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Sebastijanović A, Azzurra Camassa LM, Malmborg V, Kralj S, Pagels J, Vogel U, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Urbančič I, Koklič T, Štrancar J. Particulate matter constituents trigger the formation of extracellular amyloid β and Tau -containing plaques and neurite shortening in vitro. Nanotoxicology 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38907733 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2024.2362367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is an environmental factor associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, characterized by decreased cognitive abilities and memory. The limited models of sporadic Alzheimer's disease fail to replicate all pathological hallmarks of the disease, making it challenging to uncover potential environmental causes. Environmentally driven models of Alzheimer's disease are thus timely and necessary. We used live-cell confocal fluorescent imaging combined with high-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy to follow the response of retinoic acid-differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to nanomaterial exposure. Here, we report that exposure of the cells to some particulate matter constituents reproduces a neurodegenerative phenotype, including extracellular amyloid beta-containing plaques and decreased neurite length. Consistent with the existing in vivo research, we observed detrimental effects, specifically a substantial reduction in neurite length and formation of amyloid beta plaques, after exposure to iron oxide and diesel exhaust particles. Conversely, after exposure to engineered cerium oxide nanoparticles, the lengths of neurites were maintained, and almost no extracellular amyloid beta plaques were formed. Although the exact mechanism behind this effect remains to be explained, the retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y cell in vitro model could serve as an alternative, environmentally driven model of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Sebastijanović
- Infinite LLC, Maribor, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Vilhelm Malmborg
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Material Synthesis Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Iztok Urbančič
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tilen Koklič
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Štrancar
- Infinite LLC, Maribor, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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McCarrick S, Delaval MN, Dauter UM, Krais AM, Snigireva A, Abera A, Broberg K, Eriksson AC, Isaxon C, Gliga AR. Toxicity of particles derived from combustion of Ethiopian traditional biomass fuels in human bronchial and macrophage-like cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1515-1532. [PMID: 38427118 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The combustion of traditional fuels in low-income countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa, leads to extensive indoor particle exposure. Yet, the related health consequences in this context are understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of combustion-derived particles relevant for Sub-Saharan household environments. Particles (< 2.5 µm) were collected using a high-volume sampler during combustion of traditional Ethiopian biomass fuels: cow dung, eucalyptus wood and eucalyptus charcoal. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP, NIST 2975) served as reference particles. The highest levels of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found in wood (3219 ng/mg), followed by dung (618 ng/mg), charcoal (136 ng/mg) and DEP (118 ng/mg) (GC-MS). BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells and THP-1 derived macrophages were exposed to particle suspensions (1-150 µg/mL) for 24 h. All particles induced concentration-dependent genotoxicity (comet assay) but no pro-inflammatory cytokine release in epithelial cells, whereas dung and wood particles also induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (Alamar Blue). Only wood particles induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in macrophage-like cells, while dung particles were unique at increasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α). In summary, particles derived from combustion of less energy dense fuels like dung and wood had a higher PAH content and were more cytotoxic in epithelial cells. In addition, the least energy dense and cheapest fuel, dung, also induced pro-inflammatory effects in macrophage-like cells. These findings highlight the influence of fuel type on the toxic profile of the emitted particles and warrant further research to understand and mitigate health effects of indoor air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mathilde N Delaval
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Dauter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Asmamaw Abera
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel C Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anda R Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Rothmann MH, Møller P, Essig YJ, Gren L, Malmborg VB, Tunér M, Pagels J, Krais AM, Roursgaard M. Genotoxicity by rapeseed methyl ester and hydrogenated vegetable oil combustion exhaust products in lung epithelial (A549) cells. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:238-249. [PMID: 37232551 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofuel is an attractive substitute for petrodiesel because of its lower environmental footprint. For instance, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emission per fuel energy content is lower for rapeseed methyl ester (RME) than for petrodiesel. This study assesses genotoxicity by extractable organic matter (EOM) of exhaust particles from the combustion of petrodiesel, RME, and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) in lung epithelial (A549) cells. Genotoxicity was assessed as DNA strand breaks by the alkaline comet assay. EOM from the combustion of petrodiesel and RME generated the same level of DNA strand breaks based on the equal concentration of total PAH (i.e. net increases of 0.13 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.002, 0.25, and 0.12 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.24] lesions per million base pairs, respectively). In comparison, the positive control (etoposide) generated a much higher level of DNA strand breaks (i.e. 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.97) lesions per million base pairs. Relatively low concentrations of EOM from RME and HVO combustion particles (<116 ng/ml total PAH) did not cause DNA strand breaks in A549 cells, whereas benzo[a]pyrene and PAH-rich EOM from petrodiesel combusted using low oxygen inlet concentration were genotoxic. The genotoxicity was attributed to high molecular weight PAH isomers with 5-6 rings. In summary, the results show that EOM from the combustion of petrodiesel and RME generate the same level of DNA strand breaks on an equal total PAH basis. However, the genotoxic hazard of engine exhaust from on-road vehicles is lower for RME than petrodiesel because of lower PAH emission per fuel energy content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hezareh Rothmann
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Yona J Essig
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Louise Gren
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Vilhelm B Malmborg
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Tunér
- Division of Combustion Engines, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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4
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Leni Z, Ess MN, Keller A, Allan JD, Hellén H, Saarnio K, Williams KR, Brown AS, Salathe M, Baumlin N, Vasilatou K, Geiser M. Role of Secondary Organic Matter on Soot Particle Toxicity in Reconstituted Human Bronchial Epithelia Exposed at the Air-Liquid Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17007-17017. [PMID: 36416368 PMCID: PMC9730840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic matter (SOM) formed from gaseous precursors constitutes a major mass fraction of fine particulate matter. However, there is only limited evidence on its toxicological impact. In this study, air-liquid interface cultures of human bronchial epithelia were exposed to different series of fresh and aged soot particles generated by a miniCAST burner combined with a micro smog chamber (MSC). Soot cores with geometric mean mobility diameters of 30 and 90 nm were coated with increasing amounts of SOM, generated from the photo-oxidation of mesitylene and ozonolysis of α-pinene. At 24 h after exposure, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating cell membrane damage, was measured and proteome analysis, i.e. the release of 102 cytokines and chemokines to assess the inflammatory response, was performed. The data indicate that the presence of the SOM coating and its bioavailability play an important role in cytotoxicity. In particular, LDH release increased with increasing SOM mass/total particle mass ratio, but only when SOM had condensed on the outer surface of the soot cores. Proteome analysis provided further evidence for substantial interference of coated particles with essential properties of the respiratory epithelium as a barrier as well as affecting cell remodeling and inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Leni
- University
of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Michaela N. Ess
- Federal
Institute of Metrology METAS, Bern-Wabern 3003, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Keller
- University
of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch 5210, Switzerland
| | - James D. Allan
- University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Heidi Hellén
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Karri Saarnio
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | | | - Andrew S. Brown
- National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United
Kingdom
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas
Medical Center, Kansas
City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas
Medical Center, Kansas
City, Kansas 66160, United States
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5
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Wierzbicka A, Omelekhina Y, Saber AT, Bloom E, Gren L, Poulsen SS, Strandberg B, Pagels J, Jacobsen NR. Indoor PM 2.5 from occupied residences in Sweden caused higher inflammation in mice compared to outdoor PM 2.5. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13177. [PMID: 36567521 PMCID: PMC10107884 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We spend most of our time indoors; however, little is known about the effects of exposure to aerosol particles indoors. We aimed to determine differences in relative toxicity and physicochemical properties of PM2.5 collected simultaneously indoors (PM2.5 INDOOR ) and outdoors (PM2.5 OUTDOOR ) in 15 occupied homes in southern Sweden. Collected particles were extracted from filters, pooled (indoor and outdoor separately), and characterized for chemical composition and endotoxins before being tested for toxicity in mice via intratracheal instillation. Various endpoints including lung inflammation, genotoxicity, and acute-phase response in lung and liver were assessed 1, 3, and 28 days post-exposure. Chemical composition of particles used in toxicological assessment was compared to particles analyzed without extraction. Time-resolved particle mass and number concentrations were monitored. PM2.5 INDOOR showed higher relative concentrations (μg mg-1 ) of metals, PAHs, and endotoxins compared to PM2.5 OUTDOOR . These differences may be linked to PM2.5 INDOOR causing significantly higher lung inflammation and lung acute-phase response 1 day post-exposure compared to PM2.5 OUTDOOR and vehicle controls, respectively. None of the tested materials caused genotoxicity. PM2.5 INDOOR displayed higher relative toxicity than PM2.5 OUTDOOR under the studied conditions, that is, wintertime with reduced air exchange rates, high influence of indoor sources, and relatively low outdoor concentrations of PM. Reducing PM2.5 INDOOR exposure requires reduction of both infiltration from outdoors and indoor-generated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Centre for Healthy Indoor EnvironmentsLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Yuliya Omelekhina
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Centre for Healthy Indoor EnvironmentsLund UniversityLundSweden
| | | | - Erica Bloom
- Division of Built EnvironmentRISE Research Institutes of SwedenStockholmSweden
| | - Louise Gren
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sarah Søs Poulsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineRegion SkåneLundSweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
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6
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Strandberg B, Omelekhina Y, Klein M, Krais AM, Wierzbicka A. Particulate-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their Nitro- and Oxy-Derivative Compounds Collected Inside and Outside Occupied Homes in Southern Sweden. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2136218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuliya Omelekhina
- Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Klein
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Inserm UMRS 1144, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Annette M. Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Healthy Indoor Environments, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Murphy F, Jacobsen NR, Di Ianni E, Johnston H, Braakhuis H, Peijnenburg W, Oomen A, Fernandes T, Stone V. Grouping MWCNTs based on their similar potential to cause pulmonary hazard after inhalation: a case-study. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:50. [PMID: 35854357 PMCID: PMC9297605 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EU-project GRACIOUS developed an Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment (IATA) to support grouping high aspect ratio nanomaterials (HARNs) presenting a similar inhalation hazard. Application of grouping reduces the need to assess toxicity on a case-by-case basis and supports read-across of hazard data from substances that have the data required for risk assessment (source) to those that lack such data (target). The HARN IATA, based on the fibre paradigm for pathogenic fibres, facilitates structured data gathering to propose groups of similar HARN and to support read-across by prompting users to address relevant questions regarding HARN morphology, biopersistence and inflammatory potential. The IATA is structured in tiers, allowing grouping decisions to be made using simple in vitro or in silico methods in Tier1 progressing to in vivo approaches at the highest Tier3. Here we present a case-study testing the applicability of GRACIOUS IATA to form an evidence-based group of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) posing a similar predicted fibre-hazard, to support read-across and reduce the burden of toxicity testing. RESULTS The case-study uses data on 15 different MWCNT, obtained from the published literature. By following the IATA, a group of 2 MWCNT was identified (NRCWE006 and NM-401) based on a high degree of similarity. A pairwise similarity assessment was subsequently conducted between the grouped MWCNT to evaluate the potential to conduct read-across and fill data gaps required for regulatory hazard assessment. The similarity assessment, based on expert judgement of Tier 1 assay results, predicts both MWCNT are likely to cause a similar acute in vivo hazard. This result supports the possibility for read-across of sub-chronic and chronic hazard endpoint data for lung fibrosis and carcinogenicity between the 2 grouped MWCNT. The implications of accepting the similarity assessment based on expert judgement of the MWCNT group are considered to stimulate future discussion on the level of similarity between group members considered sufficient to allow regulatory acceptance of a read-across argument. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept case-study demonstrates how a grouping hypothesis and IATA may be used to support a nuanced and evidence-based grouping of 'similar' MWCNT and the subsequent interpolation of data between group members to streamline the hazard assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Murphy
- NanoSafety Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | - Emilio Di Ianni
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Hedwig Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Willie Peijnenburg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vicki Stone
- NanoSafety Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Gren L, Dierschke K, Mattsson F, Assarsson E, Krais AM, Kåredal M, Lovén K, Löndahl J, Pagels J, Strandberg B, Tunér M, Xu Y, Wollmer P, Albin M, Nielsen J, Gudmundsson A, Wierzbicka A. Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:9. [PMID: 35073958 PMCID: PMC8785558 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diesel engine exhaust causes adverse health effects. Meanwhile, the impact of renewable diesel exhaust, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), on human health is less known. Nineteen healthy volunteers were exposed to HVO exhaust for 3 h in a chamber with a double-blind, randomized setup. Exposure scenarios comprised of HVO exhaust from two modern non-road vehicles with 1) no aftertreatment system (‘HVOPM+NOx’ PM1: 93 µg m−3, EC: 54 µg m−3, NO: 3.4 ppm, NO2: 0.6 ppm), 2) an aftertreatment system containing a diesel oxidation catalyst and a diesel particulate filter (‘HVONOx’ PM1: ~ 1 µg m−3, NO: 2.0 ppm, NO2: 0.7 ppm) and 3) filtered air (FA) as control. The exposure concentrations were in line with current EU occupational exposure limits (OELs) of NO, NO2, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the future OEL (2023) of elemental carbon (EC). The effect on nasal patency, pulmonary function, and self-rated symptoms were assessed. Calculated predicted lung deposition of HVO exhaust particles was compared to data from an earlier diesel exhaust study. Results The average total respiratory tract deposition of PM1 during HVOPM+NOx was 27 µg h−1. The estimated deposition fraction of HVO PM1 was 40–50% higher compared to diesel exhaust PM1 from an older vehicle (earlier study), due to smaller particle sizes of the HVOPM+NOx exhaust. Compared to FA, exposure to HVOPM+NOx and HVONOx caused higher incidence of self-reported symptoms (78%, 63%, respectively, vs. 28% for FA, p < 0.03). Especially, exposure to HVOPM+NOx showed 40–50% higher eye and throat irritation symptoms. Compared to FA, a decrement in nasal patency was found for the HVONOx exposures (− 18.1, 95% CI: − 27.3 to − 8.8 L min−1, p < 0.001), and for the HVOPM+NOx (− 7.4 (− 15.6 to 0.8) L min−1, p = 0.08). Overall, no clinically significant change was indicated in the pulmonary function tests (spirometry, peak expiratory flow, forced oscillation technique). Conclusion Short-term exposure to HVO exhaust concentrations corresponding to EU OELs for one workday did not cause adverse pulmonary function changes in healthy subjects. However, an increase in self-rated mild irritation symptoms, and mild decrease in nasal patency after both HVO exposures, may indicate irritative effects from exposure to HVO exhaust from modern non-road vehicles, with and without aftertreatment systems. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-021-00446-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Gren
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University, NanoLund, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katrin Dierschke
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Mattsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Assarsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- Lund University, NanoLund, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Lovén
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University, NanoLund, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University, NanoLund, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University, NanoLund, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Tunér
- Division of Combustion Engines, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Xu
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Wollmer
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden.,Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörn Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University, NanoLund, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden. .,Centre for Healthy Indoor Environments, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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9
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Krais AM, Essig JY, Gren L, Vogs C, Assarsson E, Dierschke K, Nielsen J, Strandberg B, Pagels J, Broberg K, Lindh CH, Gudmundsson A, Wierzbicka A. Biomarkers after Controlled Inhalation Exposure to Exhaust from Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6492. [PMID: 34208511 PMCID: PMC8296316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) is a renewable diesel fuel used to replace petroleum diesel. The organic compounds in HVO are poorly characterized; therefore, toxicological properties could be different from petroleum diesel exhaust. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure and effective biomarkers in 18 individuals after short-term (3 h) exposure to HVO exhaust and petroleum diesel exhaust fumes. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze urinary biomarkers. A proximity extension assay was used for the measurement of inflammatory proteins in plasma samples. Short-term (3 h) exposure to HVO exhaust (PM1 ~1 µg/m3 and ~90 µg/m3 for vehicles with and without exhaust aftertreatment systems, respectively) did not increase any exposure biomarker, whereas petroleum diesel exhaust (PM1 ~300 µg/m3) increased urinary 4-MHA, a biomarker for p-xylene. HVO exhaust from the vehicle without exhaust aftertreatment system increased urinary 4-HNE-MA, a biomarker for lipid peroxidation, from 64 ng/mL urine (before exposure) to 141 ng/mL (24 h after exposure, p < 0.001). There was no differential expression of plasma inflammatory proteins between the HVO exhaust and control exposure group. In conclusion, short-term exposure to low concentrations of HVO exhaust did not increase urinary exposure biomarkers, but caused a slight increase in lipid peroxidation associated with the particle fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M. Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Julie Y. Essig
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Louise Gren
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.G.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (A.W.)
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Eva Assarsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Katrin Dierschke
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Jörn Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.G.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (A.W.)
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Christian H. Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.G.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (A.W.)
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.G.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (A.W.)
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Particle characterization and toxicity in C57BL/6 mice following instillation of five different diesel exhaust particles designed to differ in physicochemical properties. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:38. [PMID: 32771016 PMCID: PMC7414762 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust is carcinogenic and exposure to diesel particles cause health effects. We investigated the toxicity of diesel exhaust particles designed to have varying physicochemical properties in order to attribute health effects to specific particle characteristics. Particles from three fuel types were compared at 13% engine intake O2 concentration: MK1 ultra low sulfur diesel (DEP13) and the two renewable diesel fuels hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO13) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME13). Additionally, diesel particles from MK1 ultra low sulfur diesel were generated at 9.7% (DEP9.7) and 17% (DEP17) intake O2 concentration. We evaluated physicochemical properties and histopathological, inflammatory and genotoxic responses on day 1, 28, and 90 after single intratracheal instillation in mice compared to reference diesel particles and carbon black. Results Moderate variations were seen in physical properties for the five particles: primary particle diameter: 15–22 nm, specific surface area: 152–222 m2/g, and count median mobility diameter: 55–103 nm. Larger differences were found in chemical composition: organic carbon/total carbon ratio (0.12–0.60), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content (1–27 μg/mg) and acid-extractable metal content (0.9–16 μg/mg). Intratracheal exposure to all five particles induced similar toxicological responses, with different potency. Lung particle retention was observed in DEP13 and HVO13 exposed mice on day 28 post-exposure, with less retention for the other fuel types. RME exposure induced limited response whereas the remaining particles induced dose-dependent inflammation and acute phase response on day 1. DEP13 induced acute phase response on day 28 and inflammation on day 90. DNA strand break levels were not increased as compared to vehicle, but were increased in lung and liver compared to blank filter extraction control. Neutrophil influx on day 1 correlated best with estimated deposited surface area, but also with elemental carbon, organic carbon and PAHs. DNA strand break levels in lung on day 28 and in liver on day 90 correlated with acellular particle-induced ROS. Conclusions We studied diesel exhaust particles designed to differ in physicochemical properties. Our study highlights specific surface area, elemental carbon content, PAHs and ROS-generating potential as physicochemical predictors of diesel particle toxicity.
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