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Ojo O, Vaňková Z, Beesley L, Wickramasinghe N, Komárek M. Evaluating the effectiveness of sulfidated nano zerovalent iron and sludge co-application for reducing metal mobility in contaminated soil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8322. [PMID: 38594335 PMCID: PMC11004183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Sewage sludge has long been applied to soils as a fertilizer yet may be enriched with leachable metal(loid)s and other pollutants. Sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) has proven effective at metal sorption; however, risks associated with the use of engineered nanoparticles cannot be neglected. This study investigated the effects of the co-application of composted sewage sludge with S-nZVI for the stabilization of Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn. Five treatments (control, Fe grit, composted sludge, S-nZVI, composted sludge and S-nZVI), two leaching fluids; synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) fluid were used, samples were incubated at different time intervals of 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months. Fe grit proved most efficient in reducing the concentration of extractable metals in the batch experiment; the mixture of composted sludge and S-nZVI was the most effective in reducing the leachability of metals in the column systems, while S-nZVI was the most efficient for reducing about 80% of Zn concentration in soil solution. Thus, the combination of two amendments, S-nZVI incorporated with composted sewage sludge and Fe grit proved most effective at reducing metal leaching and possibly lowering the associated risks. Future work should investigate the longer-term efficiency of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolola Ojo
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vaňková
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Luke Beesley
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Niluka Wickramasinghe
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Komárek
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Sultana N, Roddick FA, Pramanik BK. Fat, oil and grease wastewater and dishwashers: Uncovering the link to FOG deposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168032. [PMID: 37898191 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Fats, oils, and grease (FOG) in wastewater generated by commercial food establishments can cause severe environmental damage if not adequately treated. Grease interceptors (GIs) are an effective solution to limit FOG disposal into the sewer, but their efficiency greatly depends on the wastewater's characteristics. This laboratory study examined the physical and chemical properties of synthetic FOG wastewater from handwashing sinks and dishwashers using cooked animal fats and oils, some food solids and the same amount of detergent to explore the impact of dishwashers on key FOG components that contribute to FOG depositions. Results showed that dishwasher-generated wastewater had a significant influence on fatty acid (FA) transformations, particularly in producing very long chain saturated FAs. Relative proportions of FAs revealed a considerable proportion of very long chain FAs, such as palmitoleic (C16:1), linoleic (C18:2), α-linolenic (C18:3), arachidic (C20:0), paullinic (C20:1), behenic (C22:0), erucic (C22:1), lignoceric (C24:0) and nervonic (C24:1), among which most were not highlighted in the real field FOG wastewater. These FAs may play a significant role in FOG solidification if not sufficiently removed before disposal to sewer. The study also found that dishwashers were able to break down FOG particles, creating smaller particles (75 % being ≤68.8 μm and 50 % being ≤7 μm), while handwashing sinks produced larger particles (50 % being ≤118 μm and 10 % being ≤7 μm and). Samples containing cooked animal fats were more likely to be fragmented into smaller sizes than cooking oils due to the impact of the dishwasher. Confocal microscopy analysis results were consistent with the particle sizes measured by laser diffraction. These distinct properties could serve as criteria for updating GI designs, limiting the amount of FOG and FAs disposed of in the sewer system and controlling solidification and blockages, which pose significant threats to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufa Sultana
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Shi HX, Liu SY, Guo JS, Fang F, Chen YP, Yan P. Potential role of AgNPs within wastewater in deteriorating sludge floc structure and settleability during activated sludge process: Filamentous bacteria and quorum sensing. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119536. [PMID: 37972492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Excellent sludge floc structure and settleability are essential to maintain the process stability and excellent effluent quality during the activated sludge process. The underlying effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) within wastewater on sludge floc structure and settleability is still unclear. The potential role of AgNPs in promoting filamentous bacterial proliferation and deteriorating sludge floc structure and settleability based on quorum sensing (QS) were investigated in this study. The results indicated that N-acyl homoserine lactose (AHL) concentration sharply increased from 23.56 to 108.41 ng/g VSS in the sequencing batch reactor with 1 mg/L AgNPs. AgNPs strengthened communication between filamentous bacteria, which triggered the filamentous bacterial QS system involving the synthetic gene hdtS and sensing genes traR and lasR. Filamentous bacterial proliferation was promoted by the triggered QS via positively regulating its cell cycle progression including chromosomal replication and divisome formation. In addition, extracellular protein production was obviously increased from 43.56 to 97.91 mg/g VSS through QS by regulating arginine and tyrosine secretion during filamentous bacterial proliferation under 1 mg/L AgNPs condition, which led to an increase in the negative charge and hydrophily at the cell surface. AgNPs resulted in an obvious increase in the surface energy barrier (WT) between bacteria. The change in the physicochemical properties of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) induced by QS among filamentous bacteria obviously inhibited bacterial aggregation between filamentous bacteria and floc-forming bacteria under AgNPs condition, thus resulting in serious deterioration of the sludge floc structure and settleability. This study provided new insights into the microcosmic mechanism for the effect of AgNPs on sludge floc structure and settleability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xin Shi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Shao-Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, AL, 36082, USA
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - You-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Ibangha IAI, Madueke SN, Akachukwu SO, Onyeiwu SC, Enemuor SC, Chigor VN. Physicochemical and bacteriological assessment of Wupa wastewater treatment plant effluent and the effluent-receiving Wupa River in Abuja, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 196:30. [PMID: 38072841 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pathogens in discharged wastewater effluent may constitute potential public health risks. This study assessed the physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of water samples taken from the Wupa River in Abuja, Nigeria, which receives the final effluent of the Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant. Sixty sewage/water samples were collected over 12 months from five sampling points. Coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli were simultaneously enumerated using the membrane filtration technique and Chromocult Coliform Agar. HANNA multiparameter metre was used to measure the physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO) and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results of the bacteriological analysis showed that impermissible high mean counts of E. coli (≥ 1.2 × 104 CFU/100 ml) and total coliforms (≥ 5.4 × 104 CFU/100 ml) were detected in 95% and 100% of the water samples respectively. These values exceed the acceptable standard limits. The mean values of physicochemical parameters ranged from 6.3 to 8.7, 20.9 to 27.3 °C, 116 to 325.0 µS/cm, 1.3 to 11.4 mg/l and 98.0 to 180.0 mg/l for pH, temperature, EC, DO and TDS respectively, with all conforming to international and national standards. Wupa River seems to have a minor negative environmental impact, per the physicochemical data obtained in this study. However, the high counts of faecal indicator bacteria demonstrated in the effluent samples were higher than those of the river at both upstream and downstream sites, implying that the river microbial load may increase to constitute an unchecked environmental hazard. Adequate disinfection of the Wupa plant effluent before discharge into the Wupa River is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ini-Abasi I Ibangha
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Stella N Madueke
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Sunday O Akachukwu
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Stella C Onyeiwu
- Department of Food Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Simeon C Enemuor
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Vincent N Chigor
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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Sackey LN, Koomson J, Kumi R, Hayford AA, Kayoung P. Assessing the quality of sewage sludge: CASE study of the Kumasi wastewater treatment plant. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19550. [PMID: 37809887 PMCID: PMC10558785 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural application is the primary method of recycling sewage sludge. It is an alternative for recycling this residue, providing nutrients and organic matter to crops and soil. However, sewage treatment and management issues may impact its quality. The main objective of the research was to determine the quality of sewage sludge generated at the Kumasi Wastewater Treatment Plant (KWTP). Understanding the effects of using sludge on soil and plants is critical. To overcome this constraint, the soil microbial biomass was used to quantify the growth of microorganisms. The levels of potentially toxic elements in the sludge using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) are based on US EPA part 503 regulations for the disposal and management of biosolids. This study found that trace metal concentrations in the biosolids were lower than the referenced background standards threshold. Although the microbial biomass, nutrients and bacteria levels were within the accepted values for their possible use as soil fertilizer. The ecological risk index (135.10) indicated that the level of arsenic was high in the sludge. The salinity in the sludge was low, with electrical conductivity (EC) being high (60.80-436.00 μS/cm) and pH decreasing with age (6.73-7.69). The sludge produced at KWTP is of good quality and meets international standards with only a high concentration of As. This can be used for soil amendment when As is reduced in the sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon N.A. Sackey
- Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Joana Koomson
- Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Kumi
- Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Anthony A. Hayford
- Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Phebe Kayoung
- Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Ahmad I, Abdullah N, Koji I, Yuzir A, Ahmad MD, Rachmadona N, Al-Dailami A, Show PL, Khoo KS. Micro and macro analysis of restaurant wastewater containing fat, oil, grease (FOG): An approach based on prevention, control, and sustainable management. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138236. [PMID: 36868419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The number of restaurants is increasing day by day in almost all the developing countries, causing the increase in the generation of restaurant wastewater. Various activities (i.e., cleaning, washing, and cooking) going on in the restaurant kitchen lead to restaurant wastewater (RWW). RWW has high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, and solids. RWW also contains fats, oil, and grease (FOG) in alarmingly high concentration, which after congealing can constrict the sewer lines, leading to blockages, backups, and sanitatry sewer overflows (SSOs). The paper provides an insight to the details of RWW containing FOG collected from a gravity grease interceptor at a specific site in Malaysia, and its expected consequences and the sustainable management plan as prevention, control, and mitigation (PCM) approach. The results showed that the concentrations of pollutants are very high as compared to the discharge standards given by Department of Environment, Malaysia. Maximum values for COD, BOD and FOG in the restaurant wastewater samples were found to be 9948, 3170, and 1640 mg/l, respectively. FAME and FESEM analysis are done on the RWW containing FOG. In the FOG, palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) are the dominant lipid acids with a maximum of 41, 8.4, 43.2, and 11.5%, respectively. FESEM analysis showed formation of whitish layers fprmed due to the deposition of calcium salts. Furthermore, a novel design of indoor hydromechanical grease interceptor (HGI) was proposed in the study based on the Malaysian conditions of restaurant. The HGI was designed for a maximum flow rate of 132 L per minute and a maximum FOG capacity of 60 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Algae and Biomass Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Abdullah
- UTM International, Level 8, Menara Razak, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia.
| | - Iwamoto Koji
- Algae and Biomass Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Ali Yuzir
- Department of Environmental and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Danish Ahmad
- Department of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202001, India
| | - Nova Rachmadona
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Anas Al-Dailami
- Algae and Biomass Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India; Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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