) and the charge of diruthenium complexes. The crystallization medium is also a key factor. In all cases, diruthenium species maintain the M-M bond and produce stable adducts. The antiproliferative properties of these diruthenium complexes have been evaluated on an eukaryotic cell-based model. Our data show a correlation between the number of the formamidinate ligands and the anticancer activity of the diruthenium derivatives against human epithelial carcinoma cells. Increased cytotoxicity may be related to increased steric hindrance and Ru25+ core electronic density. However, the effect of increasing the lipophilicity of diruthenium species by introducing a second N,N'-diphenylformamidinate must be also considered. This work illustrates a systematic approach to shed light on the relevant properties of diruthenium compounds to design metal-based metallodrugs and diruthenium metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Terán
- MatMoPol Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Imbimbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ana E Sánchez-Peláez
- MatMoPol Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Santiago Herrero
- MatMoPol Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Mazur E, Kwiatkowska D, Reich A. Photodynamic Therapy in Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma-A Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3099. [PMID: 38002098 PMCID: PMC10669876 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of the pigmented subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) based on the current literature. PDT is a light-activated treatment, non-invasive, that selectively destroys tumor cells and tissues via the interaction of a photosensitizer, light, and molecular oxygen. It can induce cancer cell death through direct tumor vascular damage or via the induction of immune response. However, human skin is also an absorption and scattering medium since it contains hemoglobin and melanin that act as chromophores. Eumelanin can be considered a light-absorber and an intracellular antioxidant that can neutralize PDT-induced ROS and, therefore, decrease PDT success. Various factors, including tumor depth, the degree of pigmentation in malignant cells, and the individual's skin phototype, can impact the outcome of this intricate biochemical process. It has been widely recognized that PDT exhibits limited efficacy in the treatment of pigmented lesions. However, new combination techniques such as curettage or debulking before PDT show promising results in the treatment of pigmented BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mazur
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland (D.K.)
- Doctoral School, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Dominika Kwiatkowska
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland (D.K.)
| | - Adam Reich
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland (D.K.)
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Hua F, Cui E, Lv L, Wang B, Li L, Lu H, Chen N, Chen W. Fecal microbiota transplantation from HUC-MSC-treated mice alleviates acute lung injury in mice through anti-inflammation and gut microbiota modulation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1243102. [PMID: 37840733 PMCID: PMC10569429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1243102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe respiratory tract disorder facilitated by dysregulated inflammation, oxidative stress and intestinal ecosystem. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a rapid method for gut microbiota (GM) reconstruction. Furthermore, our previous studies have confirmed that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (HUC-MSCs) can alleviate ALI by improving GM composition. Therefore, we aimed to explore the efficacy and mechanism of FMT from HUC-MSCs-treated mice on ALI. Methods In brief, fresh feces from HUC-MSCs-treated mice were collected for FMT, and the mice were randomly assigned into NC, FMT, LPS, ABX-LPS, and ABX-LPS-FMT groups (n = 12/group). Subsequently, the mice were administrated with antibiotic mixtures to deplete GM, and given lipopolysaccharide and FMT to induce ALI and rebuild GM. Next, the therapeutic effect was evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and histopathology. Immune cells in peripheral blood and apoptosis in lung tissues were measured. Furthermore, oxidative stress- and inflammation-related parameter levels were tested in BALF, serum, lung and ileal tissues. The expressions of apoptosis-associated, TLR4/NF-κB pathway-associated, Nrf2/HO-1 pathway related and tightly linked proteins in the lung and ileal tissues were assessed. Moreover, 16S rRNA was conducted to assess GM composition and distribution. Results Our results revealed that FMT obviously improved the pathological damage of lung and ileum, recovered the immune system of peripheral blood, decreased the cell apoptosis of lung, and inhibited inflammation and oxidative stress in BALF, serum, lung and ileum tissues. Moreover, FMT also elevated ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin protein expressions, activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway but hindering the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Of note, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Christensenella, Coprococcus, and Roseburia were decreased, while the relative abundances of Xenorhabdus, Sutterella, and Acinetobacter were increased in the ABX-LPS-FMT group. Conclusion FMT from HUC-MSCs-treated mice may alleviate ALI by inhibiting inflammation and reconstructing GM, additionally, we also found that the TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways may involve in the improvement of FMT on ALI, which offers novel insights for the functions and mechanisms of FMT from HUC-MSCs-treated mice on ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hua
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Enhai Cui
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Zhejiang Province for the Development and Clinical Transformation of Immunomodulatory Drugs, Huzhou, China
| | - Huadong Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
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Nowogrodski C, Damatov Y, Sapru S, Shoseyov O. In Situ Synthesis of Keratin and Melanin Chromophoric Submicron Particles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26762-26774. [PMID: 37546605 PMCID: PMC10398706 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In humans, melanin plays an esthetic role, dictating hair and skin color and traits, while keratin is the protein that comprises most of the epidermis layer. Eumelanin and pheomelanin are types of melanin synthesized from the same building blocks via enzymatic oxidation. Pheomelanin has an additional building block, cysteine amino acid, which affects its final structure. Keratin contains high cysteine content, and by exploiting free thiols in hydrolyzed keratin, we demonstrate the formation of keratin-melanin (KerMel) chromophoric submicron particles. Cryo-TEM analyses found KerMel particle sizes to be 100-300 nm and arranged in the form of a central keratin particle with polymerized l-dopa chains. Attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR, UV-vis, and fluorescence measurements identified new chemical bonds, indicating the formation of KerMel particles. Finally, KerMel replicated natural skin tones and proved cytocompatibility for human epidermal keratinocytes at concentrations below 0.1 mg/mL. Taken together, KerMel is a novel, tunable material that has the potential to integrate into the cosmetic industry.
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Khattak A, Alahmadi AA, Ishida H, Ullah N. Improved PVC/ZnO Nanocomposite Insulation for High Voltage and High Temperature Applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7235. [PMID: 37142579 PMCID: PMC10160027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosized inorganic oxides have the trends to improve many characteristics of solid polymer insulation. In this work, the characteristics of improved poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)/ZnO are evaluated using 0, 2, 4 and 6 phr of ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in polymer matrix using internal mixer and finally compressed into circular disk with 80 mm diameter using compression molding technique. Dispersion properties are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and optical microscopy (OM). The effect of filler on the electrical, optical, thermal, and dielectric properties of the PVC are also analyzed. Hydrophobicity of nano-composites is evaluated by measuring contact angle and recording hydrophobicity class using Swedish transmission research institute (STRI) classification method. Hydrophobic behavior decreases with the increase in filler content; contact angle increases up to 86°, and STRI class of HC3 for PZ4 is observed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are employed to evaluate the thermal properties of the samples. Also, continuous decrease of optical band gap energy from 4.04 eV for PZ0 to 2.57 eV for PZ6 is observed. In the meantime, an enhancement in the melting temperature, Tm, is observed from 172 to 215 °C. To check the stability of materials against hydrothermal stresses, all the fabricated materials are then subjected to a hydrothermal aging process for 1000 h and their structural stability is analyzed using optical microscopy and FTIR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraiz Khattak
- Department of Electrical Power Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, USPCAS-E, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmad Aziz Alahmadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7202, USA
| | - Nasim Ullah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Guo L, Li W, Gu Z, Wang L, Guo L, Ma S, Li C, Sun J, Han B, Chang J. Recent Advances and Progress on Melanin: From Source to Application. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4360. [PMID: 36901791 PMCID: PMC10002160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a biological pigment formed by indoles and phenolic compounds. It is widely found in living organisms and has a variety of unique properties. Due to its diverse characteristics and good biocompatibility, melanin has become the focus in the fields of biomedicine, agriculture, the food industry, etc. However, due to the wide range of melanin sources, complex polymerization properties, and low solubility of specific solvents, the specific macromolecular structure and polymerization mechanism of melanin remain unclear, which significantly limits the further study and application of melanin. Its synthesis and degradation pathways are also controversial. In addition, new properties and applications of melanin are constantly being discovered. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the research of melanin in all aspects. Firstly, the classification, source, and degradation of melanin are summarized. Secondly, a detailed description of the structure, characterization, and properties of melanin is followed. The novel biological activity of melanin and its application is described at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Guo
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Wenya Li
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Zhiyang Gu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Litong Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Lan Guo
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Saibo Ma
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Cuiyao Li
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Jishang Sun
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Baoqin Han
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Jing Chang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
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11
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Argenziano R, Alfieri ML, Gallucci N, D’Errico G, Panzella L, Napolitano A. A Model Eumelanin from 5,6-Dihydroxyindole-2-Carboxybutanamide Combining Remarkable Antioxidant and Photoprotective Properties with a Favourable Solubility Profile for Dermo-Cosmetic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044241. [PMID: 36835650 PMCID: PMC9961549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new synthetic melanin-related pigments that maintain the antioxidant and photoprotective properties of naturally occurring dark eumelanins, while overcoming their unfavorable solubility, and molecular heterogeneity is presently a very active issue for dermo-cosmetic purposes. In this work, we explored the potential of a melanin obtained from the carboxybutanamide of a major eumelanin biosynthetic precursor, 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA), by aerobic oxidation under slightly alkaline conditions. Analysis of the pigment by EPR, ATR-FTIR and MALDI MS indicated a substantial structural similarity to DHICA melanin, while investigation of the early intermediates confirmed unchanged regiochemistry of the oxidative coupling. The pigment exhibited a UVA-visible absorption even more intense than that of DHICA melanin, and a noticeable solubility in polar solvents of dermo-cosmetic relevance. The hydrogen- and/or electron-donor ability, and the iron (III) reducing power as determined by conventional assays provided evidence for marked antioxidant properties not merely ascribable to the more favorable solubility profile, while the inhibitory action of the radical- or photosensitized solar light-induced lipid peroxidation was more marked compared to that of DHICA melanin. Overall, these results hint at this melanin, which remarkable properties are, in part, due to the electronic effects of the carboxyamide functionality as a promising functional ingredient for dermo-cosmetic formulations.
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Fragou F, Theofanous A, Deligiannakis Y, Louloudi M. Nanoantioxidant Materials: Nanoengineering Inspired by Nature. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:383. [PMID: 36838085 PMCID: PMC9963756 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidants are very active compounds that can cause damage to biological systems under specific environmental conditions. One effective way to counterbalance these adverse effects is the use of anti-oxidants. At low concentrations, an antioxidant is defined as a compound that can delay, control, or prevent an oxidative process. Antioxidants exist in plants, soil, and minerals; therefore, nature is a rich source of natural antioxidants, such as tocopherols and polyphenols. In nature, antioxidants perform in tandem with their bio-environment, which may tune their activity and protect them from degradation. In vitro use of antioxidants, i.e., out of their biomatrix, may encounter several drawbacks, such as auto-oxidation and polymerization. Artificial nanoantioxidants can be developed via surface modification of a nanoparticle with an antioxidant that can be either natural or synthetic, directly mimicking a natural antioxidant system. In this direction, state-of-the-art nanotechnology has been extensively incorporated to overcome inherent drawbacks encountered in vitro use of antioxidants, i.e., out of their biomatrix, and facilitate the production and use of antioxidants on a larger scale. Biomimetic nanoengineering has been adopted to optimize bio-medical antioxidant systems to improve stability, control release, enhance targeted administration, and overcome toxicity and biocompatibility issues. Focusing on biotechnological sciences, this review highlights the importance of nanoengineering in developing effective antioxidant structures and comparing the effectiveness of different nanoengineering methods. Additionally, this study gathers and clarifies the different antioxidant mechanisms reported in the literature and provides a clear picture of the existing evaluation methods, which can provide vital insights into bio-medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Fragou
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Catalysis & Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Annita Theofanous
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Catalysis & Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yiannis Deligiannakis
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials & Environment, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Louloudi
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Catalysis & Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
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The Effect of Cosmetic Ingredients of Phenol Type on Immediate Pigment Darkening and Their (Photo)Protective Action in Association with Melanin Pigmentation: A Model In Vitro Study. COSMETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immediate pigment darkening, the first response of skin to solar exposure leading to undesired irregular pigmentation and dark spots, is the rapid onset of melanin pigmentation resulting from oxidation of the melanogenic indoles, namely 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) available in epidermal melanocytes. The search for effective sunscreen formulations is nowadays focused on UVA/B filters and additional ingredients that may scavenge the reactive oxygen species generated in these processes. In this work the effects of phenolic cosmetic ingredients (CIs), paradol-6, a ginger CO2 extract, and phenylethyl resorcinol on photosensitized DHI and DHICA oxidation were investigated showing a decrease of their consumption and melanin formation (25–30% decrease with phenylethyl resorcinol). The photoprotective role of CIs was also evaluated in model systems. Paradol-6 and ginger CO2 extract can halve linoleic acid peroxidation in the riboflavin-sensitized reaction, while dienes generation reduction (30% of control) was observed in the Rose-Bengal-sensitized photooxidation with paradol-6. The presence of DHI/DHICA melanin exerted a synergistic effect. The decay of thymine free or as a DNA base was almost completely inhibited by CIs. These results open new perspectives in the design of skin care formulations for ameliorating skin spots and contrasting ageing processes associated with sun exposure.
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Structural Investigation of DHICA Eumelanin Using Density Functional Theory and Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238417. [PMID: 36500509 PMCID: PMC9738096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin is an important pigment, for example, in skin, hair, eyes, and the inner ear. It is a highly heterogeneous polymer with 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) building blocks, of which DHICA is reported as the more abundant in natural eumelanin. The DHICA-eumelanin protomolecule consists of three building blocks, indole-2-carboxylic acid-5,6-quinone (ICAQ), DHICA and pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA). Here, we focus on the self-assembly of DHICA-eumelanin using multi-microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at various concentrations in aqueous solutions. The molecule was first parameterized using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Three types of systems were studied: (1) uncharged DHICA-eumelanin, (2) charged DHICA-eumelanin corresponding to physiological pH, and (3) a binary mixture of both of the above protomolecules. In the case of uncharged DHICA-eumelanin, spontaneous aggregation occurred and water molecules were present inside the aggregates. In the systems corresponding to physiological pH, all the carboxyl groups are negatively charged and the DHICA-eumelanin model has a net charge of -4. The effect of K+ ions as counterions was investigated. The results show high probability of binding to the deprotonated oxygens of the carboxylate anions in the PTCA moiety. Furthermore, the K+ counterions increased the solubility of DHICA-eumelanin in its charged form. A possible explanation is that the charged protomolecules favor binding to the K+ ions rather than aggregating and binding to other protomolecules. The binary mixtures show aggregation of uncharged DHICA-eumelanins; unlike the charged systems with no aggregation, a few charged DHICA-eumelanins are present on the surface of the uncharged aggregation, binding to the K+ ions.
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15
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Argenziano R, Alfieri ML, Arntz Y, Castaldo R, Liberti D, Maria Monti D, Gentile G, Panzella L, Crescenzi O, Ball V, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M. Non-covalent small molecule partnership for redox-active films: Beyond polydopamine technology. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 624:400-410. [PMID: 35671617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The possibility to use hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) to impart film forming ability to natural polymers including eumelanins and plant polyphenols endowed with biological activity and functional properties has been recently explored with the aim to broaden the potential of polydopamine (PDA)-based films overcoming their inherent limitations. 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, its methyl ester (MeDHICA) and eumelanins thereof were shown to exhibit potent reducing activity. EXPERIMENTS MeDHICA and HMDA were reacted in aqueous buffer, pH 9.0 in the presence of different substrates to assess the film forming ability. The effect of different reaction parameters (pH, diamine chain length) on film formation was investigated. Voltammetric and AFM /SEM methods were applied for analysis of the film redox activity and morphology. HPLC, MALDI-MS and 1HNMR were used for chemical characterization. The film reducing activity was evaluated in comparison with PDA by chemical assays and using UV stressed human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCat) cells model. FINDINGS Regular and homogeneous yellowish films were obtained with moderately hydrophobic properties. Film deposition was optimal at pH 9, and specifically induced by HMDA. The film consisted of HMDA and monomeric MeDHICA accompanied by dimers/small oligomers, but no detectable MeDHICA/HMDA covalent conjugation products. Spontaneous assembly of self-organized networks held together mainly by electrostatic interactions of MeDHICA in the anion form and HMDA as the dication is proposed as film deposition mechanism. The film displayed potent reducing properties and exerted significant protective effects from oxidative stress on HaCaT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Argenziano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Alfieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Youri Arntz
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Rachele Castaldo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy
| | - Davide Liberti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Crescenzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincent Ball
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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16
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Guo H, Xiong X, Wang Y, Tian H, Zhang S, Geng G. Integrative proteomic and physiological analyses of the molecular response to dessication-stress in Auricularia fibrillifera. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:995810. [PMID: 36212373 PMCID: PMC9532602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.995810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the main factors influencing the growth and development of an organism. Auricularia fibrillifera has strong dessication resistance. In A. fibrillifera under dessication-stress, the melanin content of fruiting bodies elevated significantly by >10-fold compared with the control. Folate content also increased sharply but decreased significantly after rehydration, and amino acid and biotin levels increased by 40.11 and 22.14%, respectively. In proteomic analysis, 1,572 and 21 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified under dessication-stress and rehydration, respectively. A large number of DAPs were annotated in "amino acid metabolism," "carbohydrate metabolism," and "translation" pathways, and the DAPs related to osmotic regulation and antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased in abundance. Transcriptome-proteome association analysis showed that most DAPs (30) were annotated in the "biosynthesis of antibiotics" pathway. DAPs and corresponding differentially expressed genes were all up-regulated in the "biotin biosynthesis" pathway and associated with "folate biosynthesis" and "phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis." In the analysis of protein-protein interactions, the DAPs annotated in the "phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis" pathway had the strongest interactions with other DAPs. These enriched pathways could enhance amino acid, folate, biotin, and melanin levels during desiccation stress, which is consistent with the physiological data (amino acid, folate, biotin, and melanin contents). In addition, many DAPs related to the cytoskeleton were significantly increased in abundance under dessication-stress. Physiological and transcriptome data were in agreement with proteomic results. This work provides valuable insight into the dessication-tolerant mechanisms of A. fibrillifera.
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17
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Argenziano R, Della Greca M, Panzella L, Napolitano A. A Straightforward Access to New Amides of the Melanin Precursor 5,6-Dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic Acid and Characterization of the Properties of the Pigments Thereof. Molecules 2022; 27:4816. [PMID: 35956765 PMCID: PMC9369804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein an optimized procedure for preparation of carboxamides of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA), the main biosynthetic precursor of the skin photoprotective agents melanins, to get access to pigments with more favorable solubility properties with respect to the natural ones. The developed procedure was based on the use of a coupling agent (HATU/DIPEA) and required protection of the catechol function by easily removable acetyl groups. The O-acetylated compounds could be safely stored and taken to the reactive o-diphenol form just before use. Satisfactorily high yields (>85%) were obtained for all amides. The oxidative polymerization of the synthesized amides carried out in air in aqueous buffer at pH 9 afforded melanin-like pigmented materials that showed chromophores resembling those of DHICA-derived pigments, with a good covering of the UVA and the visible region, and additionally exhibited a good solubility in alcoholic solvents, a feature of great interest for the exploitation of these materials as ingredients of dermocosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (R.A.); (M.D.G.); (L.P.)
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18
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Panzella L, Benning K, Nesbeth DN, Setaro B, D'Errico G, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M. Identification of black sturgeon caviar pigment as eumelanin. Food Chem 2022; 373:131474. [PMID: 34731814 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is the purification of the pigment of black sturgeon caviar and its unambiguous identification as a typical eumelanin by means of chemical degradation coupled with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) evidence. HPLC and LC-MS analysis of oxidative degradation mixtures revealed the formation of pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), a specific marker of eumelanin pigments, in yields compatible with a 6.5% w/w pigment content. EPR spectral features and parameters were in close agreement with those reported for a typical natural eumelanin such as Sepia melanin from squid ink. The identification for the first time of eumelanin in a fish roe is expected to provide a novel molecular basis for the valorization of black caviar and production wastes thereof in food chemistry and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Kenneth Benning
- Caviar Biotec, 563-565 Battersea Park Road, London SW11 3BL, United Kingdom
| | - Darren N Nesbeth
- Caviar Biotec, 563-565 Battersea Park Road, London SW11 3BL, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London WC1H 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Brunella Setaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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19
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Liu B, Fu R, Wu B, Liu X, Xiang M. Rock-inhabiting fungi: terminology, diversity, evolution and adaptation mechanisms. Mycology 2022; 13:1-31. [PMID: 35186410 PMCID: PMC8856086 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.2002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF) constitute an ecological group associated with terrestrial rocks. This association is generally restricted to the persistent colonisation of rocks and peculiar morphological features based on melanisation and slow growth, which endow RIF with significance in eukaryotic biology, special status in ecology, and exotic potential in biotechnology. There is a need to achieve a better understanding of the hidden biodiversity, antistress biology, origin and convergent evolution of RIF, which will facilitate cultural relic preservation, exploitation of the biogeochemical cycle of rock elements and biotechnology applications. This review focuses on summarising the current knowledge of rock-inhabiting fungi, with particular reference to terminology, biodiversity and geographic distribution, origin and evolution, and stress adaptation mechanisms. We especially teased out the definition through summing up the terms related to rock-inhabting fungi, and also provided a checklist of rock-inhabiting fungal taxa recorded following updated classification schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Soltani S, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Tetsassi Feugmo CG, Karttunen M. Free Energy and Stacking of Eumelanin Nanoaggregates. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1805-1818. [PMID: 35175060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin, a member of the melanin family, is a black-brown insoluble pigment. It possesses a broad range of properties such as antioxidation, free radical scavenging, photoprotection, and charge carrier transportation. Surprisingly, the exact molecular structure of eumelanin remains undefined. It is, however, generally considered to consist of two main building blocks, 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6- dihydroxyindole carboxylic acid (DHICA). We focus on DHI and report, for the first time, a computational investigation of the structural properties of DHI-eumelanin aggregates in aqueous solutions. First, multimicrosecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at different concentrations were performed to investigate the aggregation and ordering of tetrameric DHI-eumelanin protomolecules. This was followed by umbrella sampling (US) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the physical mechanisms of stacking. Aggregation occurs through formation of nanoscale stacks and was observed in all systems. Further analyses showed that aggregation and coarsening of the domains is due to a decrease in hydrogen bonds between the eumelanins and water; while domains exist, there is no long-range order. The results show noncovalent stacks with the interlayer distance between eumelanin protomolecules being less than 3.5 Å. This is in good agreement with transmission electron microscopy data. Both free energy calculations and DFT revealed strong stacking interactions. The electrostatic potential map provides an explanation and a rationale for the slightly sheared relative orientations and, consequently, for the curved shapes of the nanoscale domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Soltani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Conrard Giresse Tetsassi Feugmo
- National Research Council Canada, Energy Mining and Environment, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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21
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Binsi PK, Muhamed Ashraf P, Parvathy U, Zynudheen AA. Photo‐protective effect of cuttlefish ink melanin on human hair. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. K. Binsi
- Fish Processing Division ICAR‐Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Cochin India
| | - P. Muhamed Ashraf
- Fish Processing Division ICAR‐Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Cochin India
| | - U. Parvathy
- Fish Processing Division ICAR‐Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Cochin India
| | - A. A. Zynudheen
- Fish Processing Division ICAR‐Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Cochin India
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22
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Wang Y, Yang Z, Shi L, Yang R, Guo H, Zhang S, Geng G. Transcriptome analysis of Auricularia fibrillifera fruit-body responses to drought stress and rehydration. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:58. [PMID: 35033026 PMCID: PMC8760723 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought stress severely restricts edible fungus production. The genus Auricularia has a rare drought tolerance, a rehydration capability, and is nutrient rich. RESULTS The key genes and metabolic pathways involved in drought-stress and rehydration were investigated using a transcriptome analysis to clarify the relevant molecular mechanisms. In total, 173.93 Mb clean reads, 26.09 Gb of data bulk, and 52,954 unigenes were obtained. Under drought-stress and rehydration conditions, 14,235 and 8539 differentially expressed genes, respectively, were detected. 'Tyrosine metabolic', 'caffeine metabolism', 'ribosome', 'phagosome', and 'proline and arginine metabolism', as well as 'peroxisome' and 'mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling' pathways, had major roles in A. fibrillifera responses to drought stress. 'Tyrosine' and 'caffeine metabolism' might reveal unknown mechanisms for the antioxidation of A. fibrillifera under drought-stress conditions. During the rehydration process, 'diterpenoid biosynthesis', 'butanoate metabolism', 'C5-branched dibasic acid', and 'aflatoxin biosynthesis' pathways were significantly enriched. Gibberellins and γ-aminobutyric acid were important in the recovery of A. fibrillifera growth after rehydration. Many genes related to antibiotics, vitamins, and other health-related ingredients were found in A. fibrillifera. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that the candidate genes and metabolites involved in crucial biological pathways might regulate the drought tolerance or rehydration of Auricularia, shedding light on the corresponding mechanisms and providing new potential targets for the breeding and cultivation of drought-tolerant fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhifen Yang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Luxi Shi
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hao Guo
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Suqin Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Guangdong Geng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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23
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Rajha HN, Paule A, Aragonès G, Barbosa M, Caddeo C, Debs E, Dinkova R, Eckert GP, Fontana A, Gebrayel P, Maroun RG, Napolitano A, Panzella L, Pasinetti GM, Stevens JF, Schieber A, Edeas M. Recent Advances in Research on Polyphenols: Effects on Microbiota, Metabolism, and Health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100670. [PMID: 34806294 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols have attracted huge interest among researchers of various disciplines because of their numerous biological activities, such as antioxidative, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, cancer chemopreventive, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial properties, and their promising applications in many fields, mainly in the medical, cosmetics, dietary supplement and food industries. In this review, the latest scientific findings in the research on polyphenols interaction with the microbiome and mitochondria, their metabolism and health beneficial effects, their involvement in cognitive diseases and obesity development, as well as some innovations in their analysis, extraction methods, development of cosmetic formulations and functional food are summarized based on the papers presented at the 13th World Congress on Polyphenol Applications. Future implications of polyphenols in disease prevention and their strategic use as prophylactic measures are specifically addressed. Polyphenols may play a key role in our tomorrow´s food and nutrition to prevent many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armelle Paule
- International Society of Antioxidants in Nutrition and Health, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Rada Dinkova
- University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Prisca Gebrayel
- International Society of Antioxidants in Nutrition and Health, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marvin Edeas
- University de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm, Paris, 1016, France
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24
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Raman Characterization of Fungal DHN and DOPA Melanin Biosynthesis Pathways. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100841. [PMID: 34682262 PMCID: PMC8540899 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal melanins represent a resource for important breakthroughs in industry and medicine, but the characterization of their composition, synthesis, and structure is not well understood. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the elucidation of molecular composition and structure. In this work, we characterize the Raman spectra of wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans and their melanin biosynthetic mutants and provide a rough “map” of the DHN (A. fumigatus) and DOPA (C. neoformans) melanin biosynthetic pathways. We compare this map to the Raman spectral data of Aspergillus nidulans wild-type and melanin biosynthetic mutants obtained from a previous study. We find that the fully polymerized A. nidulans melanin cannot be classified according to the DOPA pathway; nor can it be solely classified according to the DHN pathway, consistent with mutational analysis and chemical inhibition studies. Our approach points the way forward for an increased understanding of, and methodology for, investigating fungal melanins.
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Understanding the way eumelanin works: A unique example of properties and skills driven by molecular heterogeneity. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Ahn SY, Jang S, Sudheer PDVN, Choi KY. Microbial Production of Melanin Pigments from Caffeic Acid and L-tyrosine Using Streptomyces glaucescens and FCS-ECH-Expressing Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2413. [PMID: 33673727 PMCID: PMC7957706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, synthetic allomelanin was prepared from wild-type Streptomyces glaucescens and recombinant Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) strains. S. glaucescens could produce 125.25 ± 6.01 mg/L of melanin with a supply of 5 mM caffeic acid within 144 h. The ABTS radical scavenging capacity of S. glaucescens melanin was determined to be approximately 7.89 mg/mL of IC50 value, which was comparable to L-tyrosine-based eumelanin. The isolated melanin was used in cotton fabric dyeing, and the effect of copper ions, laccase enzyme treatment, and the dyeing cycle on dyeing performance was investigated. Interestingly, dyeing fastness was greatly improved upon treatment with the laccase enzyme during the cotton dyeing process. Besides, the supply of C5-diamine, which was reported to lead to more complex crosslinking between melanin units, to caffeic acid-based melanin synthesis was also investigated for higher production and novel functionalities. To facilitate the supply of caffeic acid and C5-diamine, E. coli strains expressing each or combinations of tyrosine ammonia lyase/p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase, feruloyl-CoA synthetase/enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase, and tyrosinase/lysine decarboxylase enzymes were prepared and investigated for their eumelanin, C5-diamine, and allomelanin production from L-tyrosine and L-lysine, respectively. Finally, H-NMR, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF analysis of the synthetic melanin pigments were attempted to obtain the chemical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Ahn
- Environment Research Institute, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Seyoung Jang
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | | | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Environment Research Institute, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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27
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Roy S, Rhim JW. New insight into melanin for food packaging and biotechnology applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4629-4655. [PMID: 33523716 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1878097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a dark brown to black biomacromolecule with biologically active multifunctional properties that do not have a precise chemical structure, but its structure mainly depends on the polymerization conditions during the synthesis process. Natural melanin can be isolated from various animal, plant, and microbial sources, while synthetic melanin-like compounds can be synthesized by simple polymerization of dopamine. Melanin is widely used in various areas due to its functional properties such as photosensitivity, light barrier property, free radical scavenging ability, antioxidant activity, etc. It also has an excellent ability to act as a reducing agent and capping agent to synthesize various metal nanoparticles. Melanin nanoparticles (MNP) or melanin-like nanoparticles (MLNP) have the unique potential to act as functional materials to improve nanocomposite films' physical and functional properties. Various food packaging and biomedical applications have been made alone or by mixing melanin or MLNP. In this review, the general aspects of melanin that highlight biological activity, along with a description of MNP and the use as nanofillers in packaging films as well as reducing and capping agents and biomedical applications, were comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Roy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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Wang L, Oh JY, Lee W, Jeon YJ. Fucoidan isolated from Hizikia fusiforme suppresses ultraviolet B-induced photodamage by down-regulating the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory cytokines via inhibiting NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPK signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 166:751-759. [PMID: 33144254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Overexposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) causes skin damage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of a fucoidan with a molecular weight of 102.67 kDa, isolated from Hizikia fusiforme, against UVB-induced photodamage in vitro in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and in vivo in zebrafish. Fucoidan remarkably inhibited commercial collagenase. Additionally, it significantly and dose-dependently decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased the viability of UVB-irradiated HDFs. Furthermore, fucoidan remarkably improved collagen synthesis, inhibited intracellular collagenase, and reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory cytokines in UVB-irradiated HDFs. Further research demonstrated that these effects occurred through the regulation of the activator protein 1, nuclear factor kappa B, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Furthermore, the in vivo results showed that fucoidan protected zebrafish larvae against UVB-induced photodamage by decreasing cell death via the suppression of lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response through ROS clearance. In conclusion, fucoidan isolated from Hizikia fusiforme exhibits strong in vitro and in vivo photoprotective effects, and can be used as an ingredient in the cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Oh
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - WonWoo Lee
- Freshwater Bioresources Utilization Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea.
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Kumar N, Jose J. Current developments in the nanomediated delivery of photoprotective phytochemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:38446-38471. [PMID: 32761528 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have been used to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation for decades. Due to the ecotoxicological implications of synthetic sunscreen exposure in aquatic ecosystems, there is a greater need to explore alternative sources of UV filters. Recent research has focused on discovering novel UV absorbing photoprotective molecules from nature. In response to the excessive damage caused by UVB rays, plants induce the production of high concentrations of phytoprotective secondary metabolites and anti-oxidative enzymes. Despite promising UV absorbing and photoprotective properties, plant secondary metabolites have been underutilized in topical delivery due to low solubility and high instability. Numerous phytochemicals have been effectively nanosized, incorporated in formulations, and studied for their sustained effects in photoprotection. The present review outlines recent developments in nanosizing and delivering photoprotective crude plant extract and phytochemicals from a phytochemical perspective. We searched for articles using keywords: "UV damage," "skin photoprotection," "photodamage," and "nano delivery" in varied combinations. We identified and reviewed literature from 43 original research articles exploring nanosized phytochemicals and crude plant extracts with photoprotective activity. Nanosized phytochemicals retained higher amounts of bioactive compounds in the skin and acted as depots for their sustained release. Novel approaches in nanosizing considerably improved the photostability, efficacy, and water resistance of plant secondary metabolites. We further discuss the need for broad-spectrum sunscreen products, potential challenges, and future growth in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimmy Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, NITTE Gulabi Shetty Memorial Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE Deemed-to-be University, 575018, Mangalore, India
| | - Jobin Jose
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NITTE Gulabi Shetty Memorial Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE Deemed-to-be University, Mangalore, 575018, India.
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Alfieri ML, Moccia F, D’Errico G, Panzella L, d’Ischia M, Napolitano A. Acid Treatment Enhances the Antioxidant Activity of Enzymatically Synthesized Phenolic Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2544. [PMID: 33143251 PMCID: PMC7692195 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic polymers produced by enzymatic oxidation under biomimetic and eco-friendly reaction conditions are usually endowed with potent antioxidant properties. These properties, coupled with the higher biocompatibility, stability and processability compared to low-molecular weight phenolic compounds, open important perspectives for various applications. Herein, we report the marked boosting effect of acid treatment on the antioxidant properties of a series of polymers obtained by peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of natural phenolic compounds. Both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays indicated a remarkable increase in the antioxidant properties for most phenolic polymers further to the acid treatment. In particular, up to a ca. 60% decrease in the EC50 value in the DPPH assay and a 5-fold increase in the Trolox equivalents were observed. Nitric oxide- and superoxide-scavenging assays also indicated highly specific boosting effects of the acid treatment. Spectroscopic evidence suggested, in most cases, that the occurrence of structural modifications induced by the acid treatment led to more extended π-electron-conjugated species endowed with more efficient electron transfer properties. These results open new perspectives toward the design of new bioinspired antioxidants for application in food, biomedicine and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (M.L.A.); (F.M.); (G.D.); (M.d.); (A.N.)
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31
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Collagen Extract Derived from Yeonsan Ogye Chicken Increases Bone Microarchitecture by Suppressing the RANKL/OPG Ratio via the JNK Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071967. [PMID: 32630655 PMCID: PMC7400104 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeonsan Ogye is a traditional Korean chicken breed (Gallus domesticus, GD), with a dominant gene for fibromelanosis, showing entirely black fluffy head feathers, ear lobes, and pupils. GD collagen extract (78.6 g per 100 g total protein) was derived from the flesh of Yeonsan Ogye. The effects of GD collagen on bone mass, microarchitecture, osteogenic, osteoclastogenic differentiations, and function factor expression were investigated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. GD collagen stimulated osteogenesis in OVX rats and increased tibial bone strength and calcium content. Micro-computed tomography analysis of tibia cross-sections revealed that GD collagen attenuated the OVX-induced changes in trabecular thickness, spacing, and number. GD collagen stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity, bone-specific matrix proteins (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, collagen type I (COL-I)) and mineralization by activating bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5 (SMAD5)/runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). GD collagen inhibited osteoclast differentiation and function gene markers (TRAP, cathepsin K) by interfering with the Wnt signaling, increasing OPG production, and reducing the expression of RANKL, TRAP, and cathepsin K. GD collagen promoted osteogenesis by activating the p38 signal pathway and prevented osteoclastogenesis by lowering the RANKL/OPG ratio and blocking the JNK signaling pathway. Dietary supplementation with GD collagen might inhibit osteoclastogenesis, stimulate osteoblastogenesis, and regulate bone metabolism.
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Moccia F, Agustin-Salazar S, Verotta L, Caneva E, Giovando S, D’Errico G, Panzella L, d’Ischia M, Napolitano A. Antioxidant Properties of Agri-food Byproducts |and Specific Boosting Effects of Hydrolytic Treatments. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E438. [PMID: 32443466 PMCID: PMC7278820 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Largely produced agri-food byproducts represent a sustainable and easily available source of phenolic compounds, such as lignins and tannins, endowed with potent antioxidant properties. We report herein the characterization of the antioxidant properties of nine plant-derived byproducts. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays indicated the superior activity of pomegranate peels and seeds, grape pomace and pecan nut shell. An increase in the antioxidant potency was observed for most of the waste materials following a hydrolytic treatment, with the exception of the condensed tannin-rich pecan nut shell and grape pomace. UV-Vis and HPLC investigation of the soluble fractions coupled with the results from IR analysis and chemical degradation approaches on the whole materials allowed to conclude that the improvement of the antioxidant properties was due not only to removal of non-active components (mainly carbohydrates), but also to structural modifications of the phenolic compounds. Parallel experiments run on natural and bioinspired model phenolic polymers suggested that these structural modifications positively impacted on the antioxidant properties of lignins and hydrolyzable tannins, whereas significant degradation of condensed tannin moieties occurred, likely responsible for the lowering of the reducing power observed for grape pomace and pecan nut shell. These results open new perspectives toward the exploitation and manipulation of agri-food byproducts for application as antioxidant additives in functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Moccia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (G.D.); (M.d.); (A.N.)
| | - Sarai Agustin-Salazar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Metalurgía, Universidad de Sonora, Del Conocimiento, Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Mexico;
| | - Luisella Verotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Enrico Caneva
- Unitech COSPECT, Direzione servizi per la Ricerca, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 33, I-20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Samuele Giovando
- Centro Ricerche per la Chimica Fine Srl for Silvateam Spa, Via Torre 7, I-12080 San Michele Mondovì, CN, Italy;
| | - Gerardino D’Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (G.D.); (M.d.); (A.N.)
- CSGI—Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (G.D.); (M.d.); (A.N.)
| | - Marco d’Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (G.D.); (M.d.); (A.N.)
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (G.D.); (M.d.); (A.N.)
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33
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Panzella L. Natural Phenolic Compounds for Health, Food and Cosmetic Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E427. [PMID: 32429080 PMCID: PMC7278880 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on their potent antioxidant properties, natural phenolic compounds have gained more and more attention for their possible exploitation as food supplements, as well as functional ingredients in food and in the cosmetic industry [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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