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Luo C, Li S, Ren P, Yan F, Wang L, Guo B, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Sun J, Gao P, Ji P. Enhancing the carbon content of coal gangue for composting through sludge amendment: A feasibility study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123439. [PMID: 38325505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cocomposting coal gangue and sludge eliminates the challenge of utilizing coal gangue. However, there is limited understanding about the feasibility of cocomposting sludge and coal gangue, as well as the composting indicators, functional microorganisms, and safety risks involved. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility of enhancing carbon composting in coal gangue by incorporating sludge along with sawdust as a conditioner. Three laboratory-scale reactors were designed and labeled as T1 (20 % coal gangue, 60 % sludge, and 20 % sawdust), T2 (40 % coal gangue, 40 % sludge, and 20 % sawdust), and T3 (60 % coal gangue, 20 % sludge, and 20 % sawdust). Seed germination and plant growth assessments were conducted to ensure compost stability and assess phytotoxicity to cabbage (Brassica rapa chinensis L.) in terms of growth and biomass. The results indicated that the temperature, pH, EC and ammonia nitrogen of all three reactor conditions met the requirements for product decomposition. Composting was successfully achieved when the sludge proportion was 20 % (T3). However, when the sludge proportion was markedly high (T1), the harmlessness of the compost was reduced. The germination indices of T1, T2, and T3 reached 95 %, 122 %, and 119 % at maturity, respectively. This confirmed that the harmless cycle, which involved promoting condensation and aromatization, enhancing decay, and reducing composting time, was shorter in T2 and T3 than in T1. Coal gangue can also serve as a beneficial habitat for microorganisms, promoting an increase in their population and activity. Potting experiments in sandy soil revealed that the mechanism of action of compost products in soil included not only the enhancement of soil nutrients but also the improvement of soil texture. The results of this study suggest that using coal gangue as a raw material for composting is an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for producing organic fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Luo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengyu Ren
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Yan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yimo Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Puhui Ji
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Lu J, Zhang Q, An Q, Bu T, Feng Y, Chen D, Qian K, Chen H. Preparation of activated carbon from sewage sludge using green activator and its performance on dye wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:3897-3910. [PMID: 35543664 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2077130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of dyes in wastewater using activated carbon produced from sewage sludge pyrolysis char (PYC) is an environmentally friendly and sustainable process. However, traditional activators can cause corrosion of the processing facility, thereby increasing the costs of waste disposal. Here, activated carbons were prepared from sewage sludge PYC, and the effects of activation conditions (different activators, temperature and time, and char:activator mass ratio) on their specific surface areas and adsorption of iodine and methylene blue (MB; model dye) were studied. The results showed that a value of 952 m2/g could be attained for the specific surface area and values of 882 and 162 mg/g for the adsorption of iodine and MB, respectively, by heating PYC with KHCO3 (PYC- KHCO3: 1:2 w/w) for 60 min at 800 ℃. Compared with activation by KOH, the adsorption of MB using PYC-KHCO3 was slightly lower but the yield was 13.7% higher. Optimization of the activation process using surface response modelling indicated that sensitivity of three key factors to the adsorption of iodine and MB followed the order: Mass ratio > temperature > time. Systematic investigation of the effects of time, pH and temperature on the removal of MB by the activated carbon revealed that adsorption conformed to the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The proposed mechanisms of MB adsorption involved ion exchange, functional group complexation and physical/π-π interactions. This study provides a basis for the efficient remediation of dyes in wastewater using activated carbon prepared from sustainable sewage sludge PYC and green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Lu
- Thermal and Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai, People' s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Thermal and Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai, People' s Republic of China
| | - Qing An
- Thermal and Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai, People' s Republic of China
| | - Tong Bu
- Thermal and Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai, People' s Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Feng
- Thermal and Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai, People' s Republic of China
| | - Dezhen Chen
- Thermal and Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai, People' s Republic of China
| | - Kezhen Qian
- Thermal and Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai, People' s Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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3
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Hejna M, Świechowski K, Białowiec A. Study on the Effect of Hydrothermal Carbonization Parameters on Fuel Properties of Sewage Sludge Hydrochar. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6903. [PMID: 37959500 PMCID: PMC10648982 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of economic and population growth, increased wastewater production poses a challenge related to sewage sludge treatment, which is problematic given its high moisture content, amount, and hazardous characteristics. This study focuses on the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge to produce carbonous material-hydrochar, which may be an alternative to fossil fuels. The effect of process parameters, namely, temperature (180, 240, 300 °C) and duration time (30, 90, 180 min), on hydrochar properties (proximate and ultimate analysis, heating values) and process performance were studied. Obtained results indicate and confirm that hydrothermal carbonization, especially temperature increase, improves the fuel properties of carbonized sewage sludge. The highest low heating value was obtained for hydrochar derived at 300 °C in 180 min (~23 MJ × kg-1). The highest energy gain was noted for hydrochar derived at 240 °C in 180 min (~23%). As well as relatively high mass and energy yield in comparison to other hydrochars, these parameters are considered the most favorable for sewage sludge hydrothermal carbonization. However, high energy consumption (over 1300 kJ × g-1) suggests that more research on the process's economical efficacy is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (M.H.); (K.Ś.)
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4
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Soroush S, Ronsse F, Park J, Ghysels S, Wu D, Kim KW, Heynderickx PM. Microwave assisted and conventional hydrothermal treatment of waste seaweed: Comparison of hydrochar properties and energy efficiency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163193. [PMID: 37003343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Waste seaweed is a valuable source for converting into value-added carbon materials. In this study, the production of hydrochar from waste seaweed was optimized for hydrothermal carbonization in a microwave process. The produced hydrochar was compared with hydrochar synthesized by the regular process using a conventional heating oven. The results show that hydrochar produced with a holding time of 1 h by microwave heating has similar properties to the hydrochar produced in a conventionally heated oven for 4 h (200 °C and water/biomass ratio 5): carbon mass fraction (52.4 ± 3.9 %), methylene blue adsorption capacity (40.2 ± 0.2 mg g-1) and similar observations on surface functional groups and thermal stability were made between hydrochars produced by both methods. The analysis of energy consumption showed microwave assisted carbonization consume higher energy in compare to conventional oven. The present results suggest that hydrochar made from waste seaweed and using the microwave technique could be an energy-saving technology for producing hydrochar with similar specifications to hydrochar produced by conventional heating methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Soroush
- Centre for Environmental and Energy Research (CEER)-Engineering of Materials via Catalysis and Characterization, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Frederik Ronsse
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Jihae Park
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Stef Ghysels
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Di Wu
- Centre for Environmental and Energy Research (CEER)-Engineering of Materials via Catalysis and Characterization, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kyoung-Woong Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Philippe M Heynderickx
- Centre for Environmental and Energy Research (CEER)-Engineering of Materials via Catalysis and Characterization, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
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5
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Catalytic Hydrothermal Carbonization of Olive Wood Charcoal for Methylene Blue Adsorption from Wastewater: Optimization, Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-023-00628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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6
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El-Harbawi M, Alhawtali S, Al-Awadi AS, El Blidi L, Alrashed MM, Alzobidi A, Yin CY. Synthesis of Carbon Microspheres from Inedible Crystallized Date Palm Molasses: Influence of Temperature and Reaction Time. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1672. [PMID: 36837301 PMCID: PMC9963818 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, carbon microspheres (CMs) were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of inedible crystallized date palm molasses. The effects of temperature and reaction time on the prepared materials were studied. Experiments were carried out at different temperatures (180, 200, 230 and 250 °C) with reaction times ranging from 2 to 10 h. It was found that temperature had the greatest influence on the mass yield of the CMs. No solid products were observed at a temperature of 180 °C and a reaction time less than 2 h. The highest yield was found to be 40.4% at 250 °C and a reaction time of 6 h. The results show that the CMs produced were approximately 5-9 μm in diameter. The results also show that the largest diameter of the CMs (8.9 μm) was obtained at a temperature of 250 °C and a reaction time of 6 h. Nonetheless, if the reaction time was extended beyond 6 h at 250 °C, the CMs fused and their shapes were deformed (non-spherical shapes). The synthesized materials were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Branuer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). BET surface areas for the four samples were found to be less than 1 m2/g. The methylene blue adsorption studies indicated that the equilibrium adsorption capacity was reached after 15 min, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 12 mg/g. The recycling of date palm molasses (a known processed waste) to generate a useable carbon microsphere represents a beneficial step in the application of sustainable processing industries in the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad El-Harbawi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alhawtali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman S. Al-Awadi
- K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center in Riyadh, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lahssen El Blidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher M. Alrashed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alzobidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chun-Yang Yin
- Newcastle University in Singapore, 537 Clementi Road #06-01, SIT Building @ Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599493, Singapore
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7
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Ullah N, Haq F, Farid A, Kiran M, Al Othman ZA, Aljuwayid AM, Habila MA, Bokhari A, Rajendran S, Khoo KS. Coupling of carboxymethyl starch with 2-carboxyethyl acrylate: A new sorbent for the wastewater remediation of methylene blue. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115091. [PMID: 36529323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Textile and printing industries play a vital role in the economy of any country. But the effluents of these industries, which contain toxic Methylene Blue (MB) dye when mixed with fresh water, make it unfit for human health and aquatic life. For the removal of MB, different adsorbents were used, but they were expensive, non-biodegradable or less effective. In this research, novel carboxymethyl starch grafted poly 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CM-St-g-P2CEtA) was synthesized by reacting carboxymethyl starch with 2-carboxyethyl acrylate. The reaction followed a free radical polymerization mechanism. The structure and properties of CM-St-g-P2CEtA were investigated by advanced analytical techniques. The CM-St-g-P2CEtA was employed for the remediation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from wastewater. The removal percentage (%R) of MB was checked under different parameters, like different pH levels, different initial concentrations of dye, different adsorbent doses, and different contact times. The results obtained during the experiment were subjected to different adsorption and kinetic models. In the kinetic investigation, the experimental results were best represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model due to its high R2 value of 0.999. Similarly, with a regression coefficient (R2) value of 0.947, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was best represented by the experimental results. The Langmuir adsorption model showed that MB dye was adsorbed on the surface of CM-St-g-P2CEtA in a monolayer pattern. The pseudo 2nd order kinetic model suggested that the adsorption process favored chemisorption mechanism. The CM-St-g-P2CEtA showed maximum percentage removal efficiency (%R) of 99.3% for MB dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Fazal Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Mehwish Kiran
- Department of Horticulture, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Zeid A Al Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Muteb Aljuwayid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Habila
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mec ́anica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapac ́a, Avda. General Vel ́asquez, 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan.
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8
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Marzban N, Libra JA, Rotter VS, Ro KS, Moloeznik Paniagua D, Filonenko S. Changes in Selected Organic and Inorganic Compounds in the Hydrothermal Carbonization Process Liquid While in Storage. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4234-4243. [PMID: 36743065 PMCID: PMC9893746 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have investigated the hydrothermal transformation of feedstock biomass, little is known about the stability of the compounds present in the process liquid after the carbonization process is completed. The physicochemical characteristics of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) liquid products may change over storage time, diminishing the amount of desired products or producing unwanted contaminants. These changes may restrict the use of HTC liquid products. Here, we investigate the effect of storage temperature (20, 4, and -18 °C) and time (weeks 1-12) on structural and compositional changes of selected organic compounds and physicochemical characteristics of the process liquid from the HTC of digested cow manure. ANOVA showed that the storage time has a significant effect on the concentrations of almost all of the selected organic compounds, except acetic acid. Considerable changes in the composition of the process liquid took place at all studied temperatures, including deep freezing at -18 °C. Prominent is the polymerization of aromatic compounds with the formation of precipitates, which settle over time. This, in turn, influences the inorganic compounds present in the liquid phase by chelating or selectively adsorbing them. The implications of these results on the further processing of the process liquid for various applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Marzban
- Leibniz
Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bio-economy e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Chair of Circular Economy and Recycling
Technology, Technische Universität
Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Judy A. Libra
- Leibniz
Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bio-economy e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vera Susanne Rotter
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Chair of Circular Economy and Recycling
Technology, Technische Universität
Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kyoung S. Ro
- USDA-ARS,
Coastal Plains Soil, Water & Plant Research Center, Florence, South Carolina 29501, United States
| | - Daniela Moloeznik Paniagua
- Leibniz
Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bio-economy e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Chair of Circular Economy and Recycling
Technology, Technische Universität
Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Svitlana Filonenko
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Wang Q, Wu S, Cui D, Zhou H, Wu D, Pan S, Xu F, Wang Z. Co-hydrothermal carbonization of organic solid wastes to hydrochar as potential fuel: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158034. [PMID: 35970457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The organic solid waste (OSW) is a potential resource that loses its original value in people's daily production process. It can be used for secondary energy utilization through hydrothermal technology, which is similar to artificially simulating the natural coalification process. Co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) is a promising thermochemical conversion pathway, and advanced mechanisms can eliminate the drawbacks of single-feedstock hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The preparation and production process of hydrochar can solve the problems of energy crisis and environmental pollution. This paper comprehensively reviews the key mechanisms of co-HTC to prepare solid fuels, and reviews the development process and practical application of hydrothermal technology. To begin with, the physical and chemical properties and combustion performance of co-hydrochar depend on the production method, process parameters, and selection of raw materials. The co-hydrochar usually has a higher HHV and a low atomic ratio of H/C and O/C, which improves combustion performance. Subsequently, the transformation path of the hydrothermal process of lignocellulosic and protein OSW was comprehensively expounded, and the reaction mechanism of the co-HTC of the two OSWs was effectively proposed. The effect of the ratio of different raw materials on the synergistic effect of co-HTC was also analyzed. Furthermore, the typical advantages and disadvantages of environmental safety, technical economy, and practical application in the co-HTC process are expounded. All in all, this review provides some foundations and new directions for the co-HTC of OSWs to prepare potential fuel. In addition, several prospects for the development and integrated application of co-HTC are presented in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China.
| | - Shuang Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Da Cui
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Huaiyu Zhou
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Dongyang Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Shuo Pan
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Faxing Xu
- Jilin Dongfei Solid Waste Research Institute, Jilin 132200, PR China; Jilin Feite Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Jilin 132200, PR China
| | - Zhenye Wang
- Jilin Dongfei Solid Waste Research Institute, Jilin 132200, PR China; Jilin Feite Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Jilin 132200, PR China
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10
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Balaganesh P, Vasudevan M, Natarajan N. Evaluating sewage sludge contribution during co-composting using cause-evidence-impact analysis based on morphological characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51161-51182. [PMID: 35246793 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pertinent challenges associated with effective treatment of fecal sludge in medium scales necessitate alternative means for land application. The methods of compost preparation from sewage sludge and their modes of application to the agricultural fields have profound impacts on the soil ecology and environment. Besides the chemical conditioning effects on soil organic matter, they also impart physical attributes to the soil texture and structure. Though it is expected that compost addition improves water holding capacity and nutrient sequestration, there is lack of clarity in correlating the field outcomes with conditions of excess nutrient storage/leaching despite the agronomic benefits. In this study, we present a systematic cause-evidence-impact relationship on the feedstock composition, processing, and applications of co-composted sewage sludge. Various analytical tools were compared to elucidate the unique characteristics of co-composted sewage sludge to get a realistic understanding of the complex soil-compost interactions. Results from the spectroscopic characterization reveal the implications of selection of bulking agents and sludge pre-treatment in determining the final quality of the compost. Based on the results, we postulate a unique attribution of parent material influence to the formation of well-defined porous structures which influences the nutrient leaching/sequestrating behavior of the soil. Thus, the compounded impacts of composted organic matter on the soil and crop can be proactively determined in terms of elemental composition, functional groups, and stability indices. The present approach provides good scope for customizing the preparations and applications of aerobic microbial composts in order to derive the preferred field outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandiyan Balaganesh
- Smart and Healthy Infrastructure Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Sathyamangalam, 638401, India
| | - Mangottiri Vasudevan
- Smart and Healthy Infrastructure Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Sathyamangalam, 638401, India.
| | - Narayanan Natarajan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Pollachi, 642003, India
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11
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Cavali M, Libardi Junior N, Mohedano RDA, Belli Filho P, da Costa RHR, de Castilhos Junior AB. Biochar and hydrochar in the context of anaerobic digestion for a circular approach: An overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153614. [PMID: 35124030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar and hydrochar are carbonaceous materials with valuable applications. They can be synthesized from a wide range of organic wastes, including digestate. Digestate is the byproduct of anaerobic digestion (AD), which is performed for bioenergy (biogas) production from organic residues. Through a thermochemical process, such as pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization - HTC, digestate can be converted into biochar or hydrochar. The addition of either biochar or hydrochar in AD has been reported to improve biochemical reactions and microbial growth, increasing the buffer capacity, and facilitating direct interspecies electrons transfer (DIET), resulting in higher methane (CH4) yields. Both biochar and hydrochar can adsorb undesired compounds present in biogas, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and even siloxanes. However, an integrated understanding of biochar and hydrochar produced from digestate through their return to the AD process, as additives or as adsorbents for biogas purification, is yet to be attained to close the material flow loop in a circular economy model. Therefore, this overview aimed at addressing the integration of biochar and hydrochar production from digestate, their utilization as additives and effects on AD, and their potential to adsorb biogas contaminants. This integration is supported by life cycle assessment (LCA) studies, showing positive results when combining AD and the aforementioned thermochemical processes, although more LCA is still necessary. Techno-economic assessment (TEA) studies of the processes considered are also presented, and despite an expanding market of biochar and hydrochar, further TEA is required to verify the profitability of the proposed integration, given the specificities of each process design. Overall, the synthesis of biochar and hydrochar from digestate can contribute to improving the AD process, establishing a cyclic process that is in agreement with the circular economy concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Cavali
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Nelson Libardi Junior
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Almeida Mohedano
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Belli Filho
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rejane Helena Ribeiro da Costa
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Armando Borges de Castilhos Junior
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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12
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Investigating the Enhancement in Biogas Production by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Solid Waste and Digestate in an Inter-Stage Treatment Configuration. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, sewage sludge (SS) and bio-waste management have attracted increasing environmental attention. In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology is investigated in the framework of a co-treatment of sewage sludge digestate (SSD) and an organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OW). The proposed configuration integrates HTC with anaerobic digestion (AD) in an inter-stage configuration (AD1 + HTC + AD2). The effects of different percentages of OW added to SSD in the HTC treatment are evaluated in terms of characteristics and methane yield of the produced HTC liquor (HTCL) and HTC slurry (i.e., the mixture hydrochar-HTCL), as well as dewaterability of the HTC slurry. Results show that, with the increase in the percentage of OW in the OW-SSD mixture fed to the HTC process, production of biogas and biomethane of both HTC slurry and HTCL increases. The highest biogas production is achieved when a mixture consisting of half SSD and half OW is used, reaching 160 ± 10 and 240 ± 15 mL biogas g−1 CODadded, respectively, for HTCL and HTC slurry. Furthermore, sludge dewaterability is significantly improved by the combined AD1-HTC-AD2 process. Finally, an energy assessment allows estimating that the co-treatment of OW with SSD in HTC can cover up to 100% of the energy consumption of the system.
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13
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Yang L, Jin J, Wang Y, An W, Zhao Y, Cui C, Han L, Wang X. The removal of uranium (VI) from aqueous solution by the anaerobically digested sewage sludge with hydrothermal pretreatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132644. [PMID: 34688715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) with hydrothermal (HT) pretreatment (sequential HT-AD treatment) is a novel technology for sludge management. HT-AD sludge is rich in functional groups and its applications as pollutant sorbents might be a win-win strategy. This study investigated the removal of uranium (VI) from water using HT-AD sludge as affected by solution pH, temperature, and ion strength. The reusability and heavy metal risk of HT-AD sludge were also assessed. The batch sorption experiments demonstrated that even at an acidic initial pH of 3.2, the maximum adsorption of HT-AD sludge for uranium (VI) reached 117.13 mg/g, higher than that of most carbon-based materials. The inner-sphere and out-sphere complexation between uranium (VI) and the HT-AD sludge dominated the adsorption when pH was in the range of 2-6 and 6-11, respectively. The FTIR and XPS analysis indicated that the primary mechanisms of uranium (VI) adsorption by the HT-AD sludge were the surface complexation and the electric attraction between uranium (VI) and the functional groups (e.g. -COO-) on HT-AD sludge. The removal rate of uranium (VI) by HT-AD sludge only decreased by ∼7% after 3 consecutive adsorption cycles. Leaching experiment showed that less than 5% of the total heavy metal were released from HT-AD sludge. Our research proved that HT-AD sludge can be used as an efficient uranium (VI) adsorbent with good reusability and environmental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jie Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yichu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Weiqi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yunao Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chao Cui
- Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lanfang Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiangke Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
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14
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Zhou F, Li K, Hang F, Zhang Z, Chen P, Wei L, Xie C. Efficient removal of methylene blue by activated hydrochar prepared by hydrothermal carbonization and NaOH activation of sugarcane bagasse and phosphoric acid. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1885-1896. [PMID: 35425169 PMCID: PMC8979052 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08325b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated-hydrochar (AHC) derived from sugarcane bagasse was synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) using phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as activators. The properties of AHC were systematically characterized by elemental analysis, BET, SEM, FTIR, XPS and zeta potential, and applied to evaluate the adsorption ability of methylene blue (MB) by batch adsorption tests. The MB adsorption isotherm and kinetics of AHC were well described by the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Characteristic analysis suggested electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions were the main contributors to MB adsorption. Analysis of mass transfer mechanisms demonstrated the adsorption process towards MB by AHC involved intra-particle diffusion to some extent. Thermodynamic studies indicated MB adsorption was an endothermic, spontaneous process associated with a disorder increase at the solid-liquid interface. The maximum adsorption capacity of AHC for MB was 357.14 mg g-1 at 303 K. Thus, the combination of HTC in phosphoric acid and NaOH activation offered a facile, green and economical alternative for conversion of sugarcane bagasse into efficient adsorbents used in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Guangxi Sugarcane Industry, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
- Engineering Research Center for Sugar Industry and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education Nanning 530004 China
| | - Fangxue Hang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Guangxi Sugarcane Industry, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
- Engineering Research Center for Sugar Industry and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education Nanning 530004 China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Lin Wei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Caifeng Xie
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Guangxi Sugarcane Industry, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
- Engineering Research Center for Sugar Industry and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education Nanning 530004 China
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15
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Zhu K, Liu Q, Dang C, Li A, Zhang L. Valorization of hydrothermal carbonization products by anaerobic digestion: Inhibitor identification, biomethanization potential and process intensification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125752. [PMID: 34419878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Integrating hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and anaerobic digestion for biorefinery-oriented full utilization of wet organic wastes is a promising emerging technology. The objectives of this study were to identify the potential inhibitory substances, evaluate the biomethane potential of mixed and aqueous products and explore process intensifying strategies. The results indicated that the high HTC temperature of 240 °C resulted in a significantly low methane yield of 60 ± 5 mL/g COD and a high Short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) accumulation of 4174 ± 76 mg/L. GC-MS analysis showed that the contents of inhibitory pyrazines, pyridines and ketones in aqueous fraction at 240 °C substantially increased from 13.14%, 0.4%, 0.55% at 180 °C to 23.34%, 2.89%, 5.13%, respectively. When the aqueous products obtained from 240 °C-HTC was supplemented or pretreated by carbonaceous material, the methane yields were greatly improved and increased to 1.3-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively. These finding could provide some valuable technical information for HTC based biorefinery of organic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Qiutong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Chao Dang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China.
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16
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Quantitative Analysis of Malachite Green in Environmental Samples Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13202864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water is an essential part of life, however, with continued modernization, it has become a dumping place for many pollutants including dyes. The polluted water can severely affect human health. Polluted water can enter into the human body through different channels, including the food web. Thus, it is very important for human beings and animals to have access to pollution free water. To get the knowledge of the pollutants, in this case, a dye, we need sensitive analytical procedure which could tell the amount of dye in water and also steps to get the pollutant removed from water. In this work, a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based analytical method was developed to determine malachite green. The method was developed after proper optimization of the experimental conditions, where finally, ethanol, a green solvent and formic acid, a food additive was selected to constitute the mobile phase in ratio 1.5:1.0. Different validation parameters were used to authenticate the reliability of the method. Based on the experiment results, the method was found to be linear in the range of 0.1 to 10 mg/L with an excellent correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The corresponding linear regression equation was found to be A = −6863.2 + 105,520 C; where A is the area of the peak and C is the concentration of malachite green. The precision study proves the reproducibility of LC-MS/MS procedure, throughout the precision experiment percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) was found to be between 0.709–1.893%. Similarly, the experiments on the recovery suggest a recovery of 97.28–98.75%. The new method was applied to check the amount of malachite green in environmental samples including the industrial wastewater. The wastewater sample was extracted using the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique, where a new adsorbent—wood apple hydrochar—was synthesized and used as the solid phase for the preparation of a solid phase extraction column to extract the malachite green. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized using different techniques. To conclude, the developed method can be used for determination of malachite green in environmental samples, and the SPE technique using wood apple hydrochar can successfully extract the dye from the water samples.
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17
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Wu L, Wei W, Wang D, Ni BJ. Improving nutrients removal and energy recovery from wastes using hydrochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146980. [PMID: 33865133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an eco-friendly, flexible and efficient way to valorise wet solid wastes, producing a carbon-rich material named as hydrochar. Considerable efforts have been devoted to studying the feasibility of using hydrochar in waste management to achieve the goal of circular economy. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of hydrochar on energy recovery from anaerobic digestion (AD), nutrient reclamation, and wastewater treatment is currently lacking. To understand the influence of hydrochar type on its application, this review will firstly introduce the mechanisms and biomass treatment for hydrochar preparation. Most recent studies regarding the improvement of methane (CH4) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production after dosing hydrochar in anaerobic digesters are quantitatively summarized and deeply discussed. The potential of using various hydrochar as slow-fertilizer to support the growth of plants are analysed by providing quantitative data. The usage of hydrochar in remediating pollutants from wastewater as effective adsorbent is also evaluated. Based on the review, we also address the challenges and demonstrate the opportunities for the future application of hydrochar in waste management. Conclusively, this review will not only provide a systematic understanding of the up-to-date developments of improving the nutrients removal and energy recovery from wastes by using hydrochar but also several new directions for the application of hydrochar in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wei Wei
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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18
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Speciation of Main Nutrients (N/P/K) in Hydrochars Produced from the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Swine Manure under Different Reaction Temperatures. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154114. [PMID: 34361308 PMCID: PMC8347720 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been proved to be a promising technology for swine manure (SM) treatment. Currently, there is a lack of systematic understanding of the transformation characteristics of nutrient speciation in the HTC of SM. In this study, the speciation of the main nutrients (N/P/K) in SM-derived hydrochar produced at different reaction temperatures (200-280 °C) was investigated. The recovery of P (61.0-67.1%) in hydrochars was significantly higher than that of N (23.0-39.8%) and K (25.5-30.0%), and the increase in reaction temperature promoted the recovery of P and reduced the recovery of N. After the HTC treatment, the percentage of soluble/available P was reduced from 61.6% in raw SM to 4.0-23.9% in hydrochars, while that of moderately labile/slow-release P was improved from 29.2% in raw SM feedstock to 65.5-82.7%. An obvious reduction was also found in the amounts of available N (from 51.3% in raw SM feedstock to 33.0-40.5% in hydrochars). The percentages of slow-release N and residual N in hydrochars produced at 240 °C reached the maximum and minimum values (46.4% and 18.9%), respectively. A total of 49.5-58.3% of K retained in hydrochars was residual (invalid) potassium. From the perspective of the mobility and availability of N, P and K only, it was suggested that the HTC of SM should be carried out at 220-240 °C. Compared with the original SM, it is safer and more effective to use the SM-derived hydrochar as an organic fertilizer.
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19
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Liu H, Basar IA, Nzihou A, Eskicioglu C. Hydrochar derived from municipal sludge through hydrothermal processing: A critical review on its formation, characterization, and valorization. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 199:117186. [PMID: 34010736 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Additional options for the sustainable treatment of municipal sludge are required due to the significant amounts of sludge, high levels of nutrients (e.g., C, N, and P), and trace constituents it contains. Hydrothermal processing of municipal sludge has recently been recognized as a promising technology to efficiently reduce waste volume, recover bioenergy, destroy organic contaminants, and eliminate pathogens. However, a considerable amount of solid residue, called hydrochar, could remain after hydrothermal treatment. This hydrochar can contain abundant amounts of energy (with a higher heating value up to 24 MJ/kg, dry basis), nutrients, and trace elements, as well as surface functional groups. The valorization of sludge-derived hydrochar can facilitate the development and application of hydrothermal technologies. This review summarizes the formation pathways from municipal sludge to hydrochar, specifically, the impact of hydrothermal conditions on reaction mechanisms and product distribution. Moreover, this study comprehensively encapsulates the described characteristics of hydrochar produced under a wide range of conditions: Yield, energy density, physicochemical properties, elemental distribution, contaminants of concern, surface functionality, and morphology. More importantly, this review compares and evaluates the current state of applications of hydrochar: Energy production, agricultural application, adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, and nutrient recovery. Ultimately, along with the identified challenges and prospects of valorization approaches for sludge-derived hydrochar, conceptual designs of sustainable municipal sludge management are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Avenue, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Ibrahim Alper Basar
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Avenue, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Ange Nzihou
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, RAPSODEE CNRS UMR-5302, Campus Jarlard, Albi, 81013 Cedex 09, France.
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Avenue, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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20
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Hu C, Zhang W, Chen Y, Ye N, YangJi D, Jia H, Shen Y, Song M. Adsorption of Co(II) from aqueous solution using municipal sludge biochar modified by HNO 3. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:251-261. [PMID: 34280168 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here adsorption studies were proposed on a carboxylated sludge biochar (CSB) material modified by HNO3 to assess its capacity in the removal of cobalt from aqueous solution. The as-prepared sludge biochar material was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The isotherm process could be well described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption kinetics indicated that cobalt adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The mechanism between Co(II) and biochar involved electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, surface complexation and physical function. The adsorption capacity on CSB was as high as 72.27 mg·g-1, surpassing original sludge biochar (SB) as CSB had abundant oxygen-containing functional groups and many hydroxyls, plus the BET surface areas increased when SB was modified by HNO3, which stimulated adsorption effect. Therefore, this work shows that CSB could be used as an efficient adsorbent to remove Co(II) in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlian Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Yuantao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Na Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - DaWa YangJi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Haizhe Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Yanting Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Minna Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
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21
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Alshareef SA, Otero M, Alanazi HS, Siddiqui MR, Khan MA, Alothman ZA. Upcycling olive oil cake through wet torrefaction to produce hydrochar for water decontamination. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Ahmed M, Andreottola G, Elagroudy S, Negm MS, Fiori L. Coupling hydrothermal carbonization and anaerobic digestion for sewage digestate management: Influence of hydrothermal treatment time on dewaterability and bio-methane production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111910. [PMID: 33401118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology is addressed in the framework of sewage digestate management. HTC converts digestate into a stabilized and sterilized solid (the hydrochar) and a liquor (HTCL) rich in organic carbon. This study aims to optimize the HTC operating parameters, namely the treatment time, in terms of hydrochar production, HTC slurry dewaterability, HTCL bio-methane yields in anaerobic digestion (AD), and process energy consumption. Digestate slurry was processed through HTC at different treatment times (0.5, 1, 2 and 3 h) at 190 °C, and the dewaterability of the treated slurries was addressed through capillary suction time and centrifuge lab-testing. In addition, biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were conducted for HTCL under mesophilic conditions. Results show that by increasing the HTC treatment time the dewaterability was further improved, ammonium concentration in HTCL increased, and methane potential of HTCL decreased. 0.5 h HTCL had the highest bio-methane potential of 142 ± 3 mL CH4/g COD yet the treatment time was not sufficient for improving the slurry's dewaterability. HTC treatment time of 1 h at 190 °C was identified as the optimum trade-off for improved dewaterability and utilisation of HTCL for biogas production. 1 h HTCL bio-methane potential can cover around 25% of the HTC and AD thermal and electrical energy needs without considering the eventual use of the hydrochar as a biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Ahmed
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy; Public Works Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 ElSarayat St., Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gianni Andreottola
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Sherien Elagroudy
- Public Works Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 ElSarayat St., Abassia, Cairo, Egypt; Egypt Solid Waste Management Center of Excellence, Ain Shams University, 1 ElSarayat St., Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaaban Negm
- Public Works Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 ElSarayat St., Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Luca Fiori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy.
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23
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Coupling Hydrothermal Carbonization with Anaerobic Digestion for Sewage Sludge Treatment: Influence of HTC Liquor and Hydrochar on Biomethane Production. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13236262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study addresses the coupling of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) with anaerobic digestion (AD) in wastewater treatment plants. The improvement in biomethane production due to the recycling back to the anaerobic digester of HTC liquor and hydrochar generated from digested sludge is investigated and proved. Mixtures of different compositions of HTC liquor and hydrochar, as well as individual substrates, were tested. The biomethane yield reached 102 ± 3 mL CH4 g−1 COD when the HTC liquor was cycled back to the AD and treated together with primary and secondary sludge. Thus, the biomethane production was almost doubled compared to that of the AD of primary and secondary sludge (55 ± 20 mL CH4 g−1 COD). The benefit is even more significant when both the HTC liquor and the hydrochar were fed to the AD of primary and secondary sludge. The biomethane yield increased up to 187 ± 18 mL CH4 g−1 COD when 45% of hydrochar, with respect to the total feedstock, was added. These results highlight the improvement that the HTC process can bring to AD, enhancing biomethane production and promoting a sustainable solution for the treatment of the HTC liquor and possibly the hydrochar itself.
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Cationic Dye Adsorption on Hydrochars of Winery and Citrus Juice Industries Residues: Performance, Mechanism, and Thermodynamics. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13184686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing needs of clean water supplies, the use of biomass wastes and residues for environmental remediation is essential for environmental sustainability. In this study, the residues from winery and citrus juice industries, namely grape skin and orange peel, respectively, were first converted to hydrochars by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and then a cationic dye (methylene blue) adsorption was studied on hydrochars. Hydrochars from both feedstocks were produced at three different temperatures (180, 220, and 250 °C) and a fixed residence time (1 h) to evaluate the hydrochar’s performance on the dye adsorption. The hydrochars were characterized in terms of their pH, pH at point of zero charge (pHPZC), surface functionalities, and surface area. A batch adsorption study of the dye was carried out with variable adsorbate concentration, pH, and temperature. Two adsorption isotherms namely Langmuir and Freundlich models were fitted at 4, 20, and 36 °C. The thermodynamic properties of adsorption (Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS)) were evaluated from the isotherms fittings. Results showed that the dye adsorption on both hydrochars was significant and followed Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity on citrus waste hydrochar was higher than the winery waste hydrochar at any corresponding HTC temperature. Although hydrochars showed the lowest surface area (46.16 ± 0.11 and 34.08 ± 1.23 m2/g for citrus and winery wastes, respectively) at 180 °C, their adsorption was the highest, owing to their maximum density of total oxygen functional groups (23.24 ± 0.22 and 32.69 ± 1.39 µmol/m2 for citrus and winery wastes, respectively), which decreased with the increase in HTC temperature. This research shows a sustainable route for the production of highly effective adsorbent materials at lower HTC temperatures from citrus and winery wastes.
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Hydrothermal Carbonization as a Valuable Tool for Energy and Environmental Applications: A Review. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13164098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) represents an efficient and valuable pre-treatment technology to convert waste biomass into highly dense carbonaceous materials that could be used in a wide range of applications between energy, environment, soil improvement and nutrients recovery fields. HTC converts residual organic materials into a solid high energy dense material (hydrochar) and a liquid residue where the most volatile and oxygenated compounds (mainly furans and organic acids) concentrate during reaction. Pristine hydrochar is mainly used for direct combustion, to generate heat or electricity, but highly porous carbonaceous media for energy storage or for adsorption of pollutants applications can be also obtained through a further activation stage. HTC process can be used to enhance recovery of nutrients as nitrogen and phosphorous in particular and can be used as soil conditioner, to favor plant growth and mitigate desertification of soils. The present review proposes an outlook of the several possible applications of hydrochar produced from any sort of waste biomass sources. For each of the applications proposed, the main operative parameters that mostly affect the hydrochar properties and characteristics are highlighted, in order to match the needs for the specific application.
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Hydrothermal Carbonization as a Strategy for Sewage Sludge Management: Influence of Process Withdrawal Point on Hydrochar Properties. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Conventional activated sludge systems, still widely used to treat wastewater, produce large amounts of solid waste that is commonly landfilled or incinerated. This study addresses the potential use of Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) to valorize sewage sludge residues examining the properties of hydrochars depending on HTC process conditions and sewage sludge withdrawal point. With increasing HTC severity (process residence time and temperature), solid yield, total Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and solid pH decrease while ash content increases. Hydrochars produced from primary (thickened) and secondary (digested and dewatered) sludge show peculiar distinct properties. Hydrochars produced from thickened sludge show good fuel properties in terms of Higher Heating Value (HHV) and reduced ash content. However, relatively high volatile matter and O:C and H:C ratios result in thermal reactivity significantly higher than typical coals. Both series of carbonized secondary sludges show neutral pH, low COD, enhanced phosphorous content and low heavy metals concentration: as a whole, they show properties compatible with their use as soil amendments.
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