1
|
Mariello M, Eş I, Proctor CM. Soft and Flexible Bioelectronic Micro-Systems for Electronically Controlled Drug Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2302969. [PMID: 37924224 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of targeted and controlled drug delivery, which directs treatment to precise anatomical sites, offers benefits such as fewer side effects, reduced toxicity, optimized dosages, and quicker responses. However, challenges remain to engineer dependable systems and materials that can modulate host tissue interactions and overcome biological barriers. To stay aligned with advancements in healthcare and precision medicine, novel approaches and materials are imperative to improve effectiveness, biocompatibility, and tissue compliance. Electronically controlled drug delivery (ECDD) has recently emerged as a promising approach to calibrated drug delivery with spatial and temporal precision. This article covers recent breakthroughs in soft, flexible, and adaptable bioelectronic micro-systems designed for ECDD. It overviews the most widely reported operational modes, materials engineering strategies, electronic interfaces, and characterization techniques associated with ECDD systems. Further, it delves into the pivotal applications of ECDD in wearable, ingestible, and implantable medical devices. Finally, the discourse extends to future prospects and challenges for ECDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mariello
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ismail Eş
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Christopher M Proctor
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Q, Luo L, Xu C, Song S, Wang Y, Zhang L, Tang Y, Texter J. Palladium Enhanced Iron Active Site - An Efficient Dual-Atom Catalyst for Oxygen Electroreduction. Small 2023; 19:e2303321. [PMID: 37211682 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-C/N) electrocatalysts have been shown to have satisfactory catalytic activity and long-term durability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Here, a strategy to prepare a new electrocatalyst (Fe&Pd-C/N) using a unique metal-containing ionic liquid (IL) is exploited, in which Fe & Pd ions are positively charged species atomically dispersed by coordination to the N of the N-doped C substrate, C/N. X-ray absorption fine structure, XPS and aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy results verified a well-defined dual-atom configuration comprising Fe+2.x -N4 coupled Pd2+ -N4 sites and well-defined spatial distribution. Electronic control of a coupled Fe-Pd structure produces an electrocatalyst that exhibits superior performance with enhanced activity and durability for the ORR compared to that of commercial Pt/C (20%, Johnson Matthey) in both alkaline and acid media. Density functional theory calculations indicate that Pd atom can enhance the catalytic activity of the Fe active sites adjacent to Pd sites by changing the electronic orbital structure and Bader charge of the Fe centers. The excellent catalytic performance of the Fe&Pd-C/N electrocatalyst is demonstrated in zinc-air batteries and hydrogen-air fuel cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Liangmei Luo
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Shizhu Song
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Tang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - John Texter
- Coating Research Institute, School of Engineering, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jaikla W, Buakhong U, Siripongdee S, Khateb F, Sotner R, Silapan P, Suwanjan P, Chaichana A. Single Commercially Available IC-Based Electronically Controllable Voltage-Mode First-Order Multifunction Filter with Complete Standard Functions and Low Output Impedance. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21217376. [PMID: 34770682 PMCID: PMC8587353 DOI: 10.3390/s21217376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the design of a voltage-mode three-input single-output multifunction first-order filter employing commercially available LT1228 IC for easy verification of the proposed circuit by laboratory measurements. The proposed filter is very simple, consisting of a single LT1228 as an active device with two resistors and one capacitor. The output voltage node is low impedance, resulting in an easy cascade-ability with other voltage-mode configurations. The proposed filter provides four filter responses: low-pass filter (LP), high-pass filter (HP), inverting all-pass filter (AP−), and non-inverting all-pass filter (AP+) in the same circuit configuration. The selection of output filter responses can be conducted without additional inverting or double gains, which is easy to be controlled by the digital method. The control of pole frequency and phase response can be conducted electronically through the bias current (IB). The matching condition during tuning the phase response with constant voltage gain is not required. Moreover, the pass-band voltage gain of the LP and HP functions can be controlled by adjusting the value of resistors without affecting the pole frequency and phase response. Additionally, the phase responses of the AP filters can be selected as both lagging or leading phase responses. The parasitic effects on the filtering performances were also analyzed and studied. The performances of the proposed filter were simulated and experimented with a ±5 V voltage supply. For the AP+ experimental result, the leading phase response for 1 kHz to 1 MHz frequency changed from 180 to 0 degrees. For the AP− experimental result, the lagging phase response for 1 kHz to 1 MHz frequency changed from 0 to −180 degrees. The design of the quadrature oscillator based on the proposed first-order filter is also included as an application example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Winai Jaikla
- Department of Engineering Education, School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; (U.B.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-81305-1643
| | - Unchittha Buakhong
- Department of Engineering Education, School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; (U.B.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Surapong Siripongdee
- Department of Engineering Education, School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; (U.B.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Fabian Khateb
- Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology, Technická 10, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Information and Communication Technology in Medicine, Czech Technical University in Prague, Nám. Sítná 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Sotner
- Department of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology, 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Phamorn Silapan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakornpathom 73000, Thailand;
| | - Peerawut Suwanjan
- Department of Engineering Education, School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; (U.B.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Amornchai Chaichana
- Department of Engineering Education, School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; (U.B.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prokop R, Sotner R, Kledrowetz V. The CMOS Highly Linear Current Amplifier with Current Controlled Gain for Sensor Measurement Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20164653. [PMID: 32824797 PMCID: PMC7472288 DOI: 10.3390/s20164653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new current-controlled current-amplifier suitable for precise measurement applications. This amplifier was developed with strong emphasis on linearity leading to low total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output signal, and on linearity of the gain control. The presented circuit is characterized by low input and high output impedances. Current consumption is significantly smaller than with conventional quadratic current multipliers and is comparable in order to the maximum processed input current, which is ±200 µA. This circuit is supposed to be used in many sensor applications, as well as a precise current multiplier for general analog current signal processing. The presented amplifier (current multiplier) was designed by an uncommon topology based on linear sub-blocks using MOS transistors working in their linear region. The described circuit was designed and fabricated in a C035 I3T25 0.35-µm ON Semiconductor process because of the demand of the intended application for higher supply voltage. Nevertheless, the topology is suitable also for modern smaller CMOS technologies and lower supply voltages. The performance of the circuit was verified by laboratory measurement with parameters comparable to the Cadence simulation results and presented here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Prokop
- Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology (BUT), Technicka 3058/10, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Roman Sotner
- Department of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology (BUT), Technicka 3082/12, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Vilem Kledrowetz
- Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology (BUT), Technicka 3058/10, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan EKW, Shrestha PK, Pansare AV, Chakrabarti S, Li S, Chu D, Lowe CR, Nagarkar AA. Density Modulation of Embedded Nanoparticles via Spatial, Temporal, and Chemical Control Elements. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1901802. [PMID: 31691381 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle polymer composites have enabled material multifunctionalities that are difficult to obtain otherwise. A simple modification to a commercially available resin system enables a universal methodology to embed nanoparticles in resins via spatial, temporal, thermal, concentration, and chemical control parameters. Changes in nanoparticle density distribution are exploited to demonstrate dynamic optical and electronic properties that can be processed on-demand, without the need for expensive equipment or cleanroom facilities. This strategy provides access to the control of optical (cooperative plasmonic effects), electronic (insulator to a conductor), and chemical parameters (multimetal patterning). Using the same composite resin system, the followings are fabricated: i) diffraction gratings with tuneable diffraction efficiencies (10-78% diffraction efficiencies), ii) organic electrochemical transistors with a low drive voltage, and iii) embedded electrodes in confined spaces for potential diagnostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward K W Tan
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Pawan K Shrestha
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Amol V Pansare
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhananda Chakrabarti
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shunpu Li
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Daping Chu
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Christopher R Lowe
- Cambridge Academy of Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Amit A Nagarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|