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Cao X, Xiong H, Fan Y, Xiong L. Comparing the Effects of Two Culture Methods to Determine the Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Colony Count in Hospital Purified Water. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2024; 14:184-192. [PMID: 38358615 PMCID: PMC11043230 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-023-00186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurately detecting the quantity of microorganisms in hospital purified water is of significant importance for early identification of microbial contamination and reducing the occurrence of water-borne hospital infections. The choice of detection method is a prerequisite for ensuring accurate results. Traditional Plate Count Agar (PCA) belongs to a high-nutrient medium, and there may be limitations in terms of accuracy or sensitivity in detecting microorganisms in hospital purified water. On the other hand, Reasoner's 2A agar (R2A) has characteristics, such as low-nutrient levels, low cultivation temperature, and extended incubation time, providing advantages in promoting the growth of aquatic microorganisms. This study, through comparing the differences in total colony counts between two detection methods, aims to select the method more suitable for the growth of aquatic microorganisms, offering new practical insights for accurately detecting the total count of heterotrophic bacteria in hospital purified water. METHODS The most commonly used plate count agar (PCA) method, and the R2A agar culture were adopted to detect microorganisms and determine the total number of bacterial colonies in the water for oral diagnosis and treatment water and terminal rinse water for endoscopes in medical institutions. The two water samples were inoculated by pour plate and membrane filtration methods, respectively. Using statistical methods including Spearman and Pearson correlation, Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test, paired-Chi-square test, and linear regression, we analyze the differences and associations in the bacterial counts cultivated through two different methods. RESULTS In 142 specimens of the water, the median and interquartile range of the heterotrophic bacterial colony number under the R2A culture method and under the PCA culture method were 200 (Q1-Q3: 25-18,000) and 6 (Q1-Q3: 0-3700). The total number of heterotrophic bacteria colonies cultured in R2A medium for 7 days was more than that cultured in PCA medium for 2 days (P < 0.05). The linear regression results showed a relatively strong linear correlation between the number of colonies cultured by the R2A method and that cultured by the PCA method (R2 = 0.7264). The number of bacterial species detected on R2A agar medium is greater than that on PCA agar medium. CONCLUSION The R2A culture method can better reflect the actual number of heterotrophic bacterial colonies in hospital purified water. After logarithmic transformation, the number of colonies cultured by the two methods showed a linear correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjing Cao
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Huangguo Xiong
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yunzhou Fan
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lijuan Xiong
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Li N, Cai QM, Hu NY, Jiang SL, Chen FQ, Hu QQ, Yang F, He CZ. Pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial community changes in dental unit waterlines after chlorogenic acid treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1303099. [PMID: 38299116 PMCID: PMC10828043 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1303099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The contamination of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) poses a significant risk of cross-infection in dentistry. Although chemical disinfectants have been effective in reducing number of bacteria, they do have limitations. Methods This study aimed to investigate the potential of chlorogenic acid, a natural substance with broadspectrum antibacterial properties, for treating DUWLs. Over a period of three months, we analyzed the microbial communities in 149 DUWLs samples collected from 5 dental units using high-throughput pyrophosphate sequencing. Results The results revealed that chlorogenic acid treatment had a significant impact on the microbial community profile in the DUWLs, with the most significant changes occurring within the first 15 days and stabilization observed in the last 30 days. The predominant genera detected in the samples were Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Methylobacterium, and Phreatobacter. Additionally, the relative abundance of certain beneficial bacteria, such as Alloprevotella, Roseburia, and Blautia, increased, while the presence of opportunistic pathogens like Mycobacteria significantly decreased. The functional prediction analysis using the KEGG database indicated a decrease in the pathogenicity of the bacterial community in the DUWLs following chlorogenic acid treatment. Discussion This study introduces a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of infections associated with dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Nursing School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin-Ming Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ni-Ya Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shu-ling Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Nursing School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fu-Qing Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chao-Zhu He
- Nursing School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Marino F, Mazzotta M, Pascale MR, Derelitto C, Girolamini L, Cristino S. First water safety plan approach applied to a Dental Clinic complex: identification of new risk factors associated with Legionella and P. aeruginosa contamination, using a novel sampling, maintenance and management program. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2223477. [PMID: 37346998 PMCID: PMC10281406 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2223477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) represent a complex environment able to promote microbial contamination, due to functional, mechanical and practical risk factors. According to a water safety plan approach, the main goal is to preserve the health of dentists, dental staff and patients. The aim of this study is to develop a DUWLs water safety plan that is able to support correct and effective maintenance and disinfection procedures. Three different water systems serve 60 dental chairs: (i) water that comes directly from municipal water (Type A), (ii) water supplied by municipal water and water bottles (Type B) and (iii) water supplied only via water bottles (Type C). For each type, Legionella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination was studied, by applying a new sampling scheme, based on separate sampling from water bottles, cup filler and handpieces. Type B DUWL is the only type of DUWL contaminated by L. pneumophila (ST 59) and L. anisa (mean contamination: 608.33 ± 253.33 cfu/L) detected in cup filler and handpieces, as well as the high presence of P. aeruginosa (44.42 ± 13.25 cfu/100 mL). Two subsequent shock treatments and resampling procedures were performed by increasing disinfectant dosage and contact time and removing some DUWL components linked to biofilm growth in DUWLs. A significant reduction of contamination was obtained for both microorganisms (Legionella spp.: -100%, p < 0.001 and P. aeruginosa: -99.86%, p = 0.006). The sampling strategy proposed allows us to identify the source of contamination and better focus on the maintenance and disinfection procedures. DUWLs represent an environment that requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining the knowledge of all DUWL components to correct procedures that are able to preserve the health of personnel and patients, as well as guaranteeing DUWLs' safe functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marino
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Mazzotta
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Pascale
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Derelitto
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luna Girolamini
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Cristino
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI), Basel, Switzerland
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Dang Y, Zhang Q, Wang J, Wang Q, Han M, Niu Y, Li H, Li X. Assessment of microbiota diversity in dental unit waterline contamination. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12723. [PMID: 35036099 PMCID: PMC8743008 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) provide water for handpieces, air/water syringes, and mouth-rinse water outlets. DUWL contamination can negatively affect the operating environment and public health. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the bacterial concentrations and microbial composition in the DUWLs from different dental specialties. METHODS We collected 350 5-mL dental water samples (from high-speed handpieces, air/water syringes, and mouth-rinse water outlets) from 60 dental chair units (DCUs) at a dental hospital to determine the bacterial concentrations by culture methods. Meanwhile, to investigate the diversity and community structure of microbe in the DUWLs, 17 high-quality DNA from 60 250-mL air/water syringe water samples, which were collected from the same 60 DCUs, were analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS The median bacterial concentration was 166 (31.5, 672.5) CFU/mL and the range was 0-3,816,000 CFU/mL. Only 42.6% of the water samples had bacterial concentrations below 100 CFU/mL. The Kruskal-Wallis H-test revealed that the water samples from three dental specialties had significantly different bacterial concentrations (H = 27.441, P < 0.01). High-throughput sequencing results showed significant differences in bacterial community structure between periodontics and the other two dental specialties. In the samples from three dental specialties, 508 OTUs were detected, with 160, 182 and 176 OTUs unique to the periodontics, endodontics and prosthodontics specialties, respectively. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) suggested that Hydrocarboniphaga, Zoogloea, Aquabacterium, and Hydrogenophaga were enriched in the periodontics specialty; Acinetobacter, Geothrix, and Desulfovibrio were enriched in the prosthodontics specialty; and Alistipes, Clostridium XIVa, and Serratia were enriched in the endodontics specialty. Seven potentially human-pathogenic genera (Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Ochrobactrum, Rhizobium, Brevundimonas, and Methylobacterium) with relative abundance exceeding 1% were also detected in the DUWLs. CONCLUSIONS The bacterial concentrations and microbial composition were influenced by different dental specialties, so a validated disinfection protocol should be used to control DUWL contamination in different dental specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dang
- Department of Nursing, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Nursing, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Han
- The Fourth Outpatient Department, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Niu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Nursing, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiue Li
- Department of Nursing, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Cicciù M, Cervino G, Fiorillo L. The third teething: gerodontology and new therapy approaches. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2021; 71:1-4. [PMID: 34549576 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.21.04591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cicciù
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, Policlinico G. Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cervino
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, Policlinico G. Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Fiorillo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, Policlinico G. Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy - .,Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,Department of Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Aldent, Tirana, Albania
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Fiorillo L, Meto A, Cicciù F, De Stefano R. An Eventual Sars-CoV-2 Infection Prevention Protocol in the Medical Setting and Dental Office. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2593. [PMID: 33807646 PMCID: PMC7967356 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the entire world population, and in particular the medical-health field, especially dentistry [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fiorillo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, School of Dentistry, University of Messina, Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Aida Meto
- Department of Dental Therapy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Francesca Cicciù
- Unità Operativa di Patologia Clinica, ARNAS Garibaldi Centro, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Rosa De Stefano
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy;
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Ray SS, Iroegbu AO. Nanocellulosics: Benign, Sustainable, and Ubiquitous Biomaterials for Water Remediation. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4511-4526. [PMID: 33644559 PMCID: PMC7905826 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Water is critical for all lives to thrive. Access to potable and safe water has been argued to rank top among the prerequisites for defining the standard of living of a nation. However, there is a global decline in water quality due to human activities and other factors that severely impact freshwater resources such as saltwater intrusion and natural disasters. It has been pointed out that the millions of liters of industrial and domestic wastewater generated globally have the potential to help mitigate water scarcity if it is appropriately captured and remediated. Among the many initiatives to increase access to clean water, the scientific community has focused on wastewater remediation through the utilization of bioderived materials, such as nanocellulosics. Nanocellulosics, derived from cellulose, have the advantages of being ubiquitous, nontoxic, and excellent adsorbents. Furthermore, the surface properties of nanocellulosic materials can easily be modified. These advantages make them promising materials for water remediation applications. This perspective highlights the most important new developments in the application of nanocellulosics in water treatment technologies, such as membrane, adsorption, sensors, and flocculants/coagulants. We also identify where further work is urgently required for the widespread industrial application of nanocellulosics in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre
for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology
Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg,
Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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Spagnolo AM, Sartini M, Cristina ML. Microbial Contamination of Dental Unit Waterlines and Potential Risk of Infection: A Narrative Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E651. [PMID: 32823641 PMCID: PMC7460066 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) are often contaminated by large numbers of various micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses). Microbial contamination in DUWLs may originate from the mains water piped into the dental unit, the suck-back of patients' saliva into the line due to the lack of adequate valves, and contamination from bottled water systems. Some of the main determinants of microbial contamination in DUWLs are: a very small lumen size (0.5-2 mm) of the tubing used, high surface-to-volume ratio (6:1), low throughput and the materials of which the tubing is made, water stagnation outside of working hours. The environmental conditions present inside the conduits of the dental unit may facilitate the proliferation of micro-organisms and the consequent formation of biofilm on the interior surface of the pipes of DUWLs. During the use of handpieces, particularly high-speed rotating instruments, a spray is thrown up in the form of aerosols or spatters containing biological material (saliva, blood and dental plaque) and micro-organisms. This means that the health of both dental staff and patients could be at risk of infection. The risk of cross-infections in dental settings can be tackled by implementing combined interventions to prevent the contamination of DUWLs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Sartini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.L.C.)
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Cervino G, Oteri G. COVID-19 Pandemic and Telephone Triage before Attending Medical Office: Problem or Opportunity? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E250. [PMID: 32443828 PMCID: PMC7279364 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 emergency, the medical operating protocols have been largely modified for reducing any type of contamination risk, for working in a safe way and for making the patient feel in a safe environment. Telemedicine, smart phones and apps could represent important devices for the community, in order to prevent virus trasmission and to perform quick diagnosis and management at medical offices. This manuscript could be useful for clinicians with regard to the current state of the effectiveness of the telephone triage in this COVID-19 epidemic period. Therefore, it could be an important starting point for future perspectives about telemedicine and virtual patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cervino
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, Messina University, 1-98100 Messina, Italy;
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