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Kushwaha PK, Srivastava SK. Tuning optoelectronic properties of indandione-based D-A materials by malononitrile group acceptors: A DFT and TD-DFT approach. J Mol Model 2024; 30:356. [PMID: 39347831 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Indandione-based materials are promising candidates for organic electronics, offering high electron mobility and tunable optoelectronic properties. In this study, we explore the optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of indandione-based donor-acceptor (D-A) materials, specifically (R1) and (R2), by introducing malononitrile group acceptors into their molecular structure. These strong electron-withdrawing acceptors are designed to enhance charge transfer and overall material performance. The designed molecules (DM1-DM4) exhibit a low optical band gap of approximately 1.77 eV, significantly lower than the reference materials (R1 and R2) at around 2.24 eV in a solvent environment. Among the designed molecules, DM4 stands out with superior photovoltaic parameters, including a narrow optical band gap (1.77 eV), higher electron affinity (3.49 eV), an extended excited state lifetime (10.0 ns) owing to its low electron and hole reorganization energies (λe ~ 0.13 eV and λh ~ 0.24 eV), and improved short-circuit current density (Jsc) of ~ 15.73 mA/cm2. Notably, DM4 achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ~ 18.5%, making it an excellent candidate for device applications. METHOD A comprehensive computational investigation was carried out on indandione-based D-A materials with malononitrile group acceptors (DM1-DM4) using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) methods, as implemented in Gaussian 16 software. We examined the electronic and optical properties of the proposed molecules through frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis, UV-Vis absorption spectra, density of states (DOS), exciton binding energy (Eb), and transition density matrix (TDM) analysis, utilizing GaussView 6.0 and Multiwfn 3.8 software. The photovoltaic parameters and power conversion efficiency (PCE) were evaluated using the Scharber and Alharbi models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, East Champaran, Bihar, 845401, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, East Champaran, Bihar, 845401, India.
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Athanasopoulos E, Conradie J. DFT study of the spectroscopic behaviour of different iron(II)-terpyridine derivatives with application in DSSCs. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108753. [PMID: 38461758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Through a comprehensive computational analysis utilizing Density Functional Theory (DFT), we clarify the electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of modified iron(II)-terpyridine derivatives, with the aim of enhancing the efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). We optimized a series of nineteen iron(II)-terpyridine derivatives and related compounds in acetonitrile (MeCN) as the solvent using TDDFT, evaluating their potential as dyes for DSSCs. From the conducted computations on the optimized geometries of the nineteen [Fe(Ln)2]2+ complexes, containing substituted terpyridine and related ligands L1-L19, we determined the wavelengths (λ in nm), transition energy (E in eV), oscillator strength (f), type of transitions, excited state lifetime (τ), light harvesting efficiency (LHE), frontier orbital character and their energies (ELUMO/EHOMO), natural transition orbitals (NTOs), injection driving force of a dye (ΔGinject), and regeneration driving force of a dye (ΔGregenerate). Results show that the theoretically calculated values for assessing dye efficiency in a DSSC correlate with available experimental values. The UV-visible spectra of [Fe(Ln)2]2+ exhibited a peak above 500 nm (λmax) in the visible region, attributed to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer band (LMCT) in literature, and a significant absorbance peak at approximately 300 nm (λA,max) in the UV region. The M06-D3/CEP-121G method replicated all reported λmax and λA,max values with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 21 and 18 nm, respectively. Our findings underscore the connections between electronic modifications and absorption spectra, emphasizing their impact on the light-harvesting capabilities and overall performance of DSSCs. This research contributes to the advancement of fundamental principles governing the design and optimization of novel photovoltaic materials, facilitating the development of more efficient and sustainable solar energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Athanasopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
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Zahoor A, Sadiq S, Khera RA, Essid M, Aloui Z, Alatawi NS, Ibrahim MAA, Hasanin THA, Waqas M. A DFT study for improving the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells by designing symmetric non-fullerene acceptors by quantum chemical modification on pre-existed LC81 molecule. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 125:108613. [PMID: 37659133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Minimizing the energy loss and improving the open circuit voltage of organic solar cells is still a primary concern for scientists working in this field. With the aim to enhance the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells by minimizing energy loss and improving open circuit voltage, seven new acceptor molecules (LC1-LC7) are presented in this work. These molecules are designed by modifying the terminal acceptors of pre-existed "LC81" molecule based on an indacinodithiophene (IDT) fused core. The end-group modification approach is very fruitful in ameliorating the efficacy and optoelectric behavior of OSCs. The newly developed molecules presented remarkable improvements in performance-related parameters and optoelectronic properties. Among all designed molecules, LC7 exhibited the highest absorption maxima (λmax = 869 nm) with the lowest band-gap (1.79 eV), lowest excitation energy (Ex = 1.42 eV), lowest binding energy, and highest excited state lifetime (0.41 ns). The newly designed molecules LC2, LC3, and LC4 exhibited remarkably improved Voc that was 1.84 eV, 1.82 eV, and 1.79 eV accordingly, compared to the LC81 molecule with Voc of 1.74 eV LC2 molecule showed significant improvement in fill factor compared to the previously presented LC81 molecule. LC2, LC6, and LC7 showed a remarkable reduction in energy loss by showing Eloss values of 0.26 eV, 0.18 eV, and 0.25 eV than LC81 molecule (0.37 eV). These findings validate the supremacy of these developed molecules (especially LC2) as potential components of future OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sonia Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rasheed Ahmad Khera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Manel Essid
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zouhaier Aloui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naifa S Alatawi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A A Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt; School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Tamer H A Hasanin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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Omotayo IA, Banjo S, Emmanuel OT, Felix LD, Kolawole OA, Dele OA, Olasegun AI, Dasola AM, Ayobami OO. Molecular properties and In silico bioactivity evaluation of (4-fluorophenyl)[5)-3-phen-(4-nitrophenyl yl-4,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl]methanone derivatives: DFT and molecular docking approaches. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2023; 18:1386-1405. [PMID: 37324403 PMCID: PMC10267600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Molecular structures, spectroscopic properties, charge distributions, frontier orbital energies, nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and molecular docking simulations were analyzed to examine the bio-usefulness of a series of (4-fluorophenyl)[5-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methanone derivatives. Methods The compounds were studied through computational methods. Equilibrium optimization of the compounds was performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory, and geometric parameters, frequency vibration, UV-vis spectroscopy and reactivity properties were predicted on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Results The energy gap (ΔEg), electron donating/accepting power (ω-/ω+) and electron density response toward electrophiles/nucleophiles calculated for M1 and M2 revealed the importance of substituent positioning on compound chemical behavior. In addition, ω-/ω+ and ΔEn/ΔEe indicated that M6 is more electrophilic because of the presence of two NO2 groups, which enhanced its NLO properties. The hyperpolarizability (β0) of the compounds ranged from 5.21 × 10-30 to 7.26 × 10-30 esu and was greater than that of urea; thus, M1-M6 were considered possible candidates for NLO applications. Docking simulation was also performed on the studied compounds and targets (PDB ID: 5ADH and 1RO6), and the calculated binding affinity and non-bonding interactions are reported. Conclusion The calculated ω- and ω+ indicated the electrophilic nature of the compounds; M6, a compound with two NO2 groups, showed enhanced effects. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis indicated that amide and nitro groups on the compounds were centers of electrophilic attacks. The magnitude of the molecular hyperpolarizability suggested that the entire compound had good NLO properties and therefore could be explored as a candidate NLO material. The docking results indicated that these compounds have excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Omotayo
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Semire Banjo
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Oladuji T. Emmanuel
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Latona D. Felix
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - Owonikoko A. Dele
- Department of Chemistry, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Nigeria
| | | | - Adeoye M. Dasola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Odunola O. Ayobami
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hallmark University, Ijebu-Itele, Nigeria
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Rehman F, Waqas M, Imran M, Ibrahim MAA, Iqbal J, Khera RA, Hadia NMA, Al-Saeedi SI, Shaban M. Approach toward Low Energy Loss in Symmetrical Nonfullerene Acceptor Molecules Inspired by Insertion of Different π-Spacers for Developing Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43792-43812. [PMID: 38027352 PMCID: PMC10666235 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this quantum approach, by adding bridge/π-spacer fragments between the donor and acceptor parts of a newly constructed DF-PCIC (A-D-A type) molecule, it is the aim to improve the photovoltaic characteristics of organic solar cells (OSCs). After π-spacer insertion into the reference molecule (DF-R), six new molecules (DF-M1 to DF-M6) were designed. The optoelectronic attributes of newly inspected molecules were theoretically calculated using MPW1PW91/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. All newly proposed molecules possessed a lower band gap (Eg), a higher value of absorption, lower reorganization energy, greater dipole moment, and lower energies of excitations than the DF-R molecule. The frontier molecular orbital study proclaimed that the DF-M1 molecule has the lowest band gap of 1.62 eV in comparison to the 2.41 eV value of DF-R. Absorption properties represented that DF-M1 and DF-M2 molecules show the highest absorption values of up to 1006 and 1004 nm, respectively, in the near-infrared region. Regarding the reorganization energy, DF-M2 has the lowest value of λe (0.0683896 eV) and the lowest value of λh (0.1566471 eV). DF-M2 and DF-M5 manifested greater dipole moments with the values of 5.514665 and 7.143434 D, respectively. The open circuit voltage (VOC) of all the acceptors was calculated with J61, a donor complex. DF-M4 and DF-M6 molecules showed higher values of VOC and fill factor than the DF-R molecule. Based on the given results, it was supposed that all the newly presented molecules might prove themselves to be better than the reference and thus might be of great interest to experimentalists. Thus, they are suggested to be used to develop proficient OSC devices with improved photovoltaic prospects in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faseh
ur Rehman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- School
of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rasheed Ahmad Khera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - N. M. A. Hadia
- Physics
Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72388, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi
- Department
of Chemistry, Collage of Science, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box
84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Shaban
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic
University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia
- Nanophotonics
and Applications (NPA) Lab, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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Lazrak M, Toufik H, Bouzzine SM, Ennehary S, Lamchouri F. Theoretical analysis on D-π-A triphenylamine-based dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells: effect of π-bridges on the optoelectronic, and photovoltaic properties. J Mol Model 2023; 29:266. [PMID: 37505323 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The dye-sensitized solar cell is a technology unique in its light conversion properties as it operates with record efficiencies in diffused light conditions. The choice of the appropriate sensitizer is one of the important strategies to improve photovoltaic performance of DSSC devices. This theoretical study mainly aims to determine the impact of the π-spacer on the geometric and optoelectronic parameters of sensitizer dyes. For that, we have chosen six organic dyes of Donor-π-Acceptor structure based on triphenylamine unit as electron donor, cyanoacrylic acid as electron acceptor with various π-bridges. The results indicated that the doping process modify dihedral angles and electronic properties by enhancing the planarity and decreasing the gap energy. We have examined the optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of studied triphenylamine based-dyes. Introducing thiophene and furan as π-spacer groups in D6 dye can effectively decrease the gap energy (Egap = 2.21 eV), broaden the absorption range (λmax = 671.19 nm), and promote the light-harvesting properties. The D2 dye based on two pyrrole units presents an improved electron injection driving force (ΔGinject = - 2.269 eV) and regeneration driving force corresponding to better charge separation. The π-bridge groups can efficiently tune the optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of sensitizers, which contribute to the efficiency of solar cells. METHODS The geometrical and electronic properties of all systems were studied by the DFT method using the correlation exchange functional B3LYP combined with 6-31G(d, p) basis set. On the other hand, the maximum absorption wavelengths λmax and the corresponding oscillator strengths were calculated using the hybrid functional BHandHLYP and 6-31+G(d) basis set. The solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF) are used to study the effect of the solvent, using the "Conductor-Polarizable Continuum" (C-PCM) model. All calculations were performed using Gaussian 09 program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Lazrak
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, Fes, Morocco
| | - Hamid Toufik
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, Fes, Morocco.
| | - Si Mohamed Bouzzine
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, Fes, Morocco.
- Regional Center for Training and Professional Education, BP 8, Errachidia, Morocco.
| | - Sliman Ennehary
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, Fes, Morocco
| | - Fatima Lamchouri
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, Fes, Morocco
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Sadiq S, Waqas M, Zahoor A, Mehmood RF, Essid M, Aloui Z, Khera RA, Akram SJ. Synergistic modification of end groups in Quinoxaline fused core-based acceptor molecule to enhance its photovoltaic characteristics for superior organic solar cells. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 123:108518. [PMID: 37235903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The competence of organic solar cells (OSCs) could be enhanced by improving the light absorption capabilities as well as the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of utilized molecules. To upgrade overall functionality of OSCs, seven new molecules were designed in this work using an end-cap alteration technique on Quinoxaline fused core-based non-fullerene acceptor (Qx-2) molecule. This technique is known to be quite advantageous in terms of improvement of the effectiveness and optoelectrical behavior of various OSCs. Critical parameters like the absorption maximum, frontier molecular orbitals, excitation energy, exciton binding energy, Voc, and fill factor of molecules were considered for the molecules thus designed. All newly designed molecules showed outstanding improvement in optoelectronic as well as performance-related properties. Out of all scrutinized molecules, Q1 exhibited highest wavelength of absorption peak (λmax = 779 nm) with the reduced band gap (1.90 eV), least excitation energy (Ex = 1.59 eV), along with the highest dipole moment (17.982950 D). Additionally, the newly designed compounds Q4, Q5, and Q6 exhibited significantly improved Vocs that were 1.55, 1.47, and 1.50 eV accordingly, as compared to the 1.37 eV of Qx-2 molecule. These molecules also showed remarkable improvement in fill factor attributed to direct correspondence of Voc with it. Inclusively, these results support the superiority of these newly developed molecules as prospective constituents of upgraded OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rana Farhat Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Township, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Manel Essid
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zouhaier Aloui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasheed Ahmad Khera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Sahar Javaid Akram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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Waqas M, Hadia NMA, Shawky AM, Mahmood RF, Essid M, Aloui Z, Alatawi NS, Iqbal J, Khera RA. Theoretical framework for achieving high V oc in non-fused non-fullerene terthiophene-based end-capped modified derivatives for potential applications in organic photovoltaics. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7535-7553. [PMID: 36908528 PMCID: PMC9993241 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-fused ring-based OSCs are an excellent choice, which is attributed to their low cost and flexibility in applications. However, developing efficient and stable non-fused ring-based OSCs is still a big challenge. In this work, with the intent to increase V oc for enhanced performance, seven new molecules derived from a pre-existing A-D-A type A3T-5 molecule are proposed. Different important optical, electronic and efficiency-related attributes of molecules are studied using the DFT approach. It is discovered that newly devised molecules possess the optimum features required to construct proficient OSCs. They possess a small band gap ranging from 2.22-2.29 eV and planar geometries. Six of seven newly proposed molecules have less excitation energy, a higher absorption coefficient and higher dipole moment than A3T-5 in both gaseous and solvent phases. The A3T-7 molecule exhibited the maximum improvement in optoelectronic properties showing the highest λ max at 697 nm and the lowest E x of 1.77 eV. The proposed molecules have lower ionization potential values, reorganization energies of electrons and interaction coefficients than the A3T-5 molecule. The V oc of six newly developed molecules is higher (V oc ranging from 1.46-1.72 eV) than that of A3T-5 (V oc = 1.55 eV). Similarly, almost all the proposed molecules except W6 exhibited improvement in fill factor compared to the A3T-5 reference. This remarkable improvement in efficiency-associated parameters (V oc and FF) proves that these molecules can be successfully used as an advanced version of terthiophene-based OSCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - N M A Hadia
- Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University P.O. Box 2014 Sakaka Al-Jouf Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Shawky
- Science and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Farhat Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Township Lahore 54770 Pakistan
| | - Manel Essid
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University (KKU) P.O. Box 9004 Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Zouhaier Aloui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University (KKU) P.O. Box 9004 Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Naifa S Alatawi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk Tabuk 71421 Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Rasheed Ahmad Khera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
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Abdul Zahra MM, Taban TZ, Kadhim MM, Abdullaha SAH, Almashhadani HA, Rheima AM, Hachim SK, Ebadi AG. Engineering promising A-π-D type molecules for efficient organic-based material solar cells. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2023.2165125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Musaddak Maher Abdul Zahra
- Computer Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hilla, Babil, Iraq
| | - Taleeb Zedan Taban
- Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering Department, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Mustafa M. Kadhim
- Advanced Research Center, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Haider Abdulkareem Almashhadani
- Dentistry Department, Al-Rasheed University College, Baghdad, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Mahdi Rheima
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University College, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Safa K. Hachim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Osol Aldeen University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi
- Department of Agriculture, Jouybar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jouybar, Iran
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Putro PA, Maddu A, Hardhienata H, Isnaeni I, Ahmad F, Dipojono HK. Revealing the incorporation of an NH 2 group into the edge of carbon dots for H 2O 2 sensing via the C-N⋯H hydrogen bond interaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2606-2617. [PMID: 36602293 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensing on NH2-functionalized carbon dots (Cdots) for three different -NH2 positions, and the N atom was found to be the active site using a quantum computational approach. B3LYP and 6-31G(d,p) were used for density functional theory (DFT) ground state calculations, whereas CAM-B3LYP and the same basis set were used in time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) excited state calculations. Structural optimization showed that the H2O2 is chemisorbed on 1-sim via a C-N⋯H hydrogen bond interaction with an adsorption energy of -10.61 kcal mol-1. Mulliken atomic charge distributions and electrostatic potential (ESP) analysis were both used to determine reactivity of the molecules at the atomic level. For in-depth analysis of the ground states, we utilized Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory, quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), and non-covalent interaction (NCI) index analysis. In addition, we also present UV-vis absorption spectra and charge transfer lengths to understand the mechanism of H2O2 sensing in excited states. Based on the molecular and electronic properties of the NH2-Cdots, it was shown that 1-sim is a potential candidate for use as an electrochemical sensor for H2O2 sensing. Whereas 3-sim is believed to be a potential candidate for use as an optical sensor of H2O2 based on the UV-vis characteristics via photoinduced charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Permono Adi Putro
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia. .,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universitas Mandiri, Subang, 41211, Indonesia
| | - Akhiruddin Maddu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Hendradi Hardhienata
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Isnaeni Isnaeni
- Research Center for Photonics, National Research and Innovation Agency, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Faozan Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Hermawan Kresno Dipojono
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.,Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
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11
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End-group Modification of terminal acceptors on benzothiadiazole-based BT2F-IC4F molecule to establish efficient organic solar cells. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Waqas M, Iqbal J, Mehmood RF, Akram SJ, Shawky AM, Raheel M, Rashid EU, Khera RA. Impact of end-capped modification of MO-IDT based non-fullerene small molecule acceptors to improve the photovoltaic properties of organic solar cells. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 116:108255. [PMID: 35779337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory, along with its time dependent computational approach were employed in order to fine tune the photovoltaic attributes along with the efficiency of the MO-IDIC-2F molecule. Thus, five new molecules were designed by substitution of the different notable acceptor fragments in the MO-IDIC-2F molecule, along with the addition of the "[1, 2, 5] thiadiazolo[3,4-d] pyridazine" spacer moieties between donor core and newly substituted acceptor groups. In this research work, various photovoltaic properties, which could affect the efficiency of an organic chromophores, such as bandgap, oscillator strength, dipole moment, binding energy, light-harvesting efficiency, etc. were studied. All the newly proposed molecules demonstrated significantly improved outcomes in comparison to that of the reference molecule, in their absorption spectrum, excitation, as well as binding energy values, etc. In order to confirm the results of optoelectronic properties, density of states, transition density matrix, and electrostatic potential analyses of molecules were also performed, which supported our computational findings. All of the results confirmed the high potential of all the newly proposed molecules for the development of improved OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Rana Farhat Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Township, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan.
| | - Sahar Javaid Akram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M Shawky
- Science and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Raheel
- Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Ehsan Ullah Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rasheed Ahmad Khera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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13
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Novel A-π-D-π-A-type non-fullerene acceptors for solution-processed organic photovoltaic cells: A DFT study. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Yibain Khokho EC, Tchangnwa Nya F, Malloum A, Conradie J. Comparative study of electronic, optoelectronic, optical, and thermodynamic properties of two ovalene molecules and their derivatives functionalized with potassium and chlorine atoms. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Spectroscopic Behaviour of Copper(II) Complexes Containing 2-Hydroxyphenones. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186033. [PMID: 36144769 PMCID: PMC9503792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical investigations by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) methods shed light on how the type of ligand or attached groups influence the electronic structure, absorption spectrum, electron excitation, and intramolecular and interfacial electron transfer of the Cu(II) complexes under study. The findings provide new insight into the designing and screening of high-performance dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
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16
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Conradie J. DFT Study of bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper complexes: Molecular and electronic structure, redox and spectroscopic properties and application to Solar Cells. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Liu J, jabbari H, Kadhim MM, Javed Ansari M, Ghaffar Ebadi A. Design organic material with acceptor-π-donor configuration for high performance solar cells. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Sahoo SS, Murmu M, Banerjee P, Pathan HM, Salunke-Gawali S. Tailoring benzo[ α]phenoxazine moiety for efficient photosensitizers in dye sensitized solar cells via the DFT/TD-DFT method. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three benzo[α]phenoxazine-based dyes were designed by tailoring donor (D) and anchoring (A) moiety to benzo[α]phenoxazinetemplate via DFT and TD-DFT method for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabha S. Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Manilal Murmu
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Priyabrata Banerjee
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Habib M. Pathan
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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19
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Rafiq M, Salim M, Noreen S, Ahmad Khera R, Noor S, Yaqoob U, Iqbal J. End-capped modification of dithienosilole based small donor molecules for high performance organic solar cells using DFT approach. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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An Experimental and Theoretical Study of Dye Properties of Thiophenyl Derivatives of 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (Lawsone). MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195587. [PMID: 34639987 PMCID: PMC8509387 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A prospective study of the dye properties of non-toxic lawsone thiophenyl derivatives, obtained using a green synthetic methodology allowed for the description of their bathochromic shifts in comparison to those of lawsone, a well-known natural pigment used as a colorant that recently also has aroused interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These compounds exhibited colors close to red, with absorption bands in visible and UV wavelength range. The colorimetric study showed that these compounds exhibited a darker color than that of lawsone within a range of colors depending on the substituent in the phenyl ring. Computational calculations employing Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT), showed that the derivatives have lower excitation energies than lawsone, while the alignment of their frontier orbitals regarding the conduction bands of TiO2 and ZnO and the redox potential of the electrolyte I-/I3- suggests that they could be employed as sensitizers. The study of the interactions of the lawsone and a derivative with a TiO2 surface model by different anchoring modes, showed that the adsorption is thermodynamically favored. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis indicates a two-center bonding (BD) O-Ti as the main interaction of the dyes with TiO2.
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21
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Afolabi SO, Semire B, Idowu MA. Electronic and optical properties' tuning of phenoxazine-based D-A 2-π-A 1 organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells. DFT/TDDFT investigations. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06827. [PMID: 33981890 PMCID: PMC8082551 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of molecular features of metal free organic dyes is important to present sensitizers with competing electronic and optical properties for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The D-A2-π-A1 molecular design based on phenothiazine skeleton (D) connected with benzothiadiazole (A2) linked with furan π-spacer and acceptor unit of cynoacrylic acid (A1) were fabricated and examined theoretically for possible use as DSSCs. Density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent density functional theory TDDFT were used to study the effect of additional donors on the photophysical properties of the dyes. Eight (8) different donor subunits were introduced at C7 of phenoxazine based dye skeleton to extend the π-conjugation, lower HOMO-LUMO gap (Eg) and improve photo-current efficiency of the dye sensitizer. All the dye sensitizers (except P3 and P4) exhibited capability of injecting electrons into the conduction band of the semiconductor (TiO2) and regenerated via redox potential (I−/I3-) electrode. Attachment of 2-hexylthiophene (P2) remarkably lowered the Eg, extended π-electron delocalization, hence, gives higher absorption wavelength (λmax) at 752 nm. The donor subunit containing 2-hexylthiophene (P2) presented the best chemical hardness, open circuit voltage (Voc), and other comparable electronic properties, making P2 the best DSSC candidate amongst the optimized dyes. The reported dyes would be interesting for further experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Banjo Semire
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Mopelola Abidemi Idowu
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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22
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Oprea CI, Panait P, Essam ZM, Abd El-Aal RM, Gîrțu MA. Photoexcitation Processes in Oligomethine Cyanine Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells-Synthesis and Computational Study. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040662. [PMID: 32252286 PMCID: PMC7221816 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report density functional theory (DFT) calculations of three newly synthesized oligomethine cyanine-based dyes as potential TiO2-sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells. The three dyes have π-symmetry and the same acceptor side, terminating in the carboxylic anchor, but they differ through the π-bridge and the donor groups. We perform DFT and time-dependent DFT studies and present the electronic structure and optical properties of the dyes alone as well as adsorbed to the TiO2 nanocluster, to provide some predictions on the photovoltaic performance of the system. We analyze theoretically the factors that can influence the short circuit current and the open circuit voltage of the dye-sensitized solar cells. We examine the matching of the absorption spectra of the dye and dye-nanocluster system with the solar irradiation spectrum. We display the energy level diagrams and discuss the alignment between the excited state of the dyes and the conduction band edge of the oxide as well as between the redox level of the electrolyte and the ground state of the dyes. We determine the electron density of the key molecular orbitals and analyze comparatively the electron transfer from the dye to the semiconducting substrate. To put our findings in the right perspective we compare the results of our calculations with those obtained for a coumarin-based dye used in fabricating and testing actual devices, for which experimental data regarding the photovoltaic performance are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu I. Oprea
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Ovidius University of Constanța, 900527 Constanța, Romania;
| | - Petre Panait
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Zahraa M. Essam
- Department of Chemistry, Suez University, 43511 Suez, Egypt;
| | - Reda M. Abd El-Aal
- Department of Chemistry, Suez University, 43511 Suez, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (R.M.A.E.-A.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Mihai A. Gîrțu
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Ovidius University of Constanța, 900527 Constanța, Romania;
- Correspondence: (R.M.A.E.-A.); (M.A.G.)
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23
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Substitution Effects on the Optoelectronic Properties of Coumarin Derivatives. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app10010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin derivatives have gathered major attention largely due to their versatile utility in a wide range of applications. In this framework, we report a comparative computational investigation on the optoelectronic properties of 3-phenylcoumarin and 3-heteroarylcoumarin derivatives established as enzyme inhibitors. Specifically, we concentrate on the variation in the optoelectronic characteristics for the hydroxyl group substitutions within the coumarin moiety. In order to realize our aims, all-electron density functional theory and time dependent density functional theory calculations were performed with a localized Gaussian basis-set matched with a hybrid exchange–correlation functionals. Molecular properties such as highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies, vertical ionization (IEV) and electron affinity energies, absorption spectra, quasi-particle gap, and exciton binding energy values are examined. Furthermore, the influence of solvent on the optical properties of the molecules is considered. We found a good agreement between the experimental (8.72 eV) and calculated (8.71 eV) IEV energy values for coumarin. The computed exciton binding energy of the investigated molecules indicated their potential optoelectronics application.
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24
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Makoye A, Pogrebnoi A, Pogrebnaya T. Lawsone isomers, lawsone ether and bilawsone for dye-sensitized solar cells applications: DFT and UV-Vis studies. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 94:107457. [PMID: 31586755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Structural and optoelectronic properties of lawsone (L), lawsone ether (LE) and bilawsone (BL) were studied theoretically using the DFT and time-dependent DFT methods with hybrid functional B3LYP5 and 6-311G (2d,p) basis set. For the monomer lawsone molecule, isomerization reaction between two rotational isomers was analyzed based on a thermodynamic approach. The electronic spectra of the dyes molecules in a vacuum and solvents (DMSO and CH2Cl2) were computed. The maximum wavelengths were found at 355-408 nm for the LE and 350-448 nm for BL that indicated bands shift to visible range compared to L (340 nm). The UV-Vis spectra of the L and BL were measured experimentally in DMSO solution. For the BL, a broad and intensive band was observed in a visible region at 452 nm that apparently would favour sensitizing ability of the dye. The optoelectronic properties of the LE and BL showed them as more promising candidates for DSSCs applications compared to the individual lawsone dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amosi Makoye
- Department of Materials, Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania; Department of Natural Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Alexander Pogrebnoi
- Department of Materials, Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Tatiana Pogrebnaya
- Department of Materials, Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania.
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