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Shapiro JG, Changela N, Jang JK, Joshi JN, McKim KS. Distinct checkpoint and homolog biorientation pathways regulate meiosis I in Drosophila oocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.21.608908. [PMID: 39229242 PMCID: PMC11370425 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.21.608908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitosis and meiosis have two mechanisms for regulating the accuracy of chromosome segregation: error correction and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). We have investigated the function of several checkpoint proteins in meiosis I of Drosophila oocytes. Evidence of a SAC response by several of these proteins is found upon depolymerization of microtubules by colchicine. However, unattached kinetochores or errors in biorientation of homologous chromosomes does not induce a SAC response. Furthermore, the metaphase I arrest does not depend on SAC genes, suggesting the APC is inhibited even if the SAC is silenced. Two SAC proteins, ROD of the ROD-ZW10-Zwilch (RZZ) complex and MPS1, are also required for the biorientation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, suggesting an error correction function. Both proteins aid in preventing or correcting erroneous attachments and depend on SPC105R for localization to the kinetochore. We have defined a region of SPC105R, amino acids 123-473, that is required for ROD localization and biorientation of homologous chromosomes at meiosis I. Surprisingly, ROD removal, or "streaming", is independent of the dynein adaptor Spindly and is not linked to the stabilization of end-on attachments. Instead, meiotic RZZ streaming appears to depend on cell cycle stage and may be regulated independently of kinetochore attachment or biorientation status. We also show that dynein adaptor Spindly is also required for biorientation at meiosis I, and surprisingly, the direction of RZZ streaming. Author Summary The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) is known to delay cell cycle progression until chromosomes are properly attached to microtubules. Meiotic cells often have modified cell cycle phases, and natural arrest points such as metaphase I in Drosophila . We show that in Drosophila oocytes, the SAC is sensitive to loss of microtubules, but not sensitive to a variety of kinetochore attachment errors. Thus, the function of the SAC appears to be limited to monitoring oocyte spindle assembly, and not required for accurate chromosome segregation. However, two of the SAC genes, rod and Mps1 , are required for the biorientation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, suggesting an error correction function. Rod is part of the RZZ complex and is notable for its property of streaming off the kinetochores. However, our results show that streaming off the kinetochore may not contribute to RZZ regulation of microtubule attachments, and only be associated with SAC function. Instead, the establishment of stable end-on attachments may occur while RZZ is still present at kinetochore. We suggest that RZZ interacts with multiple motors to promote bidirectional movement of kinetochores along microtubules, which allows chromosomes to find and attach to the correct pole.
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2
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Chong MK, Rosas-Salvans M, Tran V, Dumont S. Chromosome size-dependent polar ejection force impairs mammalian mitotic error correction. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310010. [PMID: 38727808 PMCID: PMC11090132 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation requires sister kinetochores to biorient, attaching to opposite spindle poles. To this end, the mammalian kinetochore destabilizes incorrect attachments and stabilizes correct ones, but how it discriminates between these is not yet clear. Here, we test the model that kinetochore tension is the stabilizing cue and ask how chromosome size impacts that model. We live image PtK2 cells, with just 14 chromosomes, widely ranging in size, and find that long chromosomes align at the metaphase plate later than short chromosomes. Enriching for errors and imaging error correction live, we show that long chromosomes exhibit a specific delay in correcting attachments. Using chromokinesin overexpression and laser ablation to perturb polar ejection forces, we find that chromosome size and force on arms determine alignment order. Thus, we propose a model where increased force on long chromosomes can falsely stabilize incorrect attachments, delaying their biorientation. As such, long chromosomes may require compensatory mechanisms for correcting errors to avoid chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Chong
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miquel Rosas-Salvans
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vanna Tran
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sophie Dumont
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Pan B, Bruno M, Macfarlan TS, Akera T. Meiosis-specific decoupling of the pericentromere from the kinetochore. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.21.604490. [PMID: 39091844 PMCID: PMC11291024 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.21.604490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The primary constriction site of the M-phase chromosome is an established marker for the kinetochore position, often used to determine the karyotype of each species. Underlying this observation is the concept that the kinetochore is spatially linked with the pericentromere where sister-chromatids are most tightly cohered. Here, we found an unconventional pericentromere specification with sister chromatids mainly cohered at a chromosome end, spatially separated from the kinetochore in Peromyscus mouse oocytes. This distal locus enriched cohesin protectors, such as the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC) and PP2A, at a higher level compared to its centromere/kinetochore region, acting as the primary site for sister-chromatid cohesion. Chromosomes with the distal cohesion site exhibited enhanced cohesin protection at anaphase I compared to those without it, implying that these distal cohesion sites may have evolved to ensure sister-chromatid cohesion during meiosis. In contrast, mitotic cells enriched CPC only near the kinetochore and the distal locus was not cohered between sister chromatids, suggesting a meiosis-specific mechanism to protect cohesin at this distal locus. We found that this distal locus corresponds to an additional centromeric satellite block, located far apart from the centromeric satellite block that builds the kinetochore. Several Peromyscus species carry chromosomes with two such centromeric satellite blocks. Analyses on three Peromyscus species revealed that the internal satellite consistently assembles the kinetochore in both mitosis and meiosis, whereas the distal satellite selectively enriches cohesin protectors in meiosis to promote sister-chromatid cohesion at that site. Thus, our study demonstrates that pericentromere specification is remarkably flexible and can control chromosome segregation in a cell-type and context dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Melania Bruno
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Todd S Macfarlan
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Takashi Akera
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
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4
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Ouzounidis VR, Green M, van Capelle CDC, Gebhardt C, Crellin H, Finlayson C, Prevo B, Cheerambathur DK. The outer kinetochore components KNL-1 and Ndc80 complex regulate axon and neuronal cell body positioning in the C. elegans nervous system. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar83. [PMID: 38656792 PMCID: PMC11238089 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-08-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The KMN (Knl1/Mis12/Ndc80) network at the kinetochore, primarily known for its role in chromosome segregation, has been shown to be repurposed during neurodevelopment. Here, we investigate the underlying neuronal mechanism and show that the KMN network promotes the proper axonal organization within the C. elegans head nervous system. Postmitotic degradation of KNL-1, which acts as a scaffold for signaling and has microtubule-binding activities at the kinetochore, led to disorganized ganglia and aberrant placement and organization of axons in the nerve ring - an interconnected axonal network. Through gene-replacement approaches, we demonstrate that the signaling motifs within KNL-1, responsible for recruiting protein phosphatase 1, and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint are required for neurodevelopment. Interestingly, while the microtubule-binding activity is crucial to KMN's neuronal function, microtubule dynamics and organization were unaffected in the absence of KNL-1. Instead, the NDC-80 microtubule-binding mutant displayed notable defects in axon bundling during nerve ring formation, indicating its role in facilitating axon-axon contacts. Overall, these findings provide evidence for a noncanonical role for the KMN network in shaping the structure and connectivity of the nervous system in C. elegans during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios R. Ouzounidis
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Mattie Green
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Charlotte de Ceuninck van Capelle
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Clara Gebhardt
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Helena Crellin
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Cameron Finlayson
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Bram Prevo
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Dhanya K. Cheerambathur
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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Sarkar A, Jana A, Agashe A, Wang J, Kapania R, Gov NS, DeLuca JG, Paul R, Nain AS. Confinement in fibrous environments positions and orients mitotic spindles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.589246. [PMID: 38659898 PMCID: PMC11042200 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.589246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Accurate positioning of the mitotic spindle within the rounded cell body is critical to physiological maintenance. Adherent mitotic cells encounter confinement from neighboring cells or the extracellular matrix (ECM), which can cause rotation of mitotic spindles and, consequently, titling of the metaphase plate (MP). To understand the positioning and orientation of mitotic spindles under confinement by fibers (ECM-confinement), we use flexible ECM-mimicking nanofibers that allow natural rounding of the cell body while confining it to differing levels. Rounded mitotic bodies are anchored in place by actin retraction fibers (RFs) originating from adhesion clusters on the ECM-mimicking fibers. We discover the extent of ECM-confinement patterns RFs in 3D: triangular and band-like at low and high confinement, respectively. A stochastic Monte-Carlo simulation of the centrosome (CS), chromosome (CH), membrane interactions, and 3D arrangement of RFs on the mitotic body recovers MP tilting trends observed experimentally. Our mechanistic analysis reveals that the 3D shape of RFs is the primary driver of the MP rotation. Under high ECM-confinement, the fibers can mechanically pinch the cortex, causing the MP to have localized deformations at contact sites with fibers. Interestingly, high ECM-confinement leads to low and high MP tilts, which mechanistically depend upon the extent of cortical deformation, RF patterning, and MP position. We identify that cortical deformation and RFs work in tandem to limit MP tilt, while asymmetric positioning of MP leads to high tilts. Overall, we provide fundamental insights into how mitosis may proceed in fibrous ECM-confining microenvironments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Sarkar
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Aniket Jana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Atharva Agashe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Rakesh Kapania
- Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Nir S. Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jennifer G. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Raja Paul
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Amrinder S. Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Lakshmi RB, Nayak P, Raz L, Sarkar A, Saroha A, Kumari P, Nair VM, Kombarakkaran DP, Sajana S, M G S, Agasti SS, Paul R, Ben-David U, Manna TK. CKAP5 stabilizes CENP-E at kinetochores by regulating microtubule-chromosome attachments. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1909-1935. [PMID: 38424231 PMCID: PMC11014917 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Stabilization of microtubule plus end-directed kinesin CENP-E at the metaphase kinetochores is important for chromosome alignment, but its mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that CKAP5, a conserved microtubule plus tip protein, regulates CENP-E at kinetochores in human cells. Depletion of CKAP5 impairs CENP-E localization at kinetochores at the metaphase plate and results in increased kinetochore-microtubule stability and attachment errors. Erroneous attachments are also supported by computational modeling. Analysis of CKAP5 knockout cancer cells of multiple tissue origins shows that CKAP5 is preferentially essential in aneuploid, chromosomally unstable cells, and the sensitivity to CKAP5 depletion is correlated to that of CENP-E depletion. CKAP5 depletion leads to reduction in CENP-E-BubR1 interaction and the interaction is rescued by TOG4-TOG5 domain of CKAP5. The same domain can rescue CKAP5 depletion-induced CENP-E removal from the kinetochores. Interestingly, CKAP5 depletion facilitates recruitment of PP1 to the kinetochores and furthermore, a PP1 target site-specific CENP-E phospho-mimicking mutant gets stabilized at kinetochores in the CKAP5-depleted cells. Together, the results support a model in which CKAP5 controls mitotic chromosome attachment errors by stabilizing CENP-E at kinetochores and by regulating stability of the kinetochore-attached microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bhagya Lakshmi
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Pinaki Nayak
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Linoy Raz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Apurba Sarkar
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Akshay Saroha
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Vishnu M Nair
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Delvin P Kombarakkaran
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - S Sajana
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Sanusha M G
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Sarit S Agasti
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Raja Paul
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Uri Ben-David
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tapas K Manna
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
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7
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Bryan NW, Ali A, Niedzialkowska E, Mayne L, Stukenberg PT, Black BE. Structural basis for the phase separation of the chromosome passenger complex. eLife 2024; 13:e92709. [PMID: 38456462 PMCID: PMC10977965 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The physical basis of phase separation is thought to consist of the same types of bonds that specify conventional macromolecular interactions yet is unsatisfyingly often referred to as 'fuzzy'. Gaining clarity on the biogenesis of membraneless cellular compartments is one of the most demanding challenges in biology. Here, we focus on the chromosome passenger complex (CPC), that forms a chromatin body that regulates chromosome segregation in mitosis. Within the three regulatory subunits of the CPC implicated in phase separation - a heterotrimer of INCENP, Survivin, and Borealin - we identify the contact regions formed upon droplet formation using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS). These contact regions correspond to some of the interfaces seen between individual heterotrimers within the crystal lattice they form. A major contribution comes from specific electrostatic interactions that can be broken and reversed through initial and compensatory mutagenesis, respectively. Our findings reveal structural insight for interactions driving liquid-liquid demixing of the CPC. Moreover, we establish HXMS as an approach to define the structural basis for phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaela W Bryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Aamir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Ewa Niedzialkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Leland Mayne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - P Todd Stukenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Ben E Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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8
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Tarasovetc EV, Sissoko GB, Mukhina AS, Maiorov A, Ataullakhanov FI, Cheeseman IM, Grishchuk EL. Molecular density-accelerated binding-site maturation underlies CENP-T-dependent kinetochore assembly. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.25.581584. [PMID: 38464265 PMCID: PMC10925139 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.25.581584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Formation of macromolecular cellular structures relies on recruitment of multiple proteins, requiring the precisely controlled pairwise binding interactions. At human kinetochores, our recent work found that the high molecular density environment enables strong bonding between the Ndc80 complex and its two binding sites at the CENP-T receptor. However, the mechanistic basis for this unusual density-dependent facilitation remains unknown. Here, using quantitative single-molecule approaches, we reveal two distinct mechanisms that drive preferential recruitment of the Ndc80 complex to higher-order structures of CENP-T, as opposed to CENP-T monomers. First, the Ndc80 binding sites within the disordered tail of the CENP-T mature over time, leading to a stronger grip on the Spc24/25 heads of the Ndc80 complexes. Second, the maturation of Ndc80 binding sites is accelerated when CENP-T molecules are clustered in close proximity. The rates of the clustering-induced maturation are remarkably different for two binding sites within CENP-T, correlating with different interfaces formed by the corresponding CENP-T sequences as they wrap around the Spc24/25 heads. The differential clustering-dependent regulation of these sites is preserved in dividing human cells, suggesting a distinct regulatory entry point to control kinetochore-microtubule interactions. The tunable acceleration of slowly maturing binding sites by a high molecular-density environment may represent a fundamental physicochemical mechanism to assist the assembly of mitotic kinetochores and other macromolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Tarasovetc
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gunter B. Sissoko
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anna S. Mukhina
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Maiorov
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fazoil I. Ataullakhanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology; Moscow, 117198, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; 141701, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Iain M. Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ekaterina L. Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Cmentowski V, Ciossani G, d'Amico E, Wohlgemuth S, Owa M, Dynlacht B, Musacchio A. RZZ-Spindly and CENP-E form an integrated platform to recruit dynein to the kinetochore corona. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114838. [PMID: 37984321 PMCID: PMC10711656 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome biorientation on the mitotic spindle is prerequisite to errorless genome inheritance. CENP-E (kinesin-7) and dynein-dynactin (DD), microtubule motors with opposite polarity, promote biorientation from the kinetochore corona, a polymeric structure whose assembly requires MPS1 kinase. The corona's building block consists of ROD, Zwilch, ZW10, and the DD adaptor Spindly (RZZS). How CENP-E and DD are scaffolded and mutually coordinated in the corona remains unclear. Here, we show that when corona assembly is prevented through MPS1 inhibition, CENP-E is absolutely required to retain RZZS at kinetochores. An RZZS phosphomimetic mutant bypasses this requirement, demonstrating the existence of a second receptor for polymeric RZZS. With active MPS1, CENP-E is dispensable for corona expansion, but strictly required for physiological kinetochore accumulation of DD. Thus, we identify the corona as an integrated scaffold where CENP-E kinesin controls DD kinetochore loading for coordinated bidirectional transport of chromosome cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Cmentowski
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Present address:
European Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Ennio d'Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Present address:
Division of Structural StudiesMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Mikito Owa
- Department of PathologyNew York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Brian Dynlacht
- Department of PathologyNew York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
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10
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Chong MK, Rosas-Salvans M, Tran V, Dumont S. Chromosome size-dependent polar ejection force impairs mammalian mitotic error correction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.16.562637. [PMID: 37905080 PMCID: PMC10614862 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation requires sister kinetochores to biorient, attaching to opposite spindle poles. To this end, the mammalian kinetochore destabilizes incorrect attachments and stabilizes correct ones, but how it discriminates between these is not yet clear. Here, we test the model that kinetochore tension is the stabilizing cue and ask how chromosome size impacts that model. We live image PtK2 cells, with just 14 chromosomes, widely ranging in size, and find that long chromosomes align at the metaphase plate later than short chromosomes. Enriching for errors and imaging error correction live, we show that long chromosomes exhibit a specific delay in correcting attachments. Using chromokinesin overexpression and laser ablation to perturb polar ejection forces, we find that chromosome size and force on arms determine alignment order. Thus, we propose a model where increased force on long chromosomes can falsely stabilize incorrect attachments, delaying their biorientation. As such, long chromosomes may require compensatory mechanisms for correcting errors to avoid chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Chong
- Tetrad Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Miquel Rosas-Salvans
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Vanna Tran
- Tetrad Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sophie Dumont
- Tetrad Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, UCSF San Francisco 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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11
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Corno A, Cordeiro MH, Allan LA, Lim Q, Harrington E, Smith RJ, Saurin AT. A bifunctional kinase-phosphatase module balances mitotic checkpoint strength and kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112630. [PMID: 37712330 PMCID: PMC10577578 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major mechanisms safeguard genome stability during mitosis: the mitotic checkpoint delays mitosis until all chromosomes have attached to microtubules, and the kinetochore-microtubule error-correction pathway keeps this attachment process free from errors. We demonstrate here that the optimal strength and dynamics of these processes are set by a kinase-phosphatase pair (PLK1-PP2A) that engage in negative feedback from adjacent phospho-binding motifs on the BUB complex. Uncoupling this feedback to skew the balance towards PLK1 produces a strong checkpoint, hypostable microtubule attachments and mitotic delays. Conversely, skewing the balance towards PP2A causes a weak checkpoint, hyperstable microtubule attachments and chromosome segregation errors. These phenotypes are associated with altered BUB complex recruitment to KNL1-MELT motifs, implicating PLK1-PP2A in controlling auto-amplification of MELT phosphorylation. In support, KNL1-BUB disassembly becomes contingent on PLK1 inhibition when KNL1 is engineered to contain excess MELT motifs. This elevates BUB-PLK1/PP2A complex levels on metaphase kinetochores, stabilises kinetochore-microtubule attachments, induces chromosome segregation defects and prevents KNL1-BUB disassembly at anaphase. Together, these data demonstrate how a bifunctional PLK1/PP2A module has evolved together with the MELT motifs to optimise BUB complex dynamics and ensure accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corno
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Marilia H Cordeiro
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Lindsey A Allan
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Qian‐Wei Lim
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Elena Harrington
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Richard J Smith
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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12
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Starzonek S, Maar H, Mereiter S, Freytag V, Haider MT, Riecken K, Huang YL, Jacob F, Wicklein D, Schumacher U, Lange T. Identification of potential classes of glycoligands mediating dynamic endothelial adhesion of human tumor cells. Glycobiology 2023; 33:637-650. [PMID: 37486674 PMCID: PMC10560084 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One critical step of metastasis formation is the extravasation of circulating tumor cells from the bloodstream. This process requires the dynamic interaction of cell adhesion molecules like E-selectin on endothelial cells with carbohydrate ligands on tumor cells. To characterize these glycans in a comprehensible approach, the rolling, tethering, and firm adhesion of nine human tumor cell lines on human umbilical vein endothelial cells was analyzed using laminar flow adhesion assays. The tumor cell lines were grouped into three subsets by their canonical E-selectin ligand status (sialyl-Lewis A and X +/+, -/+, -/-) and their adhesiveness was compared after enzymatic, pharmacologic, chemical treatment or antibody blockade of the tumor cells or endothelial cells, respectively. Tumor cells were also screened regarding their glycosyltransferase expression profile. We found that although E-selectin and terminal α2,3-sialic acid largely determined firm adhesion, adhesive events did not exclusively depend on the presence of sialyl-Lewis A and/or sialyl-Lewis X. Nevertheless, two of the three sialyl-Lewis A/X-/- tumor cells additionally or fully depended on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 for firm adhesion. The significance of O-GalNAc- and N-glycans for adhesion varied remarkably among the tumor cells. The sialyl-Lewis A/X+/+ subset showed glycoprotein-independent adhesion, suggesting a role of glycolipids as well. All sialyl-Lewis A/X-/- tumor cells lacked FUT3 and FUT7 expression as opposed to sialyl-Lewis A/X+/+ or -/+ cell lines. In summary, the glycans on tumor cells mediating endothelial adhesion are not as much restricted to sialyl-Lewis A /X as previously assumed. The present study specifically suggests α2,3-linked sialic acid, O-GalNAc glycans, glycosphingolipids, and FUT3/FUT7 products as promising targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Starzonek
- Institute of Anatomy & Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Maar
- Institute of Anatomy & Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy I, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Central Germany (CCCG), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Mereiter
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Freytag
- Institute of Anatomy & Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Therese Haider
- Institute of Anatomy & Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yen-Lin Huang
- Ovarian Cancer Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francis Jacob
- Ovarian Cancer Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wicklein
- Institute of Anatomy & Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy & Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Medical School Berlin, Leipziger Platz 10, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Lange
- Institute of Anatomy & Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy I, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Central Germany (CCCG), 07743 Jena, Germany
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13
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Nayak P, Chatterjee S, Paul R. Microtubule search-and-capture model evaluates the effect of chromosomal volume conservation on spindle assembly during mitosis. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:034401. [PMID: 37849183 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.034401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the chromosome numbers can arise from the erroneous mitosis or fusion and fission of chromosomes. While the mitotic errors lead to an increase or decrease in the overall chromosomal substance in the daughter cells, fission and fusion keep this conserved. Variations in chromosome numbers are assumed to be a crucial driver of speciation. For example, the members of the muntjac species are known to have very different karyotypes with the chromosome numbers varying from 2n=70+3B in the brown brocket deer to 2n=46 in the Chinese muntjac and 2n=6/7 in the Indian muntjac. The chromosomal content in the nucleus of these closely related mammals is roughly the same and various chromosome fusion and fission pathways have been suggested as the evolution process of these karyotypes. Similar trends can also be found in lepidoptera and yeast species which show a wide variation of chromosome numbers. The effect of chromosome number variation on the spindle assembly time and accuracy is still not properly addressed. We computationally investigate the effect of conservation of the total chromosomal substance on the spindle assembly during prometaphase. Our results suggest that chromosomal fusion pathways aid the microtubule-driven search and capture of the kinetochore in cells with monocentric chromosomes. We further report a comparative analysis of the site and percentage of amphitelic captures, dependence on cell shape, and position of the kinetochore in respect to chromosomal volume partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Nayak
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Saptarshi Chatterjee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Raja Paul
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
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14
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Bryan NW, Ali A, Niedzialkowska E, Mayne L, Stukenberg PT, Black BE. Structural Basis for the Phase Separation of the Chromosome Passenger Complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541822. [PMID: 37292983 PMCID: PMC10245869 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The physical basis of phase separation is thought to consist of the same types of bonds that specify conventional macromolecular interactions yet is unsatisfyingly often referred to as 'fuzzy'. Gaining clarity on the biogenesis of membraneless cellular compartments is one of the most demanding challenges in biology. Here, we focus on the chromosome passenger complex (CPC), that forms a chromatin body that regulates chromosome segregation in mitosis. Within the three regulatory subunits of the CPC implicated in phase separation - a heterotrimer of INCENP, Survivin, and Borealin - we identify the contact regions formed upon droplet formation using hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS). These contact regions correspond to some of the interfaces seen between individual heterotrimers within the crystal lattice they form. A major contribution comes from specific electrostatic interactions that can be broken and reversed through initial and compensatory mutagenesis, respectively. Our findings reveal structural insight for interactions driving liquid-liquid demixing of the CPC. Moreover, we establish HXMS as an approach to define the structural basis for phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaela W. Bryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Aamir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904
| | - Ewa Niedzialkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904
| | - Leland Mayne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - P. Todd Stukenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904
| | - Ben E. Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Penn Center for Genome Integrity, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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15
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Cmentowski V, Ciossani G, d’Amico E, Wohlgemuth S, Owa M, Dynlacht B, Musacchio A. A mechanism that integrates microtubule motors of opposite polarity at the kinetochore corona. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.25.538277. [PMID: 37163019 PMCID: PMC10168246 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.538277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome biorientation on the mitotic spindle is prerequisite to errorless genome inheritance. CENP-E (kinesin 7) and Dynein-Dynactin (DD), microtubule motors with opposite polarity, promote biorientation from the kinetochore corona, a polymeric structure whose assembly requires MPS1 kinase. The corona's building block consists of ROD, Zwilch, ZW10, and the DD adaptor Spindly (RZZS). How CENP-E and DD are scaffolded and mutually coordinated in the corona remains unclear. Here, we report near-complete depletion of RZZS and DD from kinetochores after depletion of CENP-E and the outer kinetochore protein KNL1. With inhibited MPS1, CENP-E, which we show binds directly to RZZS, is required to retain kinetochore RZZS. An RZZS phosphomimetic mutant bypasses this requirement. With active MPS1, CENP-E is dispensable for corona expansion, but strictly required for physiological kinetochore accumulation of DD. Thus, we identify the corona as an integrated scaffold where CENP-E kinesin controls DD kinetochore loading for coordinated bidirectional transport of chromosome cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Cmentowski
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ennio d’Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mikito Owa
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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16
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Akera T. Tubulin post-translational modifications in meiosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 137:38-45. [PMID: 34836784 PMCID: PMC9124733 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Haploid gametes are produced from diploid parents through meiosis, a process inherent to all sexually reproducing eukaryotes. Faithful chromosome segregation in meiosis is essential for reproductive success, although it is less clear how the meiotic spindle achieves this compared to the mitotic spindle. It is becoming increasingly clear that tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) play critical roles in regulating microtubule functions in many biological processes, and meiosis is no exception. Here, I review recent advances in the understanding of tubulin PTMs in meiotic spindles, especially focusing on their roles in spindle integrity, oocyte aging, and non-Mendelian transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akera
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA.
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17
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Meyer RE, Sartin A, Gish M, Harsha J, Wilkie E, Haworth D, LaVictoire R, Alberola I, Chuong HH, Gorbsky GJ, Dawson DS. Polyploid yeast are dependent on elevated levels of Mps1 for successful chromosome segregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523325. [PMID: 36712123 PMCID: PMC9882063 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell lines with elevated chromosome numbers frequently have correlated elevations of Mps1 expression and these tumors are more dependent on Mps1 activity for their survival than control cell lines. Mps1 is a conserved kinase involved in controlling aspects of chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. The mechanistic explanation for the Mps1-addiction of aneuploid cells is unknown. To address this question, we explored Mps1-dependence in yeast cells with increased sets of chromosomes. These experiments revealed that in yeast, increasing ploidy leads to delays and failures in orienting chromosomes on the mitotic spindle. Yeast cells with elevated numbers of chromosomes proved vulnerable to reductions of Mps1 activity. Cells with reduced Mps1 activity exhibit an extended prometaphase with longer spindles and delays in orienting the chromosomes. One known role of Mps1 is in recruiting Bub1 to the kinetochore in meiosis. We found that the Mps1-addiction of polyploid yeast cells is due in part to its role in Bub1 recruitment. Together, the experiments presented here demonstrate that increased ploidy renders cells more dependent on Mps1 for orienting chromosomes on the spindle. The phenomenon described here may be relevant in understanding why hyper-diploid cancer cells exhibit elevated reliance on Mps1 expression for successful chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis E Meyer
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Ashlea Sartin
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Madeline Gish
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Jillian Harsha
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Emily Wilkie
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Dawson Haworth
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Rebecca LaVictoire
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Isabel Alberola
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Hoa H Chuong
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Gary J Gorbsky
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Dean S Dawson
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
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18
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Laguillo-Diego A, Kiewisz R, Martí-Gómez C, Baum D, Müller-Reichert T, Vernos I. MCRS1 modulates the heterogeneity of microtubule minus-end morphologies in mitotic spindles. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 34:ar1. [PMID: 36350698 PMCID: PMC9816640 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-08-0306-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation requires the assembly of a bipolar spindle, consisting of two antiparallel microtubule (MT) arrays having most of their minus ends focused at the spindle poles and their plus ends overlapping in the spindle midzone. Spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and segregation require highly dynamic MTs. The plus ends of MTs have been extensively investigated but their minus-end structure remains poorly characterized. Here, we used large-scale electron tomography to study the morphology of the MT minus ends in three dimensionally reconstructed metaphase spindles in HeLa cells. In contrast to the homogeneous open morphology of the MT plus ends at the kinetochores, we found that MT minus ends are heterogeneous, showing either open or closed morphologies. Silencing the minus end-specific stabilizer, MCRS1 increased the proportion of open MT minus ends. Altogether, these data suggest a correlation between the morphology and the dynamic state of the MT ends. Taking this heterogeneity of the MT minus-end morphologies into account, our work indicates an unsynchronized behavior of MTs at the spindle poles, thus laying the groundwork for further studies on the complexity of MT dynamics regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Laguillo-Diego
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Robert Kiewisz
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carlos Martí-Gómez
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Daniel Baum
- Department of Visual and Data-Centric Computing, Zuse Institute Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Isabelle Vernos
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain,ICREA, Barcelona 08010, Spain,*Address correspondence to: Isabelle Vernos ()
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19
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Štimac V, Koprivec I, Manenica M, Simunić J, Tolić IM. Augmin prevents merotelic attachments by promoting proper arrangement of bridging and kinetochore fibers. eLife 2022; 11:83287. [PMID: 36269126 PMCID: PMC9640188 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human mitotic spindle is made of microtubules nucleated at centrosomes, at kinetochores, and from pre-existing microtubules by the augmin complex. However, it is unknown how the augmin-mediated nucleation affects distinct microtubule classes and thereby mitotic fidelity. Here, we use superresolution microscopy to analyze the previously indistinguishable microtubule arrangements within the crowded metaphase plate area and demonstrate that augmin is vital for the formation of uniformly arranged parallel units consisting of sister kinetochore fibers connected by a bridging fiber. This ordered geometry helps both prevent and resolve merotelic attachments. Whereas augmin-nucleated bridging fibers prevent merotelic attachments by creating a nearly parallel and highly bundled microtubule arrangement unfavorable for creating additional attachments, augmin-nucleated k-fibers produce robust force required to resolve errors during anaphase. STED microscopy revealed that bridging fibers were impaired twice as much as k-fibers following augmin depletion. The complete absence of bridging fibers from a significant portion of kinetochore pairs, especially in the inner part of the spindle, resulted in the specific reduction of the interkinetochore distance. Taken together, we propose a model where augmin promotes mitotic fidelity by generating assemblies consisting of bridging and kinetochore fibers that align sister kinetochores to face opposite poles, thereby preventing erroneous attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Štimac
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Isabella Koprivec
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Manenica
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juraj Simunić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva M Tolić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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20
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Francois L, Boskovic P, Knerr J, He W, Sigismondo G, Schwan C, More TH, Schlotter M, Conway ME, Krijgsveld J, Hiller K, Grosse R, Lichter P, Radlwimmer B. BCAT1 redox function maintains mitotic fidelity. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111524. [PMID: 36260995 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic enzyme branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) drives cell proliferation in aggressive cancers such as glioblastoma. Here, we show that BCAT1 localizes to mitotic structures and has a non-metabolic function as a mitotic regulator. Furthermore, BCAT1 is required for chromosome segregation in cancer and induced pluripotent stem cells and tumor growth in human cerebral organoid and mouse syngraft models. Applying gene knockout and rescue strategies, we show that the BCAT1 CXXC redox motif is crucial for controlling cysteine sulfenylation specifically in mitotic cells, promoting Aurora kinase B localization to centromeres, and securing accurate chromosome segregation. These findings offer an explanation for the well-established role of BCAT1 in promoting cancer cell proliferation. In summary, our data establish BCAT1 as a component of the mitotic apparatus that safeguards mitotic fidelity through a moonlighting redox functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Francois
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavle Boskovic
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Knerr
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wei He
- Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, and Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38092 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gianluca Sigismondo
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tushar H More
- Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, and Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38092 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Magdalena Schlotter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Myra E Conway
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, and Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38092 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Radlwimmer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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21
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Conway W, Kiewisz R, Fabig G, Kelleher CP, Wu HY, Anjur-Dietrich M, Müller-Reichert T, Needleman DJ. Self-organization of kinetochore-fibers in human mitotic spindles. eLife 2022; 11:75458. [PMID: 35876665 PMCID: PMC9398449 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During eukaryotic cell division, chromosomes are linked to microtubules (MTs) in the spindle by a macromolecular complex called the kinetochore. The bound kinetochore microtubules (KMTs) are crucial to ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. Recent reconstructions by electron tomography (Kiewisz et al., 2022) captured the positions and configurations of every MT in human mitotic spindles, revealing that roughly half the KMTs in these spindles do not reach the pole. Here, we investigate the processes that give rise to this distribution of KMTs using a combination of analysis of large-scale electron tomography, photoconversion experiments, quantitative polarized light microscopy, and biophysical modeling. Our results indicate that in metaphase, KMTs grow away from the kinetochores along well-defined trajectories, with the speed of the KMT minus ends continually decreasing as the minus ends approach the pole, implying that longer KMTs grow more slowly than shorter KMTs. The locations of KMT minus ends, and the turnover and movements of tubulin in KMTs, are consistent with models in which KMTs predominately nucleate de novo at kinetochores in metaphase and are inconsistent with substantial numbers of non-KMTs being recruited to the kinetochore in metaphase. Taken together, this work leads to a mathematical model of the self-organization of kinetochore-fibers in human mitotic spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Conway
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Robert Kiewisz
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunar Fabig
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Colm P Kelleher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Hai-Yin Wu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Maya Anjur-Dietrich
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel J Needleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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22
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Castrogiovanni C, Meraldi P. Cell division: The science friction of chromosome attachment. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R744-R746. [PMID: 35820385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, chromosomes must bind spindle microtubules via kinetochores in a stable yet dynamic manner to ensure rapid frictionless movements. A recent study identifies the first complex that specifically reduces friction in the kinetochore-microtubule interface to ensure efficient chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Castrogiovanni
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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23
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Dudka D, Lampson MA. Centromere drive: model systems and experimental progress. Chromosome Res 2022; 30:187-203. [PMID: 35731424 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-022-09696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Centromeres connect chromosomes and spindle microtubules to ensure faithful chromosome segregation. Paradoxically, despite this conserved function, centromeric DNA evolves rapidly and centromeric proteins show signatures of positive selection. The centromere drive hypothesis proposes that centromeric DNA can act like a selfish genetic element and drive non-Mendelian segregation during asymmetric female meiosis. Resulting fitness costs lead to genetic conflict with the rest of the genome and impose a selective pressure for centromeric proteins to adapt by suppressing the costs. Here, we describe experimental model systems for centromere drive in yellow monkeyflowers and mice, summarize key findings demonstrating centromere drive, and explain molecular mechanisms. We further discuss efforts to test if centromeric proteins are involved in suppressing drive-associated fitness costs, highlight a model for centromere drive and suppression in mice, and put forth outstanding questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Dudka
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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24
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Vukušić K, Tolić IM. Polar Chromosomes-Challenges of a Risky Path. Cells 2022; 11:1531. [PMID: 35563837 PMCID: PMC9101661 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of chromosome congression and alignment is at the core of mitotic fidelity. In this review, we discuss distinct spatial routes that the chromosomes take to align during prometaphase, which are characterized by distinct biomolecular requirements. Peripheral polar chromosomes are an intriguing case as their alignment depends on the activity of kinetochore motors, polar ejection forces, and a transition from lateral to end-on attachments to microtubules, all of which can result in the delayed alignment of these chromosomes. Due to their undesirable position close to and often behind the spindle pole, these chromosomes may be particularly prone to the formation of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule interactions, such as merotelic attachments. To prevent such errors, the cell employs intricate mechanisms to preposition the spindle poles with respect to chromosomes, ensure the formation of end-on attachments in restricted spindle regions, repair faulty attachments by error correction mechanisms, and delay segregation by the spindle assembly checkpoint. Despite this protective machinery, there are several ways in which polar chromosomes can fail in alignment, mis-segregate, and lead to aneuploidy. In agreement with this, polar chromosomes are present in certain tumors and may even be involved in the process of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruno Vukušić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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25
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SWAP, SWITCH, and STABILIZE: Mechanisms of Kinetochore–Microtubule Error Correction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091462. [PMID: 35563768 PMCID: PMC9104000 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For correct chromosome segregation in mitosis, eukaryotic cells must establish chromosome biorientation where sister kinetochores attach to microtubules extending from opposite spindle poles. To establish biorientation, any aberrant kinetochore–microtubule interactions must be resolved in the process called error correction. For resolution of the aberrant interactions in error correction, kinetochore–microtubule interactions must be exchanged until biorientation is formed (the SWAP process). At initiation of biorientation, the state of weak kinetochore–microtubule interactions should be converted to the state of stable interactions (the SWITCH process)—the conundrum of this conversion is called the initiation problem of biorientation. Once biorientation is established, tension is applied on kinetochore–microtubule interactions, which stabilizes the interactions (the STABILIZE process). Aurora B kinase plays central roles in promoting error correction, and Mps1 kinase and Stu2 microtubule polymerase also play important roles. In this article, we review mechanisms of error correction by considering the SWAP, SWITCH, and STABILIZE processes. We mainly focus on mechanisms found in budding yeast, where only one microtubule attaches to a single kinetochore at biorientation, making the error correction mechanisms relatively simpler.
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26
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Doodhi H, Tanaka TU. Swap and stop - Kinetochores play error correction with microtubules: Mechanisms of kinetochore-microtubule error correction: Mechanisms of kinetochore-microtubule error correction. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100246. [PMID: 35261042 PMCID: PMC9344824 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Correct chromosome segregation in mitosis relies on chromosome biorientation, in which sister kinetochores attach to microtubules from opposite spindle poles prior to segregation. To establish biorientation, aberrant kinetochore–microtubule interactions must be resolved through the error correction process. During error correction, kinetochore–microtubule interactions are exchanged (swapped) if aberrant, but the exchange must stop when biorientation is established. In this article, we discuss recent findings in budding yeast, which have revealed fundamental molecular mechanisms promoting this “swap and stop” process for error correction. Where relevant, we also compare the findings in budding yeast with mechanisms in higher eukaryotes. Evidence suggests that Aurora B kinase differentially regulates kinetochore attachments to the microtubule end and its lateral side and switches relative strength of the two kinetochore–microtubule attachment modes, which drives the exchange of kinetochore–microtubule interactions to resolve aberrant interactions. However, Aurora B kinase, recruited to centromeres and inner kinetochores, cannot reach its targets at kinetochore–microtubule interface when tension causes kinetochore stretching, which stops the kinetochore–microtubule exchange once biorientation is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinath Doodhi
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tomoyuki U Tanaka
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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27
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Barbosa J, Sunkel CE, Conde C. The Role of Mitotic Kinases and the RZZ Complex in Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments: Doing the Right Link. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:787294. [PMID: 35155423 PMCID: PMC8832123 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.787294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the interaction of kinetochores (KTs) with microtubules (MTs) drives chromosome congression to the spindle equator and supports the segregation of sister chromatids. Faithful genome partition critically relies on the ability of chromosomes to establish and maintain proper amphitelic end-on attachments, a configuration in which sister KTs are connected to robust MT fibers emanating from opposite spindle poles. Because the capture of spindle MTs by KTs is error prone, cells use mechanisms that sense and correct inaccurate KT-MT interactions before committing to segregate sister chromatids in anaphase. If left unresolved, these errors can result in the unequal distribution of chromosomes and lead to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular strategies that monitor the formation and fine-tuning of KT-MT attachments. We describe the complex network of proteins that operates at the KT-MT interface and discuss how AURORA B and PLK1 coordinate several concurrent events so that the stability of KT-MT attachments is precisely modulated throughout mitotic progression. We also outline updated knowledge on how the RZZ complex is regulated to ensure the formation of end-on attachments and the fidelity of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio E. Sunkel
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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28
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McKim KS. Highway to hell-thy meiotic divisions: Chromosome passenger complex functions driven by microtubules: CPC interactions with both the chromosomes and microtubules are important for spindle assembly and function: CPC interactions with both the chromosomes and microtubules are important for spindle assembly and function. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100202. [PMID: 34821405 PMCID: PMC8688318 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The chromosome passenger complex (CPC) localizes to chromosomes and microtubules, sometimes simultaneously. The CPC also has multiple domains for interacting with chromatin and microtubules. Interactions between the CPC and both the chromatin and microtubules is important for spindle assembly and error correction. Such dual chromatin-microtubule interactions may increase the concentration of the CPC necessary for efficient kinase activity while also making it responsive to specific conditions or structures in the cell. CPC-microtubule dependent functions are considered in the context of the first meiotic division. Acentrosomal spindle assembly is a process that depends on transfer of the CPC from the chromosomes to the microtubules. Furthermore, transfer to the microtubules is not only to position the CPC for a later role in cytokinesis; metaphase I error correction and subsequent bi-orientation of bivalents may depend on microtubule associated CPC interacting with the kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S McKim
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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29
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Orr B, De Sousa F, Gomes AM, Afonso O, Ferreira LT, Figueiredo AC, Maiato H. An anaphase surveillance mechanism prevents micronuclei formation from frequent chromosome segregation errors. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109783. [PMID: 34758324 PMCID: PMC8595644 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei are a hallmark of cancer and several other human disorders. Recently, micronuclei were implicated in chromothripsis, a series of massive genomic rearrangements that may drive tumor evolution and progression. Here, we show that Aurora B kinase mediates a surveillance mechanism that integrates error correction during anaphase with spatial control of nuclear envelope reassembly to prevent micronuclei formation. Using high-resolution live-cell imaging of human cancer and non-cancer cells, we uncover that anaphase lagging chromosomes are more frequent than previously anticipated, yet they rarely form micronuclei. Micronuclei formation from anaphase lagging chromosomes is prevented by a midzone-based Aurora B phosphorylation gradient that stabilizes kinetochore-microtubule attachments and assists spindle forces required for anaphase error correction while delaying nuclear envelope reassembly on lagging chromosomes, independently of microtubule density. We propose that a midzone-based Aurora B phosphorylation gradient actively monitors and corrects frequent chromosome segregation errors to prevent micronuclei formation during human cell division. Anaphase lagging chromosomes are frequent but rarely form micronuclei A midzone Aurora B activity gradient prevents micronuclei from segregation errors Midzone Aurora B assists spindle forces at the kinetochores to correct errors Aurora B spatially regulates nuclear envelope reformation on lagging chromosomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Orr
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe De Sousa
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Gomes
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Afonso
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa T Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Figueiredo
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Group, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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30
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Lee HS, Min S, Jung YE, Chae S, Heo J, Lee JH, Kim T, Kang HC, Nakanish M, Cha SS, Cho H. Spatiotemporal coordination of the RSF1-PLK1-Aurora B cascade establishes mitotic signaling platforms. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5931. [PMID: 34635673 PMCID: PMC8505570 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin remodeler RSF1 enriched at mitotic centromeres is essential for proper chromosome alignment and segregation and underlying mechanisms remain to be disclosed. We here show that PLK1 recruitment by RSF1 at centromeres creates an activating phosphorylation on Thr236 in the activation loop of Aurora B and this is indispensable for the Aurora B activation. In structural modeling the phosphorylated Thr236 enhances the base catalysis by Asp200 nearby, facilitating the Thr232 autophosphorylation. Accordingly, RSF1-PLK1 is central for Aurora B-mediated microtubule destabilization in error correction. However, under full microtubule-kinetochore attachment RSF1-PLK1 positions at kinetochores, halts activating Aurora B and phosphorylates BubR1, regardless of tension. Spatial movement of RSF1-PLK1 to kinetochores is triggered by Aurora B-mediated phosphorylation of centromeric histone H3 on Ser28. We propose a regulatory RSF1-PLK1 axis that spatiotemporally controls on/off switch on Aurora B. This feedback circuit among RSF1-PLK1-Aurora B may coordinate dynamic microtubule-kinetochore attachment in early mitosis when full tension yet to be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Soo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
| | - Sunwoo Min
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Chae
- Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - June Heo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - TaeSoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Makoto Nakanish
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sun-Shin Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
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31
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Iemura K, Yoshizaki Y, Kuniyasu K, Tanaka K. Attenuated Chromosome Oscillation as a Cause of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184531. [PMID: 34572757 PMCID: PMC8470601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chromosomal instability (CIN), a condition in which chromosome missegregation occurs at high rates, is widely seen in cancer cells. Causes of CIN in cancer cells are not fully understood. A recent report suggests that chromosome oscillation, an iterative chromosome motion typically seen in metaphase around the spindle equator, is attenuated in cancer cells, and is associated with CIN. Chromosome oscillation promotes the correction of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments through phosphorylation of Hec1, a kinetochore protein that binds to microtubules, by Aurora A kinase residing on the spindle. In this review, we focused on this unappreciated link between chromosome oscillation and CIN. Abstract Chromosomal instability (CIN) is commonly seen in cancer cells, and related to tumor progression and poor prognosis. Among the causes of CIN, insufficient correction of erroneous kinetochore (KT)-microtubule (MT) attachments plays pivotal roles in various situations. In this review, we focused on the previously unappreciated role of chromosome oscillation in the correction of erroneous KT-MT attachments, and its relevance to the etiology of CIN. First, we provided an overview of the error correction mechanisms for KT-MT attachments, especially the role of Aurora kinases in error correction by phosphorylating Hec1, which connects MT to KT. Next, we explained chromosome oscillation and its underlying mechanisms. Then we introduced how chromosome oscillation is involved in the error correction of KT-MT attachments, based on recent findings. Chromosome oscillation has been shown to promote Hec1 phosphorylation by Aurora A which localizes to the spindle. Finally, we discussed the link between attenuated chromosome oscillation and CIN in cancer cells. This link underscores the role of chromosome dynamics in mitotic fidelity, and the mutual relationship between defective chromosome dynamics and CIN in cancer cells that can be a target for cancer therapy.
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32
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Abstract
Female meiotic drive is the phenomenon where a selfish genetic element alters chromosome segregation during female meiosis to segregate to the egg and transmit to the next generation more frequently than Mendelian expectation. While several examples of female meiotic drive have been known for many decades, a molecular understanding of the underlying mechanisms has been elusive. Recent advances in this area in several model species prompts a comparative re-examination of these drive systems. In this review, we compare female meiotic drive of several animal and plant species, highlighting pertinent similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E. Clark
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Takashi Akera
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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33
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Guerreiro A, De Sousa F, Liaudet N, Ivanova D, Eskat A, Meraldi P. WDR62 localizes katanin at spindle poles to ensure synchronous chromosome segregation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212394. [PMID: 34137788 PMCID: PMC8240857 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the WDR62 gene cause primary microcephaly, a pathological condition often associated with defective cell division that results in severe brain developmental defects. The precise function and localization of WDR62 within the mitotic spindle is, however, still under debate, as it has been proposed to act either at centrosomes or on the mitotic spindle. Here we explored the cellular functions of WDR62 in human epithelial cell lines using both short-term siRNA protein depletions and long-term CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockouts. We demonstrate that WDR62 localizes at spindle poles, promoting the recruitment of the microtubule-severing enzyme katanin. Depletion or loss of WDR62 stabilizes spindle microtubules due to insufficient microtubule minus-end depolymerization but does not affect plus-end microtubule dynamics. During chromosome segregation, WDR62 and katanin promote efficient poleward microtubule flux and favor the synchronicity of poleward movements in anaphase to prevent lagging chromosomes. We speculate that these lagging chromosomes might be linked to developmental defects in primary microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Guerreiro
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Filipe De Sousa
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Radiation Oncology Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Liaudet
- Bioimaging Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daria Ivanova
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anja Eskat
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Chemical tools for dissecting cell division. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:632-640. [PMID: 34035515 PMCID: PMC10157795 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Components of the cell division machinery typically function at varying cell cycle stages and intracellular locations. To dissect cellular mechanisms during the rapid division process, small-molecule probes act as complementary approaches to genetic manipulations, with advantages of temporal and in some cases spatial control and applicability to multiple model systems. This Review focuses on recent advances in chemical probes and applications to address select questions in cell division. We discuss uses of both enzyme inhibitors and chemical inducers of dimerization, as well as emerging techniques to promote future investigations. Overall, these concepts may open new research directions for applying chemical probes to advance cell biology.
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35
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Chen GY, Renda F, Zhang H, Gokden A, Wu DZ, Chenoweth DM, Khodjakov A, Lampson MA. Tension promotes kinetochore-microtubule release by Aurora B kinase. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212027. [PMID: 33904910 PMCID: PMC8082439 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure accurate chromosome segregation, interactions between kinetochores and microtubules are regulated by a combination of mechanics and biochemistry. Tension provides a signal to discriminate attachment errors from bi-oriented kinetochores with sisters correctly attached to opposite spindle poles. Biochemically, Aurora B kinase phosphorylates kinetochores to destabilize interactions with microtubules. To link mechanics and biochemistry, current models regard tension as an input signal to locally regulate Aurora B activity. Here, we show that the outcome of kinetochore phosphorylation depends on tension. Using optogenetics to manipulate Aurora B at individual kinetochores, we find that kinase activity promotes microtubule release when tension is high. Conversely, when tension is low, Aurora B activity promotes depolymerization of kinetochore–microtubules while maintaining attachment. Thus, phosphorylation converts a catch-bond, in which tension stabilizes attachments, to a slip-bond, which releases microtubules under tension. We propose that tension is a signal inducing distinct error-correction pathways, with release or depolymerization being advantageous for typical errors characterized by high or low tension, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fioranna Renda
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Huaiying Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alper Gokden
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel Z Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexey Khodjakov
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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36
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Gama Braga L, Prifti DK, Garand C, Saini PK, Elowe S. A quantitative and semiautomated method for determining misaligned and lagging chromosomes during mitosis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:880-891. [PMID: 33085580 PMCID: PMC8108530 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-09-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome alignment at metaphase facilitates the equal segregation of sister chromatids to each of the nascent daughter cells. Lack of proper metaphase alignment is an indicator of defective chromosome congression and aberrant kinetochore-microtubule attachments which in turn promotes chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy, hallmarks of cancer. Tools to sensitively, accurately, and quantitatively measure chromosome alignment at metaphase will facilitate understanding of the contribution of chromosome segregation errors to the development of aneuploidy. In this work, we have developed and validated a method based on analytical geometry to measure several indicators of chromosome misalignment. We generated semiautomated and flexible ImageJ2/Fiji pipelines to quantify kinetochore misalignment at metaphase plates as well as lagging chromosomes at anaphase. These tools will ultimately allow sensitive and systematic quantitation of these chromosome segregation defects in cells undergoing mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Gama Braga
- Programme en Biologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Faculté de Médicine Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de réproduction, santé de la mère et de l’enfant, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- PROTEO-regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l’ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Diogjena Katerina Prifti
- Programme en Biologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Faculté de Médicine Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de réproduction, santé de la mère et de l’enfant, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- PROTEO-regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l’ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Chantal Garand
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de réproduction, santé de la mère et de l’enfant, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Pawan Kumar Saini
- Programme en Médicine moléculaire, Faculté de Médicine Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de réproduction, santé de la mère et de l’enfant, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- PROTEO-regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l’ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sabine Elowe
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de réproduction, santé de la mère et de l’enfant, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- PROTEO-regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l’ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Pédiatire, Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval et le Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
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37
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Cell-cycle phospho-regulation of the kinetochore. Curr Genet 2021; 67:177-193. [PMID: 33221975 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a mega-dalton protein assembly that forms within centromeric regions of chromosomes and directs their segregation during cell division. Here we review cell cycle-mediated phosphorylation events at the kinetochore, with a focus on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the insight gained from forced associations of kinases and phosphatases. The point centromeres found in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae are one of the simplest such structures found in eukaryotes. The S. cerevisiae kinetochore comprises a single nucleosome, containing a centromere-specific H3 variant Cse4CENP-A, bound to a set of kinetochore proteins that connect to a single microtubule. Despite the simplicity of the budding yeast kinetochore, the proteins are mostly homologous with their mammalian counterparts. In some cases, human proteins can complement their yeast orthologs. Like its mammalian equivalent, the regulation of the budding yeast kinetochore is complex: integrating signals from the cell cycle, checkpoints, error correction, and stress pathways. The regulatory signals from these diverse pathways are integrated at the kinetochore by post-translational modifications, notably phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, to control chromosome segregation. Here we highlight the complex interplay between the activity of the different cell-cycle kinases and phosphatases at the kinetochore, emphasizing how much more we have to understand this essential structure.
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38
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Meyer RE, Tipton AR, LaVictoire R, Gorbsky GJ, Dawson DS. Mps1 promotes poleward chromosome movements in meiotic prometaphase. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1020-1032. [PMID: 33788584 PMCID: PMC8101486 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-08-0525-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and become connected by cross-overs. Chiasmata, the connections formed by cross-overs, enable the chromosome pair, called a bivalent, to attach as a single unit to the spindle. When the meiotic spindle forms in prometaphase, most bivalents are associated with one spindle pole and then go through a series of oscillations on the spindle, attaching to and detaching from microtubules until the partners of the bivalent become bioriented—attached to microtubules from opposite sides of the spindle. The conserved kinase, Mps1, is essential for the bivalents to be pulled by microtubules across the spindle in prometaphase. Here we show that MPS1 is needed for efficient triggering of the migration of microtubule-attached kinetochores toward the poles and promotes microtubule depolymerization. Our data support the model Mps1 acts at the kinetochore to coordinate the successful attachment of a microtubule and the triggering of microtubule depolymerization to then move the chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis E Meyer
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Aaron R Tipton
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Rebecca LaVictoire
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Gary J Gorbsky
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Dean S Dawson
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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39
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Navarro AP, Cheeseman IM. Kinetochore assembly throughout the cell cycle. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:62-74. [PMID: 33753005 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore plays an essential role in facilitating chromosome segregation during cell division. This massive protein complex assembles onto the centromere of chromosomes and enables their attachment to spindle microtubules during mitosis. The kinetochore also functions as a signaling hub to regulate cell cycle progression, and is crucial to ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Despite the fact that kinetochores are large and robust molecular assemblies, they are also highly dynamic structures that undergo structural and organizational changes throughout the cell cycle. This review will highlight our current understanding of kinetochore structure and function, focusing on the dynamic processes that underlie kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra P Navarro
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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40
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Chen J, Ünal E. Meiotic regulation of the Ndc80 complex composition and function. Curr Genet 2021; 67:511-518. [PMID: 33745061 PMCID: PMC8254699 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the current models for how the subunit abundance of the Ndc80 complex, a key kinetochore component, is regulated in budding yeast and metazoan meiosis. The past decades of kinetochore research have established the Ndc80 complex to be a key microtubule interactor and a central hub for regulating chromosome segregation. Recent studies further demonstrate that Ndc80 is the limiting kinetochore subunit that dictates the timing of kinetochore activation in budding yeast meiosis. Here, we discuss the molecular circuits that regulate Ndc80 protein synthesis and degradation in budding yeast meiosis and compare the findings with those from metazoans. We envision the regulatory principles discovered in budding yeast to be conserved in metazoans, thereby providing guidance into future investigations on kinetochore regulation in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxun Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Elçin Ünal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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41
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Shake It Off: The Elimination of Erroneous Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments and Chromosome Oscillation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063174. [PMID: 33804687 PMCID: PMC8003821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation and sexual reproduction require the faithful segregation of chromosomes. Chromosome segregation is driven by the interaction of chromosomes with the spindle, and the attachment of chromosomes to the proper spindle poles is essential. Initial attachments are frequently erroneous due to the random nature of the attachment process; however, erroneous attachments are selectively eliminated. Proper attachment generates greater tension at the kinetochore than erroneous attachments, and it is thought that attachment selection is dependent on this tension. However, studies of meiotic chromosome segregation suggest that attachment elimination cannot be solely attributed to tension, and the precise mechanism of selective elimination of erroneous attachments remains unclear. During attachment elimination, chromosomes oscillate between the spindle poles. A recent study on meiotic chromosome segregation in fission yeast has suggested that attachment elimination is coupled to chromosome oscillation. In this review, the possible contribution of chromosome oscillation in the elimination of erroneous attachment is discussed in light of the recent finding.
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42
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Jeusset LM, Guppy BJ, Lichtensztejn Z, McDonald D, McManus KJ. Reduced USP22 Expression Impairs Mitotic Removal of H2B Monoubiquitination, Alters Chromatin Compaction and Induces Chromosome Instability That May Promote Oncogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051043. [PMID: 33801331 PMCID: PMC7958346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an enabling feature of oncogenesis associated with poor patient outcomes, whose genetic determinants remain largely unknown. As mitotic chromatin compaction defects can compromise the accuracy of chromosome segregation into daughter cells and drive CIN, characterizing the molecular mechanisms ensuring accurate chromatin compaction may identify novel CIN genes. In vitro, histone H2B monoubiquitination at lysine 120 (H2Bub1) impairs chromatin compaction, while in vivo H2Bub1 is rapidly depleted from chromatin upon entry into mitosis, suggesting that H2Bub1 removal may be a pre-requisite for mitotic fidelity. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP22 catalyzes H2Bub1 removal in interphase and may also be required for H2Bub1 removal in early mitosis to maintain chromosome stability. In this study, we demonstrate that siRNA-mediated USP22 depletion increases H2Bub1 levels in early mitosis and induces CIN phenotypes associated with mitotic chromatin compaction defects revealed by super-resolution microscopy. Moreover, USP22-knockout models exhibit continuously changing chromosome complements over time. These data identify mitotic removal of H2Bub1 as a critical determinant of chromatin compaction and faithful chromosome segregation. We further demonstrate that USP22 is a CIN gene, indicating that USP22 deletions, which are frequent in many tumor types, may drive genetic heterogeneity and contribute to cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile M. Jeusset
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0V9, Canada; (L.M.J.); (B.J.G.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0J9, Canada
| | - Brent J. Guppy
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0V9, Canada; (L.M.J.); (B.J.G.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0J9, Canada
| | - Zelda Lichtensztejn
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0V9, Canada; (L.M.J.); (B.J.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Darin McDonald
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada;
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0V9, Canada; (L.M.J.); (B.J.G.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0J9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(204)-787-2833
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43
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The right place at the right time: Aurora B kinase localization to centromeres and kinetochores. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:299-311. [PMID: 32406506 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis is intimately linked to the function of kinetochores, which are large protein complexes assembled at sites of centromeric heterochromatin on mitotic chromosomes. These key "orchestrators" of mitosis physically connect chromosomes to spindle microtubules and transduce forces through these connections to congress chromosomes and silence the spindle assembly checkpoint. Kinetochore-microtubule attachments are highly regulated to ensure that incorrect attachments are not prematurely stabilized, but instead released and corrected. The kinase activity of the centromeric protein Aurora B is required for kinetochore-microtubule destabilization during mitosis, but how the kinase acts on outer kinetochore substrates to selectively destabilize immature and erroneous attachments remains debated. Here, we review recent literature that sheds light on how Aurora B kinase is recruited to both centromeres and kinetochores and discuss possible mechanisms for how kinase interactions with substrates at distinct regions of mitotic chromosomes are regulated.
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44
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Wakiya M, Nishi E, Kawai S, Yamada K, Katsumata K, Hirayasu A, Itabashi Y, Yamamoto A. Chiasmata and the kinetochore component Dam1 are crucial for elimination of erroneous chromosome attachments and centromere oscillation at meiosis I. Open Biol 2021; 11:200308. [PMID: 33529549 PMCID: PMC8061696 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of proper chromosome attachments to the spindle requires elimination of erroneous attachments, but the mechanism of this process is not fully understood. During meiosis I, sister chromatids attach to the same spindle pole (mono-oriented attachment), whereas homologous chromosomes attach to opposite poles (bi-oriented attachment), resulting in homologous chromosome segregation. Here, we show that chiasmata that link homologous chromosomes and kinetochore component Dam1 are crucial for elimination of erroneous attachments and oscillation of centromeres between the spindle poles at meiosis I in fission yeast. In chiasma-forming cells, Mad2 and Aurora B kinase, which provides time for attachment correction and destabilizes erroneous attachments, respectively, caused elimination of bi-oriented attachments of sister chromatids, whereas in chiasma-lacking cells, they caused elimination of mono-oriented attachments. In chiasma-forming cells, in addition, homologous centromere oscillation was coordinated. Furthermore, Dam1 contributed to attachment elimination in both chiasma-forming and chiasma-lacking cells, and drove centromere oscillation. These results demonstrate that chiasmata alter attachment correction patterns by enabling error correction factors to eliminate bi-oriented attachment of sister chromatids, and suggest that Dam1 induces elimination of erroneous attachments. The coincidental contribution of chiasmata and Dam1 to centromere oscillation also suggests a potential link between centromere oscillation and attachment elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Wakiya
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Eriko Nishi
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Kawai
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamada
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Katsumata
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ami Hirayasu
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yuta Itabashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ayumu Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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45
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Singh P, Pesenti ME, Maffini S, Carmignani S, Hedtfeld M, Petrovic A, Srinivasamani A, Bange T, Musacchio A. BUB1 and CENP-U, Primed by CDK1, Are the Main PLK1 Kinetochore Receptors in Mitosis. Mol Cell 2021; 81:67-87.e9. [PMID: 33248027 PMCID: PMC7837267 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reflecting its pleiotropic functions, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) localizes to various sub-cellular structures during mitosis. At kinetochores, PLK1 contributes to microtubule attachments and mitotic checkpoint signaling. Previous studies identified a wealth of potential PLK1 receptors at kinetochores, as well as requirements for various mitotic kinases, including BUB1, Aurora B, and PLK1 itself. Here, we combine ectopic localization, in vitro reconstitution, and kinetochore localization studies to demonstrate that most and likely all of the PLK1 is recruited through BUB1 in the outer kinetochore and centromeric protein U (CENP-U) in the inner kinetochore. BUB1 and CENP-U share a constellation of sequence motifs consisting of a putative PP2A-docking motif and two neighboring PLK1-docking sites, which, contingent on priming phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and PLK1 itself, bind PLK1 and promote its dimerization. Our results rationalize previous observations and describe a unifying mechanism for recruitment of PLK1 to human kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marion E Pesenti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sara Carmignani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marius Hedtfeld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anupallavi Srinivasamani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tanja Bange
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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46
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Abstract
Silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint involves two protein phosphatases, PP1 and PP2A-B56, that are thought to extinguish checkpoint signaling through dephosphorylation of a checkpoint scaffold at kinetochores. In this issue, Cordeiro et al. (2020. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202002020) now show that a critical function of these phosphatases in checkpoint silencing is removal of Polo kinase at kinetochores, which would otherwise autonomously sustain the checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simonetta Piatti
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
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47
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Asai Y, Matsumura R, Hasumi Y, Susumu H, Nagata K, Watanabe Y, Terada Y. SET/TAF1 forms a distance-dependent feedback loop with Aurora B and Bub1 as a tension sensor at centromeres. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15653. [PMID: 32973131 PMCID: PMC7518443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, spatiotemporal regulation of phosphorylation at the kinetochore is essential for accurate chromosome alignment and proper chromosome segregation. Aurora B kinase phosphorylates kinetochore substrates to correct improper kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachments, whereas tension across the centromeres inactivates Aurora B kinase, and PP2A phosphatase dephosphorylates the kinetochore proteins to stabilize the attachments. However, the molecular entity of the tension sensing mechanism remains elusive. In a previous report, we showed that centromeric SET/TAF1 on Sgo2 up-regulates Aurora B kinase activity via PP2A inhibition in prometaphase. Here we show that Aurora B and Bub1 at the centromere/kinetochore regulate both kinase activities one another in an inter-kinetochore distance-dependent manner, indicating a positive feedback loop. We further show that the centromeric pool of SET on Sgo2 depends on Bub1 kinase activity, and the centromeric localization of SET decreases in a distance-dependent manner, thereby inactivating Aurora B in metaphase. Consistently, ectopic targeting of SET to the kinetochores during metaphase hyperactivates Aurora B via PP2A inhibition, and thereby rescues the feedback loop. Thus, we propose that SET, Aurora B and Bub1 form a distance-dependent positive feedback loop, which spatiotemporally may act as a tension sensor at centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Asai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Rieko Matsumura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yurina Hasumi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Susumu
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Nagata
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, Sussex, UK
| | - Yasuhiko Terada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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Gutierrez A, Kim JO, Umbreit NT, Asbury CL, Davis TN, Miller MP, Biggins S. Cdk1 Phosphorylation of the Dam1 Complex Strengthens Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4491-4499.e5. [PMID: 32946748 PMCID: PMC7497780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the faithful inheritance of DNA, a macromolecular protein complex called the kinetochore sustains the connection between chromosomes and force-generating dynamic microtubules during cell division. Defects in this process lead to aneuploidy, a common feature of cancer cells and the cause of many developmental diseases [1, 2, 3, 4]. One of the major microtubule-binding activities in the kinetochore is mediated by the conserved Ndc80 complex (Ndc80c) [5, 6, 7]. In budding yeast, the retention of kinetochores on dynamic microtubule tips also depends on the essential heterodecameric Dam1 complex (Dam1c) [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15], which binds to the Ndc80c and is proposed to be a functional ortholog of the metazoan Ska complex [16, 17]. The load-bearing activity of the Dam1c depends on its ability to oligomerize, and the purified complex spontaneously self-assembles into microtubule-encircling oligomeric rings, which are proposed to function as collars that allow kinetochores to processively track the plus-end tips of microtubules and harness the forces generated by disassembling microtubules [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. However, it is unknown whether there are specific regulatory events that promote Dam1c oligomerization to ensure accurate segregation. Here, we used a reconstitution system to discover that Cdk1, the major mitotic kinase that drives the cell cycle, phosphorylates the Ask1 component of the Dam1c to increase its residence time on microtubules and enhance kinetochore-microtubule attachment strength. We propose that Cdk1 activity promotes Dam1c oligomerization to ensure that kinetochore-microtubule attachments are stabilized as kinetochores come under tension in mitosis. Cdk1 phosphorylation of Dam1c strengthens kinetochore-microtubule attachments Ask1 is the key Cdk1 target in Dam1c that enhances for kinetochore-microtubule attachments Dynamic phosphorylation of Dam1c by Cdk1 is important in vivo Cdk1 phosphorylation of Ask1 appears to promote Dam1c oligomerization
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Gutierrez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jae Ook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Neil T Umbreit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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49
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Benzi G, Piatti S. Killing two birds with one stone: how budding yeast Mps1 controls chromosome segregation and spindle assembly checkpoint through phosphorylation of a single kinetochore protein. Curr Genet 2020; 66:1037-1044. [PMID: 32632756 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, the identical sister chromatids of each chromosome must attach through their kinetochores to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. This process, referred to as chromosome biorientation, is essential for equal partitioning of the genetic information to the two daughter cells. Defects in chromosome biorientation can give rise to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer and genetic diseases. A conserved surveillance mechanism called spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents the onset of anaphase until biorientation is attained. Key to chromosome biorientation is an error correction mechanism that allows kinetochores to establish proper bipolar attachments by disengaging faulty kinetochore-microtubule connections. Error correction relies on the Aurora B and Mps1 kinases that also promote SAC signaling, raising the possibility that they are part of a single sensory device responding to improper attachments and concomitantly controlling both their disengagement and a temporary mitotic arrest. In budding yeast, Aurora B and Mps1 promote error correction independently from one another, but while the substrates of Aurora B in this process are at least partially known, the mechanism underlying the involvement of Mps1 in the error correction pathway is unknown. Through the characterization of a novel mps1 mutant and an unbiased genetic screen for extragenic suppressors, we recently gained evidence that a common mechanism based on Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of the Knl1/Spc105 kinetochore scaffold and subsequent recruitment of the Bub1 kinase is critical for the function of Mps1 in chromosome biorientation as well as for SAC activation (Benzi et al. EMBO Rep, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Benzi
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Simonetta Piatti
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
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50
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Barbosa J, Conde C, Sunkel C. RZZ-SPINDLY-DYNEIN: you got to keep 'em separated. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1716-1726. [PMID: 32544383 PMCID: PMC7469663 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1780382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain genome stability, chromosomes must be equally distributed among daughter cells at the end of mitosis. The accuracy of chromosome segregation requires sister-kinetochores to stably attach to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. However, initial kinetochore-microtubule interactions are able to turnover so that defective attachment configurations that typically arise during early mitosis may be corrected. Growing evidence supports a role for the RZZ complex in preventing the stabilization of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. This inhibitory function of RZZ toward end-on attachments is relieved by DYNEIN-mediated transport of the complex as chromosomes congress and appropriate interactions with microtubules are established. However, it remains unclear how DYNEIN is antagonized to prevent premature RZZ removal. We recently described a new mechanism that sheds new light on this matter. We found that POLO kinase phosphorylates the DYNEIN adaptor SPINDLY to promote the uncoupling between RZZ and DYNEIN. Elevated POLO activity during prometaphase ensures that RZZ is retained at kinetochores to allow the dynamic turnover of kinetochore-microtubule interactions and prevent the stabilization of erroneous attachments. Here, we discuss additional interpretations to explain a model for POLO-dependent regulation of the RZZ-SPINDLY-DYNEIN module during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Conde
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio Sunkel
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciência Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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