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Mariello M, Eş I, Proctor CM. Soft and Flexible Bioelectronic Micro-Systems for Electronically Controlled Drug Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302969. [PMID: 37924224 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of targeted and controlled drug delivery, which directs treatment to precise anatomical sites, offers benefits such as fewer side effects, reduced toxicity, optimized dosages, and quicker responses. However, challenges remain to engineer dependable systems and materials that can modulate host tissue interactions and overcome biological barriers. To stay aligned with advancements in healthcare and precision medicine, novel approaches and materials are imperative to improve effectiveness, biocompatibility, and tissue compliance. Electronically controlled drug delivery (ECDD) has recently emerged as a promising approach to calibrated drug delivery with spatial and temporal precision. This article covers recent breakthroughs in soft, flexible, and adaptable bioelectronic micro-systems designed for ECDD. It overviews the most widely reported operational modes, materials engineering strategies, electronic interfaces, and characterization techniques associated with ECDD systems. Further, it delves into the pivotal applications of ECDD in wearable, ingestible, and implantable medical devices. Finally, the discourse extends to future prospects and challenges for ECDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mariello
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ismail Eş
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Christopher M Proctor
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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2
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Li H, Shi Y, Ding X, Zhen C, Lin G, Wang F, Tang B, Li X. Recent advances in transdermal insulin delivery technology: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133452. [PMID: 38942414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery refers to the administration of drugs through the skin, after which the drugs can directly act on or circulate through the body to the target organs or cells and avoid the first-pass metabolism in the liver and kidneys experienced by oral drugs, reducing the risk of drug poisoning. From the initial singular approach to transdermal drug delivery, there has been a shift toward combining multiple methods to enhance drug permeation efficiency and address the limitations of individual approaches. Technological advancements have also improved the accuracy of drug delivery. Optimizing insulin itself also enables its long-term release via needle-free injectors. In this review, the diverse transdermal delivery methods employed in insulin therapy and their respective advantages and limitations are discussed. By considering factors such as the principles of transdermal penetration, drug delivery efficiency, research progress, synergistic innovations among different methods, patient compliance, skin damage, and posttreatment skin recovery, a comprehensive evaluation is presented, along with prospects for potential novel combinatorial approaches. Furthermore, as insulin is a macromolecular drug, insights gained from its transdermal delivery may also serve as a valuable reference for the use of other macromolecular drugs for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China; School of Arts and Design, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Xinbing Ding
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China.
| | - Chengdong Zhen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Guimei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China.
| | - Bingtao Tang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- School of Arts and Design, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
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Plano D, Kibler S, Rudolph N, Zett O, Dressman J. Silicon-Based Piezo Micropumps Enable Fully Flexible Drug Delivery Patterns. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1555-1565. [PMID: 38232804 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Drug release plays a crucial role in drug delivery. While current formulation approaches are capable of coarse-tuning the release profile, their precision and reproducibility are limited by the physicochemical properties of the excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Innovative and advanced approaches are urgently needed, especially for site-specific targeting of drugs and to address their pharmacological requirements for optimal therapy. The 5 × 5 × 0.6 mm3 piezoelectric micropump developed by Fraunhofer EMFT was designed to enable precise drug delivery in a low volume format. In this study, we investigated the ability of the micropump to deliver solutions of highly soluble APIs using a wide range of customized pump profiles. Additionally, we examined the ability of the micropump to deliver suspensions containing various defined particle sizes. While results for suspensions indicate that pumping performance is highly dependent on the size and concentration of the suspended particles, results with API solutions demonstrate high precision and reproducibility of release, coupled with maximum flexibility in the release profile of the API. The piezoelectric micropump thus lays the cornerstone in the development of a wide range of innovative drug delivery profiles, enabling customized release profiles to be programmed and thus paving the way to fully personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Plano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicines and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kibler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies EMFT, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas Rudolph
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicines and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Zett
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies EMFT, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicines and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Badali V, Checa S, Zehn MM, Marinkovic D, Mohammadkhah M. Computational design and evaluation of the mechanical and electrical behavior of a piezoelectric scaffold: a preclinical study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1261108. [PMID: 38274011 PMCID: PMC10808828 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1261108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Piezoelectric scaffolds have been recently developed to explore their potential to enhance the bone regeneration process using the concept of piezoelectricity, which also inherently occurs in bone. In addition to providing mechanical support during bone healing, with a suitable design, they are supposed to produce electrical signals that ought to favor the cell responses. In this study, using finite element analysis (FEA), a piezoelectric scaffold was designed with the aim of providing favorable ranges of mechanical and electrical signals when implanted in a large bone defect in a large animal model, so that it could inform future pre-clinical studies. A parametric analysis was then performed to evaluate the effect of the scaffold design parameters with regard to the piezoelectric behavior of the scaffold. The designed scaffold consisted of a porous strut-like structure with piezoelectric patches covering its free surfaces within the scaffold pores. The results showed that titanium or PCL for the scaffold and barium titanate (BT) for the piezoelectric patches are a promising material combination to generate favorable ranges of voltage, as reported in experimental studies. Furthermore, the analysis of variance showed the thickness of the piezoelectric patches to be the most influential geometrical parameter on the generation of electrical signals in the scaffold. This study shows the potential of computer tools for the optimization of scaffold designs and suggests that patches of piezoelectric material, attached to the scaffold surfaces, can deliver favorable ranges of electrical stimuli to the cells that might promote bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Badali
- Department of Structural Mechanics and Analysis, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Checa
- Department of Structural Mechanics and Analysis, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred M. Zehn
- Department of Structural Mechanics and Analysis, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dragan Marinkovic
- Department of Structural Mechanics and Analysis, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melika Mohammadkhah
- Department of Structural Mechanics and Analysis, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wang J, Zhang F, Gui Z, Wen Y, Zeng Y, Xie T, Tan T, Chen B, Zhang J. Design and Analysis of a Cardioid Flow Tube Valveless Piezoelectric Pump for Medical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:122. [PMID: 38202984 PMCID: PMC10781215 DOI: 10.3390/s24010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Piezoelectric pumps play an important role in modern medical technology. To improve the flow rate of valveless piezoelectric pumps with flow tube structures and promote the miniaturization and integration of their designs, a cardioid flow tube valveless piezoelectric pump (CFTVPP) is proposed in this study. The symmetric dual-bend tube design of CFTVPP holds great potential in applications such as fluid mixing and heat dissipation systems. The structure and working principle of the CFTVPP are analyzed, and flow resistance and velocity equations are established. Furthermore, the flow characteristics of the cardioid flow tube (CFT) are investigated through computational fluid dynamics, and the output performance of valveless piezoelectric pumps with different bend radii is studied. Experimental results demonstrate that CFTVPP exhibits the pumping effect, with a maximum vibration amplitude of 182.5 μm (at 22 Hz, 100 V) and a maximum output flow rate of 5.69 mL/min (at 25 Hz, 100 V). The results indicate that a smaller bend radius of the converging bend leads to a higher output flow rate, while the performance of valveless piezoelectric pumps with different diverging bends shows insignificant differences. The CFTVPP offers advantages such as a high output flow rate, low cost, small size for easy integration, and ease of manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianhui Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.W.); (Z.G.)
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Ni J, Xuan W, Li Y, Chen J, Li W, Cao Z, Dong S, Jin H, Sun L, Luo J. Analytical and experimental study of a valveless piezoelectric micropump with high flowrate and pressure load. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:72. [PMID: 37283782 PMCID: PMC10239756 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized gas pumps based on electromagnetic effect have been intensively studied and widely applied in industries. However, the electromagnetic effect-based gas pumps normally have large sizes, high levels of noises and high power consumption, thus they are not suitable for wearable/portable applications. Herein, we propose a high-flowrate and high-pressure load valveless piezoelectric micropump with dimensions of 16 mm*16 mm*5 mm. The working frequency, vibration mode and displacement of the piezoelectric actuator, the velocity of gas flow, and the volume flowrate of the micropump are analyzed using the finite element analysis method. The maximum vibration amplitude of the piezoelectric actuator reaches ~29.4 μm. The output gas flowrate of the pump is approximately 135 mL/min, and the maximum output pressure exceeds 40 kPa. Then, a prototype of the piezoelectric micropump is fabricated. Results show that performance of the micropump is highly consistent with the numerical analysis with a high flowrate and pressure load, demonstrated its great potential for wearable/portable applications, especially for blood pressure monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Ni
- Ministry of Education Key Lab. of RF Circuits and Systems, College of Electron. & Info., Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Large-Scale Integrated Circuit Design, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Weipeng Xuan
- Ministry of Education Key Lab. of RF Circuits and Systems, College of Electron. & Info., Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Large-Scale Integrated Circuit Design, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Yilin Li
- Ministry of Education Key Lab. of RF Circuits and Systems, College of Electron. & Info., Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Large-Scale Integrated Circuit Design, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Jinkai Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Lab. of RF Circuits and Systems, College of Electron. & Info., Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Large-Scale Integrated Circuit Design, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Ministry of Education Key Lab. of RF Circuits and Systems, College of Electron. & Info., Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Large-Scale Integrated Circuit Design, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Key Lab. of Adv. Micro/Nano Electron. Dev. & Smart Sys. of Zhejiang, College of Info. Sci. & Electronic Eng., Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400 China
| | - Shurong Dong
- Key Lab. of Adv. Micro/Nano Electron. Dev. & Smart Sys. of Zhejiang, College of Info. Sci. & Electronic Eng., Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400 China
| | - Hao Jin
- Key Lab. of Adv. Micro/Nano Electron. Dev. & Smart Sys. of Zhejiang, College of Info. Sci. & Electronic Eng., Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400 China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Lab. of RF Circuits and Systems, College of Electron. & Info., Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Large-Scale Integrated Circuit Design, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Jikui Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Lab. of RF Circuits and Systems, College of Electron. & Info., Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Key Lab. of Adv. Micro/Nano Electron. Dev. & Smart Sys. of Zhejiang, College of Info. Sci. & Electronic Eng., Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400 China
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Tecpoyotl-Torres M, Vargas-Chable P, Escobedo-Alatorre J, Cisneros-Villalobos L, Sarabia-Vergara J. Z-Shaped Electrothermal Microgripper Based on Novel Asymmetric Actuator. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1460. [PMID: 36144083 PMCID: PMC9504983 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on a V-shaped microactuator with a pair of beams, modifications were made to the length and width of a microactuator to observe the effects. A theoretical approach and numerical characterization of the modified microactuator were performed. Its performance was compared to a similar microactuator with equal beam widths, and a V-shaped microactuator. The proposed microactuator, fed at 2 V, compared to the V-shaped actuator, showed a 370.48% increase in force, but a 29.8% decrease in displacement. The equivalent von Mises stress level increased (until 74.2 MPa), but was below the silicon ultimate stress. When the modified microactuator was applied to the proposed microgripper, compared to the case using a V-shaped actuator, the displacement between the jaws increased from 0.85 µm to 4.85 µm, the force from 42.11 mN to 73.61 mN, and the natural frequency from 11.36 kHz to 37.99 kHz; although the temperature increased, on average, from 42 °C up to 73 °C, it is not a critical value for many microobjects. The maximum equivalent von Mises stress was equal to 68.65 MPa. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that the new modified microactuator with damping elements is useful for the proposed microgripper of novel geometry, while a reduced area is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Tecpoyotl-Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas (IICBA-CIICAp), Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Pedro Vargas-Chable
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas (IICBA-CIICAp), Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería (FCQeI), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Jesus Escobedo-Alatorre
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas (IICBA-CIICAp), Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Luis Cisneros-Villalobos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería (FCQeI), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Josahandy Sarabia-Vergara
- Licenciatura en Tecnología con Área Terminal en Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
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Ficai D, Gheorghe M, Dolete G, Mihailescu B, Svasta P, Ficai A, Constantinescu G, Andronescu E. Microelectromechanical Systems Based on Magnetic Polymer Films. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030351. [PMID: 35334643 PMCID: PMC8952241 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have been increasingly used worldwide in a wide range of applications, including high tech, energy, medicine or environmental applications. Magnetic polymer composite films have been used extensively in the development of the micropumps and valves, which are critical components of the microelectromechanical systems. Based on the literature survey, several polymers and magnetic micro and nanopowders can be identified and, depending on their nature, ratio, processing route and the design of the device, their performances can be tuned from simple valves and pumps to biomimetic devices, such as, for instance, hearth ventricles. In many such devices, polymer magnetic films are used, the disposal of the magnetic component being either embedded into the polymer or coated on the polymer. One or more actuation zones can be used and the flow rate can be mono-directional or bi-directional depending on the design. In this paper, we review the main advances in the development of these magnetic polymer films and derived MEMS: microvalve, micropump, micromixer, microsensor, drug delivery micro-systems, magnetic labeling and separation microsystems, etc. It is important to mention that these MEMS are continuously improving from the point of view of performances, energy consumption and actuation mechanism and a clear tendency in developing personalized treatment. Due to the improved energy efficiency of special materials, wearable devices are developed and be suitable for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Ficai
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (G.D.); (E.A.)
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marin Gheorghe
- Center for Technological Electronics and Interconnection Techniques, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bulevardul Iuliu Maniu, 061071 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.); (B.M.); (P.S.)
- NANOM—MEMS, George Cosbuc 9, 505400 Rasnov, Romania
| | - Georgiana Dolete
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (G.D.); (E.A.)
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Mihailescu
- Center for Technological Electronics and Interconnection Techniques, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bulevardul Iuliu Maniu, 061071 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.); (B.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Paul Svasta
- Center for Technological Electronics and Interconnection Techniques, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bulevardul Iuliu Maniu, 061071 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.); (B.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Anton Ficai
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (G.D.); (E.A.)
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriel Constantinescu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (G.D.); (E.A.)
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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