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Suter EK, Rutto HL, Seodigeng TS, Kiambi SL, Omwoyo WN. Recycled pulp and paper sludge, potential source of cellulose: feasibility assessment and characterization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2024; 58:1061-1071. [PMID: 38287653 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2024.2309857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The pulp and paper industry stands out as an example of a technology based on a renewable resource, cellulose. The sludge, however, poses major environmental and public health problems. To effectively manage the sludge wastes, it is critical to fully evaluate its composition, possible environmental impacts, and the total amount of exploitable renewable resources. The study established the pH of the sludge to be 7.32 ± 0.98, an electrical conductivity (1.84 mS/cm), nitrogen concentration (2.65 ± 0.21%), and total organic matter (41.23 ± 3.11%). The cellulosic content was established to be 74.07 ± 2.71% which contributes to 53.07 ± 1.23% water holding capacity (WHC). The most abundant elements were C and O, followed by Cl, Si, Al, and Mg, with lower concentrations of S, Si, K, and iron. The polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) levels ranged from 0.29 to 322.56 ng.g-1 with 1-methyl pyrene posting the highest concentration (322.56 ng.g-1. XRD peaks at 17.10°, 23.86°, 30.14°, and 36.57°, which imply the existence of CaCO3. SEM indicated that the sludge was majorly comprised of fibers materials with average particle sizes of 280 micrometers. TGA/DTG analysis showed that the sludge had the greatest cellulose and hemicellulose (64.7 wt. %).
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Suter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Clean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - H L Rutto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Clean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - T S Seodigeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Clean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - S L Kiambi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Clean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - W N Omwoyo
- Biotechnology and Chemistry Department, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
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Kumar P, Kermanshahi-pour A, Brar SK, Xu CC, He QS, Evans S, Rainey JK. Enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic wood biomass: Effect of enzyme treatment in supercritical carbon dioxide and biomass pretreatment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21811. [PMID: 38027598 PMCID: PMC10660486 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy and resource intensive mechanical and chemical pretreatment along with the use of hazardous chemicals are major bottlenecks in widespread lignocellulosic biomass utilization. Herein, the study investigated different pretreatment methods on spruce wood namely supercritical CO2 (scCO2) pretreatment, ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment, and acetosolv pulping-alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching, to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of wood using optimized enzyme cocktail. Also, the effect of scCO2 pretreatment on enzyme cocktail was investigated after optimizing the concentration and temperature of cellulolytic enzymes. The impact of scCO2 and ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatments of wood were insignificant for the enzymatic digestibility, and acetosolv pulping-alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching was the most effective pretreatment that showed the release of total reducing sugar yield (TRS) of ∼95.0 wt% of total hydrolyzable sugars (THS) in enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimized enzyme cocktail showed higher yield than individual enzymes with degree of synergism 1.34 among the enzymes, and scCO2 pretreatment of cocktail for 0.5-1.0 h at 10.0-22.0 MPa and 38.0-54.0 °C had insignificant effect on the enzyme's primary and global secondary structure of cocktail and its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3 J 1Z1, Canada
| | - Azadeh Kermanshahi-pour
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3 J 1Z1, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Chunbao Charles Xu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Quan Sophia He
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Sara Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K. Rainey
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Schoeler GP, Afonso TF, Demarco CF, Dos Santos Barboza V, Sant'anna Cadaval TR, Igansi AV, Gelesky MA, Giongo JL, de Almeida Vaucher R, de Avila Delucis R, Andreazza R. SARS-CoV-2 removal with a polyurethane foam composite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:22024-22032. [PMID: 36282387 PMCID: PMC9593988 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 disease) has been causing unprecedented health and economic impacts, alerting the world to the importance of basic sanitation and existing social inequalities. The risk of the spread and appearance of new diseases highlights the need for the removal of these pathogens through efficient techniques and materials. This study aimed to develop a polyurethane (PU) biofoam filled with dregs waste (leftover from the pulp and paper industry) for removal SARS-CoV-2 from the water. The biofoam was prepared by the free expansion method with the incorporation of 5wt% of dregs as a filler. For the removal assays, the all materials and its isolated phases were incubated for 24 h with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viral suspension. Then, the RNA was extracted and the viral load was quantified using the quantitative reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) technique. The biofoam (polyurethane/dregs) reached a great removal percentage of 91.55%, whereas the isolated dregs waste was 99.03%, commercial activated carbon was 99.64%, commercial activated carbon/polyurethane was 99.30%, and neat PU foam reached was 99.96% for this same property and without statistical difference. Those new materials endowed with low cost and high removal efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 as alternatives to conventional adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Pereira Schoeler
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Center for Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Benjamin Constant 989, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-020, Brazil
| | - Thays França Afonso
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Gomes Carneiro 01, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Carolina Faccio Demarco
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Gomes Carneiro 01, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Victor Dos Santos Barboza
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospecting, Research Laboratory in Biochemical and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms (LaPeBBiOM), Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Av. Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário, s/n, Capão Do Leão, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Tito Roberto Sant'anna Cadaval
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-000, Brazil
| | - Andrei Valerão Igansi
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos Alexandre Gelesky
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-000, Brazil
| | - Janice Luehring Giongo
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospecting, Research Laboratory in Biochemical and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms (LaPeBBiOM), Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Av. Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário, s/n, Capão Do Leão, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Almeida Vaucher
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospecting, Research Laboratory in Biochemical and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms (LaPeBBiOM), Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Av. Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário, s/n, Capão Do Leão, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Avila Delucis
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Center for Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Benjamin Constant 989, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-020, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Gomes Carneiro 01, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Robson Andreazza
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Center for Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Benjamin Constant 989, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-020, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Gomes Carneiro 01, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-610, Brazil.
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Sustainability Evaluation Using a Life Cycle and Circular Economy Approach in Precast Concrete with Waste Incorporation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112411617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Waste valorisation as secondary or alternative raw materials in several sectors products and processes has been an important way to implement a more sustainable and circular way to manage the efficient use of natural resources. This action contributes not only to save natural resources but also to prevent sending large amounts of wastes, some of them dangerous, to landfill disposal, creating a major environmental, economic and social impact. To promote circular economy, this work attempts to demonstrate the environmental gains in a competitive way, by bringing together in an industrial symbiosis action, two large producing sectors (the pulp and paper industry and concrete construction sector), which are also able to consume significant amounts of resources and to generate large amounts of wastes. A sustainability evaluation based on a life cycle and circular approach is presented and discussed using a simple case study performed at real industrial scale. The lime ash waste from the pulp and paper industry is used to replace 100% of the natural filler used in precast concrete production and the impacts and benefits from the technical, environmental, economic and social level were assessed. It was demonstrated that this simple action causes positive impacts in the evaluated dimensions of sustainability without causing any changes in production time and causes no degradation on relevant concrete properties.
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Santos AF, Vaz TE, Lopes DV, Cardoso O, Quina MJ. Beneficial use of lime mud from kraft pulp industry for drying and microbiological decontamination of sewage sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113255. [PMID: 34280837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) is a global environmental, social, and economic problem that requires a sustainable management approach. Still, the production of other industrial wastes, such as lime mud (LM), has recently gained considerable attention to avoid landfilling. This work aims to present a new approach for converting SS and LM into value-added products within the circular economy perspective. In particular, the effect of LM and calcined lime mud (CLM) as drying adjuvants and SS sanitation agents are investigated. Two out of three SS samples show Escherichia coli contamination above the Portuguese limit established for soil application, while no Salmonella spp. was detected in the searched samples. The addition of CLM to SS in a ratio between 0.05 and 0.15 g CLM/gwb, lead to complete elimination of the microbiological contamination in almost all cases. Contrarily, the use of LM does not seem efficient to act as a sanitation agent. Both LM and CLM show a positive impact on the drying process when compared to the raw SS, increasing the drying rate, and reducing the drying time. The most favourable drying conditions to maximize the drying rate and minimize the drying time (until 30% of moisture) are 130 °C, 0.15 g adj/gwb, and 2.5 mm of plate thickness. The thermal treatment (100 and 130 °C) without adjuvants reduces the microbiological contamination below the legal limit. Overall, a beneficial effect is observed by adding CLM to SS, open the possibility of producing a safer organic soil improver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia F Santos
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Telma E Vaz
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela V Lopes
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Olga Cardoso
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida J Quina
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
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The Processing of Calcium Rich Agricultural and Industrial Waste for Recovery of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Oxide and Their Application for Environmental Cleanup: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Every year a million tonnes of calcium rich agro and industrial waste are generated around the whole globe. These calcium rich waste like finger citron, shells of cockle, mussel, oysters etc., and egg shell are biological sources which have various organic compounds. The inorganic calcium rich waste includes gypsum, dolomite, sludge etc., which are produced in surplus amount globally. Most of these by-products are mainly dumped, while few are used for land-filling purposes which leads to the pollution. These agro and industrial by-products could be processed for the recovery of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide particles by physical and chemical method. The recovery of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide particles from such by products make them biocompatible. Moreover, the products are economical due to their synthesis from waste materials. Here, in this current review work we have emphasized on the all the calcium rich agro industries and industrial by products, especially their processing by various approaches. Further, we have also focused on the properties and application of such calcium carbonate and oxide particles for the remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants from the environments. The recovery of such particles from these byproducts is considered not only economical and eco-friendly but it also minimizes the pollution present in the form of solid waste.
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Haile A, Gelebo GG, Tesfaye T, Mengie W, Mebrate MA, Abuhay A, Limeneh DY. Pulp and paper mill wastes: utilizations and prospects for high value-added biomaterials. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:35. [PMID: 38650230 PMCID: PMC10991416 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of biomass is available all around the world. Most of the biomass exists as a by-product from manufacturing industries. Pulp and paper mills contribute to a higher amount of these biomasses mostly discarded in the landfills creating an environmental burden. Biomasses from other sources have been used to produce different kinds and grades of biomaterials such as those used in industrial and medical applications. The present review aims to investigate the availability of biomass from pulp and paper mills and show sustainable routes for the production of high value-added biomaterials. The study reveals that using conventional and integrated biorefinery technology the ample variety and quantity of waste generated from pulp and paper mills can be converted into wealth. As per the findings of the current review, it is shown that high-performance carbon fiber and bioplastic can be manufactured from black liquor of pulping waste; the cellulosic waste from sawdust and sludge can be utilized for the synthesis of CNC and regenerated fibers such as viscose rayon and acetate; the mineral-based pulping wastes and fly ash can be used for manufacturing of different kinds of biocomposites. The different biomaterials obtained from the pulp and paper mill biomass can be used for versatile applications including conventional, high performance, and smart materials. Through customization and optimization of the conversion techniques and product manufacturing schemes, a variety of engineering materials can be obtained from pulp and paper mill wastes realizing the current global waste to wealth developmental approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Haile
- Biorefinery Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Gemeda Gebino Gelebo
- Biorefinery Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tamrat Tesfaye
- Biorefinery Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Mengie
- Biorefinery Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Million Ayele Mebrate
- Biorefinery Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Abuhay
- Biorefinery Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Derseh Yilie Limeneh
- Biorefinery Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Han JS, Kang DS, Seo YB. Application of In Situ Calcium Carbonate Process for Producing Papermaking Fillers from Lime Mud. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:3884-3890. [PMID: 33585767 PMCID: PMC7876843 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A portion of the lime mud formed during the causticizing process in the recovery process of kraft pulping should be purged from the calcium cycle as waste before it is fed to the lime kiln; this ensures that the quality of the pulp and pulping chemicals is maintained. The discharged greenish-gray lime mud, which is often disposed as an industrial waste, has been transformed herein into a high-quality papermaking filler via the hybrid calcium carbonate (HCC) and post-HCC (pHCC) technology. Initially, the lime mud was heat-treated and then ground to small-size particles. The ground lime mud was preflocculated with calcium oxide by ionic polymers, and carbon dioxide was injected to the flocs to produce lime mud HCC (LHCC). To produce lime mud pHCC (pLHCC), only the ground lime mud was preflocculated first, calcium oxide was added next, and finally, carbon dioxide was injected to the flocs. The resultant products, LHCC and pLHCC, gave brightness as high as that of the ground calcium carbonate (GCC) in paper while a little higher brightness for pLHCC than for LHCC. They also enabled to increase bulk, stiffness, and tensile strength. Application of the LHCC and pLHCC technology to the lime mud could save waste disposal expenses and produce better-quality paper.
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Sequential In-Situ Carbonation Process for the Preparation of Hand Sheets with Waste Lime Mud. REACTIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pulp and paper industry, the white liquor obtained from the causticizing green liquor in the smelting process mostly contains NaOH and Na2S. These chemicals are returned to the digester for reuse in the pulping process. The lime mud (LM) material is obtained from the reaction of the causticization process in paper industries. It is mainly composed of CaCO3; it appears with a green color with a high moisture content; and it has a small proportion of impurities such as non-process elements, for example Fe, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, and S oxides and other toxic metals. This lime mud has poor whiteness with less efficiency due to its contaminated with impurities. The recycling or reutilizing process for lime mud and solid wastes are minimizing its toxic effect on the environment. The present study proposed to improve the whiteness of the waste lime mud by the calcination and hydration process at high temperatures and reutilizing it for hand sheets, making the process improve the paper brightness. In this study, we used a lime mud sample for calcination at 1000 °C and 1200 °C for 2 h and hydration at different times (3–24 h) with different temperatures (30–80 °C) and measured the powder whiteness and hand sheet brightness. The results indicated that after the calcination and hydration process, the lime mud sample whiteness was improved and that re-utilization with pulp for making hand sheets also can improve the paper brightness. It can be concluded that waste lime mud sample purification and the re-utilization process are more advantageous in paper industries.
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