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Van Hooren B, Jukic I, Cox M, Frenken KG, Bautista I, Moore IS. The Relationship Between Running Biomechanics and Running Economy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Sports Med 2024; 54:1269-1316. [PMID: 38446400 PMCID: PMC11127892 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-01997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running biomechanics is considered an important determinant of running economy (RE). However, studies examining associations between running biomechanics and RE report inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to determine associations between running biomechanics and RE and explore potential causes of inconsistency. METHODS Three databases were searched and monitored up to April 2023. Observational studies were included if they (i) examined associations between running biomechanics and RE, or (ii) compared running biomechanics between groups differing in RE, or (iii) compared RE between groups differing in running biomechanics during level, constant-speed, and submaximal running in healthy humans (18-65 years). Risk of bias was assessed using a modified tool for observational studies and considered in the results interpretation using GRADE. Meta-analyses were performed when two or more studies reported on the same outcome. Meta-regressions were used to explore heterogeneity with speed, coefficient of variation of height, mass, and age as continuous outcomes, and standardization of running shoes, oxygen versus energetic cost, and correction for resting oxygen or energy cost as categorical outcomes. RESULTS Fifty-one studies (n = 1115 participants) were included. Most spatiotemporal outcomes showed trivial and non-significant associations with RE: contact time r = - 0.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.15 to 0.12); flight time r = 0.11 (- 0.09 to 0.32); stride time r = 0.01 (- 0.8 to 0.50); duty factor r = - 0.06 (- 0.18 to 0.06); stride length r = 0.12 (- 0.15 to 0.38), and swing time r = 0.12 (- 0.13 to 0.36). A higher cadence showed a small significant association with a lower oxygen/energy cost (r = - 0.20 [- 0.35 to - 0.05]). A smaller vertical displacement and higher vertical and leg stiffness showed significant moderate associations with lower oxygen/energy cost (r = 0.35, - 0.31, - 0.28, respectively). Ankle, knee, and hip angles at initial contact, midstance or toe-off as well as their range of motion, peak vertical ground reaction force, mechanical work variables, and electromyographic activation were not significantly associated with RE, although potentially relevant trends were observed for some outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Running biomechanics can explain 4-12% of the between-individual variation in RE when considered in isolation, with this magnitude potentially increasing when combining different variables. Implications for athletes, coaches, wearable technology, and researchers are discussed in the review. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/293 ND (OpenScience Framework).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maartje Cox
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen G Frenken
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Iker Bautista
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel S Moore
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Gindre C, Patoz A, Breine B, Lussiana T. Mind to move: Differences in running biomechanics between sensing and intuition shod runners. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300108. [PMID: 38568899 PMCID: PMC10990178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Delving into the complexities of embodied cognition unveils the intertwined influence of mind, body, and environment. The connection of physical activity with cognition sparks a hypothesis linking motion and personality traits. Hence, this study explored whether personality traits could be linked to biomechanical variables characterizing running forms. To do so, 80 runners completed three randomized 50-m running-trials at 3.3, 4.2, and 5m/s during which their running biomechanics [ground contact time (tc), flight time (tf), duty factor (DF), step frequency (SF), leg stiffness (kleg), maximal vertical ground reaction force (Fmax), and maximal leg compression of the spring during stance (ΔL)] was evaluated. In addition, participants' personality traits were assessed through the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test. The MBTI classifies personality traits into one of two possible categories along four axes: extraversion-introversion; sensing-intuition; thinking-feeling; and judging-perceiving. This exploratory study offers compelling evidence that personality traits, specifically sensing and intuition, are associated with distinct running biomechanics. Individuals classified as sensing demonstrated a more grounded running style characterized by prolonged tc, shorter tf, higher DF, and greater ΔL compared to intuition individuals (p≤0.02). Conversely, intuition runners exhibited a more dynamic and elastic running style with a shorter tc and higher kleg than their sensing counterparts (p≤0.02). Post-hoc tests revealed a significant difference in tc between intuition and sensing runners at all speeds (p≤0.02). According to the definition of each category provided by the MBTI, sensing individuals tend to focus on concrete facts and physical realities while intuition individuals emphasize abstract concepts and patterns of information. These results suggest that runners with sensing and intuition personality traits differ in their ability to use their lower limb structures as springs. Intuition runners appeared to rely more in the stretch-shortening cycle to energetically optimize their running style while sensing runners seemed to optimize running economy by promoting more forward progression than vertical oscillations. This study underscores the intriguing interplay between personality traits of individuals and their preferred movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Gindre
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen, Chavéria, France
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen SwissSportLab, Aigle, Switzerland
- MPFRPV, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, Besançon, France
| | - Aurélien Patoz
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen SwissSportLab, Aigle, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastiaan Breine
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen SwissSportLab, Aigle, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibault Lussiana
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen, Chavéria, France
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen SwissSportLab, Aigle, Switzerland
- MPFRPV, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, Besançon, France
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3
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Floría P, Harrison AJ, Rojo-Álvarez JL, Melgarejo-Meseguer FM, Sanchez-Sixto A. Joint movement patterns differ among male recreational runners with different running style. Sports Biomech 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38190260 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2298947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the differences in joint kinematic patterns among runners with different spatiotemporal characteristics in the running cycle. Lower extremity kinematic data and spatiotemporal stride parameters were collected for ninety-two recreational runners during a treadmill run at a self-selected comfortable speed. A K-means clustering analysis was conducted on normalised stride cadence and Duty Factor to identify running style. Cluster 1 characterised by reduced stance times and low Duty Factor; Cluster 2, long stance times and low stride cadence; Cluster 3, high Duty Factor and stride cadence. Functional principal component analysis was used to identify patterns of variability between runners. Runners who used a combination of high cadence and Duty Factor showed differences in hip, knee and ankle sagittal kinematics compared to other runners. On the contrary, the joint kinematics was not altered when the Duty Factor was increased along with a decrease in the stride cadence. This study has demonstrated that the combination of several spatial-temporal parameters of the running cycle should be considered when analysing the movement pattern of the lower limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Floría
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- Sport and Human Performance Research Center, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jose Luis Rojo-Álvarez
- Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones y Sistemas Telemáticos y de Computación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Francisco M Melgarejo-Meseguer
- Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones y Sistemas Telemáticos y de Computación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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4
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Martínez-Sobrino J, Navia JA, Del Campo-Vecino J, Jiménez-Reyes P, Veiga-Fernández S. A New Index to Evaluate Running Coordination Based on Notational Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:790-796. [PMID: 38045738 PMCID: PMC10690510 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was 1) to define a new index to describe running coordination, named % of coordination, and 2) to examine whether it could represent an order parameter in relation to running velocity. Twelve international middle-distance athletes (six males and six females) performed three trials at easy, 5000 m pace and sprint velocities while filmed from a lateral view at 240 Hz. Notational analysis of six lower-limb key events corresponding to touchdown, mid-stance and flight phases was performed with high values of intra- (maximum standard deviation = 7 ms) and inter-operator (maximum systematic bias = 6 ms) reliability. Running velocity manipulations resulted in substantial and progressive increases in stride length, stride frequency (all p's < 0.001) and % of coordination (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.77), while duty factor showed a progressive reduction (p < 0.001, R2c = 0.86). However, % of coordination depended on the stride phase (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.78), with greater time gaps between key events in touchdown and mid-stance than in the flight phase. Results confirmed that % of coordination can illustrate changes in movement organisation, representing an easy tool for evaluating the running technique of competitive athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Del Campo-Vecino
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de formación de Profesorado y Educación, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Rodriguez-Barbero S, González Ravé JM, Juárez Santos-García D, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Santos-Concejero J, González-Mohíno F. Effects of a Regular Endurance Training Program on Running Economy and Biomechanics in Runners. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:1059-1066. [PMID: 37802083 DOI: 10.1055/a-2151-2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
A regular endurance training program may elicit different adaptations compared to an isolated training method. In this study, we analyzed the effects of 8 weeks of a regular endurance training program on running economy (RE), particularly neuromuscular and biomechanical parameters, in runners of different athletic abilities. Twenty-four male runners were divided into two groups: well-trained (n=12) and recreational (n=12). Both groups completed a 4-min running bout at 13 and 17 km·h-1, respectively, for the recreational and well-trained group, and a 5-jump plyometric test pre-post intervention. During the training program, participants completed low-intensity continuous sessions, high-intensity interval training sessions, and auxiliary strength training sessions. RE, measured as oxygen cost and energy cost, decreased by 6.15% (p=0.006) and 5.11% (p=0.043), respectively, in the well-trained group. In the recreational group, energy cost of running, respiratory exchange ratio, and leg stiffness decreased by 5.08% (p=0.035), 7.61% (p=0.003), and 10.59% (p=0.017), respectively, while ground contact time increased by 3.34% (p=0.012). The maximum height of the 5-jump plyometric test decreased by 4.55% (p=0.018) in the recreational group. We suggest that 8 weeks of regular endurance training leads to an improvement of ~5% in RE in recreational and well-trained runners with different physiological adaptations between groups and few changes in biomechanical and neuromuscular parameters only in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Physical Education and Sport, UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Patoz A, Lussiana T, Breine B, Gindre C, Malatesta D. Accurate estimation of peak vertical ground reaction force using the duty factor in level treadmill running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:169-177. [PMID: 36310520 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to (1) construct a statistical model (SMM) based on the duty factor (DF) to estimate the peak vertical ground reaction force ( F v , max ) and (2) to compare the estimated F v , max to force plate gold standard (GSM). One hundred and fifteen runners ran at 9, 11, and 13 km/h. Force (1000 Hz) and kinematic (200 Hz) data were acquired with an instrumented treadmill and an optoelectronic system, respectively, to assess force-plate and kinematic based DFs. SMM linearly relates F v , max to the inverse of DF because DF was analytically associated with the inverse of the average vertical force during ground contact time and the latter was very highly correlated to F v , max . No systematic bias and a 4% root mean square error (RMSE) were reported between GSM and SMM using force-plate based DF values when considering all running speeds together. Using kinematic based DF values, SMM reported a systematic but small bias (0.05BW) and a 5% RMSE when considering all running speeds together. These findings support the use of SMM to estimate F v , max during level treadmill runs at endurance speeds if underlying DF values are accurately measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Patoz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland
| | - Thibault Lussiana
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department, Volodalen, Chavéria, France.,Research Unit EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Bastiaan Breine
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cyrille Gindre
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department, Volodalen, Chavéria, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Duty factor and foot-strike pattern do not represent similar running pattern at the individual level. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13061. [PMID: 35906382 PMCID: PMC9338241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Runners were classified using their duty factor (DF) and using their foot-strike pattern (FSP; rearfoot, midfoot, or forefoot strikers), determined from their foot-strike angle (FSA). High and low DF runners showed different FSPs but DF was assumed to not only reflect what happens at initial contact with the ground (more global than FSP/FSA). Hence, FSP and DF groups should not necessarily be constituted by the same runners. However, the relation between FSP and DF groups has never been investigated, leading to the aim of this study. One hundred runners ran at 9, 11, and 13 km/h. Force data (1000 Hz) and whole-body kinematics (200 Hz) were acquired by an instrumented treadmill and optoelectronic system and were used to classify runners according to their FSA and DF. Weak correlations were obtained between FSA and DF values and a sensitivity of 50% was reported between FSP and DF groups, i.e., only one in two runners was attributed to the DF group supposedly corresponding to the FSP group. Therefore, ‘local’ FSP/FSA and DF do not represent similar running pattern information when investigated at the individual level and DF should be preferred to FSP/FSA when evaluating the global running pattern of a runner.
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8
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Patoz A, Lussiana T, Breine B, Gindre C, Malatesta D, Hébert-Losier K. Examination of running pattern consistency across speeds. Sports Biomech 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35787231 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2094825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Duty factor (DF) and step frequency (SF) are key running pattern determinants. However, running patterns may change with speed if DF and SF changes are inconsistent across speeds. We examined whether the relative positioning of runners was consistent: 1) across five running speeds (10-18 km/h) for four temporal variables [DF, SF, and their subcomponents: contact (t c ) and flight (t f ) time]; and 2) across these four temporal variables at these five speeds. Three-dimensional whole-body kinematics were acquired from 52 runners, and deviations from the median for each variable (normalised to minimum-maximum values) were extracted. Across speeds for all variables, correlations on the relative positioning of individuals were high to very high for 2-4 km/h speed differences, and moderate to high for 6-8 km/h differences. Across variables for all speeds, correlations were low between DF-SF, very high between DF-t f , and low to high between DF-t c , SF-t c , and SF-t f . Hence, the consistency in running patterns decreased as speed differences increased, suggesting that running patterns be assessed using a range of speeds. Consistency in running patterns at a given speed was low between DF and SF, corroborating suggestions that using both variables can encapsulate the full running pattern spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Patoz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland
| | - Thibault Lussiana
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland
- Volodalen, Research and Development Department, Chavéria, France
- Research Unit EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Bastiaan Breine
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cyrille Gindre
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland
- Volodalen, Research and Development Department, Chavéria, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Department of Sports Science, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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9
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A Single Sacral-Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit to Estimate Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force, Contact Time, and Flight Time in Running. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030784. [PMID: 35161530 PMCID: PMC8838733 DOI: 10.3390/s22030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peak vertical ground reaction force (Fz,max), contact time (tc), and flight time (tf) are key variables of running biomechanics. The gold standard method (GSM) to measure these variables is a force plate. However, a force plate is not always at hand and not very portable overground. In such situation, the vertical acceleration signal recorded by an inertial measurement unit (IMU) might be used to estimate Fz,max, tc, and tf. Hence, the first purpose of this study was to propose a method that used data recorded by a single sacral-mounted IMU (IMU method: IMUM) to estimate Fz,max. The second aim of this study was to estimate tc and tf using the same IMU data. The vertical acceleration threshold of an already existing IMUM was modified to detect foot-strike and toe-off events instead of effective foot-strike and toe-off events. Thus, tc and tf estimations were obtained instead of effective contact and flight time estimations. One hundred runners ran at 9, 11, and 13 km/h. IMU data (208 Hz) and force data (200 Hz) were acquired by a sacral-mounted IMU and an instrumented treadmill, respectively. The errors obtained when comparing Fz,max, tc, and tf estimated using the IMUM to Fz,max, tc, and tf measured using the GSM were comparable to the errors obtained using previously published methods. In fact, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.15 BW (6%) was obtained for Fz,max while a RMSE of 20 ms was reported for both tc and tf (8% and 18%, respectively). Moreover, even though small systematic biases of 0.07 BW for Fz,max and 13 ms for tc and tf were reported, the RMSEs were smaller than the smallest real differences [Fz,max: 0.28 BW (11%), tc: 32.0 ms (13%), and tf: 32.0 ms (30%)], indicating no clinically important difference between the GSM and IMUM. Therefore, these results support the use of the IMUM to estimate Fz,max, tc, and tf for level treadmill runs at low running speeds, especially because an IMU has the advantage to be low-cost and portable and therefore seems very practical for coaches and healthcare professionals.
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There Is No Global Running Pattern More Economic Than Another at Endurance Running Speeds. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:659-662. [PMID: 35008037 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The subjective Volodalen® score (V®score) and the objective duty factor metric can both assess global running patterns. The authors aimed to investigate the relation between running economy (RE) at endurance running speeds and the global running pattern quantified using both subjective and objective measures. METHODS RE and 3-dimensional whole-body kinematics were acquired by indirect calorimetry and an optoelectronic system, respectively, for 52 trained runners during treadmill runs at 10, 12, and 14 km/h. RESULTS Correlations between RE and V®score and RE and duty factor were negligible and nonsignificant across speeds tested (P ≥ .20), except for a low and significant correlation between RE and V®score at 10 km/h. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest there is no global running pattern more economic than another at endurance running speeds. Therefore, there is no advantage of choosing, favoring, or prescribing one specific global running pattern along a continuum based on V®score or duty factor metrics, and coaches should not try to modify the spontaneous running pattern of runners at endurance running speed to improve RE.
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Patoz A, Lussiana T, Breine B, Piguet E, Gyuriga J, Gindre C, Malatesta D. Using statistical parametric mapping to assess the association of duty factor and step frequency on running kinetic. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1044363. [PMID: 36545285 PMCID: PMC9760857 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1044363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Duty factor (DF) and step frequency (SF) were previously defined as the key running pattern determinants. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the association of DF and SF on 1) the vertical and fore-aft ground reaction force signals using statistical parametric mapping; 2) the force related variables (peaks, loading rates, impulses); and 3) the spring-mass characteristics of the lower limb, assessed by computing the force-length relationship and leg stiffness, for treadmill runs at several endurance running speeds. One hundred and fifteen runners ran at 9, 11, and 13 km/h. Force data (1000 Hz) and whole-body three-dimensional kinematics (200 Hz) were acquired by an instrumented treadmill and optoelectronic system, respectively. Both lower DF and SF led to larger vertical and fore-aft ground reaction force fluctuations, but to a lower extent for SF than for DF. Besides, the linearity of the force-length relationship during the leg compression decreased with increasing DF or with decreasing SF but did not change during the leg decompression. These findings showed that the lower the DF and the higher the SF, the more the runner relies on the optimization of the spring-mass model, whereas the higher the DF and the lower the SF, the more the runner promotes forward propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Patoz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland
| | - Thibault Lussiana
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department, Volodalen, France.,Research Unit EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Bastiaan Breine
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eliott Piguet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Gyuriga
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Gindre
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department, Volodalen, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Patoz A, Lussiana T, Breine B, Gindre C, Malatesta D. A Multivariate Polynomial Regression to Reconstruct Ground Contact and Flight Times Based on a Sine Wave Model for Vertical Ground Reaction Force and Measured Effective Timings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:687951. [PMID: 34805103 PMCID: PMC8599988 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.687951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective contact (tce) and flight (tfe) times, instead of ground contact (tc) and flight (tf) times, are usually collected outside the laboratory using inertial sensors. Unfortunately, tce and tfe cannot be related to tc and tf because the exact shape of vertical ground reaction force is unknown. However, using a sine wave approximation for vertical force, tce and tc as well as tfe and tf could be related. Indeed, under this approximation, a transcendental equation was obtained and solved numerically over a tce x tfe grid. Then, a multivariate polynomial regression was applied to the numerical outcome. In order to reach a root-mean-square error of 0.5 ms, the final model was given by an eighth-order polynomial. As a direct application, this model was applied to experimentally measured tce values. Then, reconstructed tc (using the model) was compared to corresponding experimental ground truth. A systematic bias of 35 ms was depicted, demonstrating that ground truth tc values were larger than reconstructed ones. Nonetheless, error in the reconstruction of tc from tce was coming from the sine wave approximation, while the polynomial regression did not introduce further error. The presented model could be added to algorithms within sports watches to provide robust estimations of tc and tf in real time, which would allow coaches and practitioners to better evaluate running performance and to prevent running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Patoz
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland
| | - Thibault Lussiana
- Research and Development Department Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department Volodalen, Chavéria, France.,Research Unit EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Bastiaan Breine
- Research and Development Department Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cyrille Gindre
- Research and Development Department Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department Volodalen, Chavéria, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Both a single sacral marker and the whole-body center of mass accurately estimate peak vertical ground reaction force in running. Gait Posture 2021; 89:186-192. [PMID: 34325223 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While running, the human body absorbs repetitive shocks with every step. These shocks can be quantified by the peak vertical ground reaction force (Fv,max). To measure so, using a force plate is the gold standard method (GSM), but not always at hand. In this case, a motion capture system might be an alternative if it accurately estimates Fv,max. RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of this study was to estimate Fv,max based on motion capture data and validate the obtained estimates with force plate-based measures. METHODS One hundred and fifteen runners participated at this study and ran at 9, 11, and 13 km/h. Force data (1000 Hz) and whole-body kinematics (200 Hz) were acquired with an instrumented treadmill and an optoelectronic system, respectively. The vertical ground reaction force was reconstructed from either the whole-body center of mass (COM-M) or sacral marker (SACR-M) accelerations, calculated as the second derivative of their respective positions, and further low-pass filtered using several cutoff frequencies (2-20 Hz) and a fourth-order Butterworth filter. RESULTS The most accurate estimations of Fv,max were obtained using 5 and 4 Hz cutoff frequencies for the filtering of COM and sacral marker accelerations, respectively. GSM, COM-M, and SACR-M were not significantly different at 11 km/h but were at 9 and 13 km/h. The comparison between GSM and COM-M or SACR-M for each speed depicted root mean square error (RMSE) smaller or equal to 0.17BW (≤6.5 %) and no systematic bias at 11 km/h but small systematic biases at 9 and 13 km/h (≤0.09 BW). COM-M gave systematic biases three times smaller than SACR-M and two times smaller RMSE. SIGNIFICANCE The findings of this study support the use of either COM-M or SACR-M using data filtered at 5 and 4 Hz, respectively, to estimate Fv,max during level treadmill runs at endurance speeds.
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