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Gouaref I, Otmane A, Makrelouf M, Abderrhmane SA, Haddam AEM, Koceir EA. Crucial Interactions between Altered Plasma Trace Elements and Fatty Acids Unbalance Ratio to Management of Systemic Arterial Hypertension in Diabetic Patients: Focus on Endothelial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9288. [PMID: 39273236 PMCID: PMC11395650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The coexistence of SAH with T2DM is a common comorbidity. In this study, we investigated the link between altered plasma antioxidant trace elements (ATE: manganese, selenium, zinc, and copper) and fatty acids ratio (FAR: polyunsaturated/saturated) imbalance as transition biomarkers between vascular pathology (SAH) to metabolic pathology (T2DM). Our data revealed strong correlation between plasma ATE and FAR profile, which is modified during SAH-T2DM association compared to the healthy group. This relationship is mediated by lipotoxicity (simultaneously prominent visceral adipose tissue lipolysis, significant flow of non-esterified free fatty acids release, TG-Chol-dyslipidemia, high association of total SFA, palmitic acid, arachidonic acid, and PUFA ω6/PUFA ω3; drop in tandem of PUFA/SFA and EPA + DHA); oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation confirmed by TAS depletion and MDA rise, concurrent drop of Zn/Cu-SOD, GPx, GSH, Se, Zn, Se/Mn, Zn/Cu; concomitant enhancement of Cu, Mn, and Fe); endothelial dysfunction (endotheline-1 increase); athero-thrombogenesis risk (concomitant rise of ApoB100/ApoA1, Ox-LDL, tHcy, and Lp(a)), and inflammation (higher of Hs-CRP, fibrinogen and ferritin). Our study opens to new therapeutic targets and to better dietary management, such as to establishing dietary ATE and PUFA ω6/PUFA ω3 or PUFA/SFA reference values for atherosclerotic risk prevention in hypertensive/diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Gouaref
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Nutrition and Pathologies Post Graduate School, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16123, Algeria
- Tamayouz Laboratory, Centre de Recherche en Biotechnologie (CRBT), Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville UV 03 BP E73, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Amel Otmane
- Biochemistry and Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital Center, Mohamed Lamine Debaghine, Bab El Oued, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Makrelouf
- Biochemistry and Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital Center, Mohamed Lamine Debaghine, Bab El Oued, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Samir Ait Abderrhmane
- Diabetology Unit, University Hospital Center, Mohamed Seghir Nekkache (ex. HCA de Aïn Naâdja), Algiers 16208, Algeria
| | - Ali El Mahdi Haddam
- Diabetology Unit, University Hospital Center, Mohamed Lamine Debaghine, Algiers I-University, Bab El Oued, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Elhadj-Ahmed Koceir
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Nutrition and Pathologies Post Graduate School, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16123, Algeria
- Tamayouz Laboratory, Centre de Recherche en Biotechnologie (CRBT), Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville UV 03 BP E73, Constantine 25000, Algeria
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Ridha MAS, Kahlol MK, Al-Hakeim HK. Alterations in trace elements and cation profiles in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients. Transfus Apher Sci 2024; 63:103954. [PMID: 38851117 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2024.103954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) is a severe form of beta-thalassemia, characterized by defective-globin production, resulting in a buildup of unpaired alpha globin chains. Patients with TDT can only survive if they receive safe blood transfusions regularly, which causes iron overload in their blood, which causes a variety of disorders. Cations and trace elements in TDT patients as a drug target deserve more studies. OBJECTIVES In the present study, the cations and some trace elements were studied in TDT patients as a tool to adjust their level in the case of any disturbances. METHODS Serum calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, and iron were measured spectrophotometrically while manganese and cobalt were measured by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy in 100 TDT patients and compared with 35 healthy control children. RESULTS Patients with TDT exhibit a notable elevation in blood levels of iron, copper, copper/zinc ratio, and manganese, with a substantial reduction in serum levels of zinc, magnesium, calcium, and cobalt, as compared to the control group. These minerals have diverse associations with clinical data and transfusion frequencies. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that the elevated levels of iron, manganese, and calcium exhibit the greatest diagnostic capability, with a sensitivity and specificity of over 80 %, and a Youdin's J value of more than 0.6. CONCLUSION The levels of cations and trace elements are disturbed in TDT patients. Hence, the monitoring and adjustment of the level of these minerals are important to prevent further consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed K Kahlol
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq
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Conti F, McCue JJ, DiTuro P, Galpin AJ, Wood TR. Mitigating Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review of Supplementation and Dietary Protocols. Nutrients 2024; 16:2430. [PMID: 39125311 PMCID: PMC11314487 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) constitute a significant public health issue and a major source of disability and death in the United States and worldwide. TBIs are strongly associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a host of negative health outcomes and long-term complications and placing a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. One promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of brain injuries is the design of TBI-specific supplementation and dietary protocols centred around nutraceuticals and biochemical compounds whose mechanisms of action have been shown to interfere with, and potentially alleviate, some of the neurophysiological processes triggered by TBI. For example, evidence suggests that creatine monohydrate and omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) help decrease inflammation, reduce neural damage and maintain adequate energy supply to the brain following injury. Similarly, melatonin supplementation may improve some of the sleep disturbances often experienced post-TBI. The scope of this narrative review is to summarise the available literature on the neuroprotective effects of selected nutrients in the context of TBI-related outcomes and provide an evidence-based overview of supplementation and dietary protocols that may be considered in individuals affected by-or at high risk for-concussion and more severe head traumas. Prophylactic and/or therapeutic compounds under investigation include creatine monohydrate, omega-3 fatty acids, BCAAs, riboflavin, choline, magnesium, berry anthocyanins, Boswellia serrata, enzogenol, N-Acetylcysteine and melatonin. Results from this analysis are also placed in the context of assessing and addressing important health-related and physiological parameters in the peri-impact period such as premorbid nutrient and metabolic health status, blood glucose regulation and thermoregulation following injury, caffeine consumption and sleep behaviours. As clinical evidence in this research field is rapidly emerging, a comprehensive approach including appropriate nutritional interventions has the potential to mitigate some of the physical, neurological, and emotional damage inflicted by TBIs, promote timely and effective recovery, and inform policymakers in the development of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Conti
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia;
| | - Jackson J. McCue
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Paul DiTuro
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Andrew J. Galpin
- Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA;
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
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Galchenko A, Rizzo G, Sidorova E, Skliar E, Baroni L, Visaggi P, Guidi G, de Bortoli N. Bone mineral density parameters and related nutritional factors in vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and omnivores: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1390773. [PMID: 38919395 PMCID: PMC11196821 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1390773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The growing prevalence of vegetarianism determines the need for comprehensive study of the impact of these diets on health and particularly on bone metabolism. We hypothesized that significant dietary differences between vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and omnivores also cause significant differences in their nutrient status, which may affect bone health. Methods The study assessed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry parameters in lumbar spine and femoral neck, average nutrient intake, serum nutrient concentrations, serum PTH levels, and urinary pH among 46 vegans, 38 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 44 omnivores. Results There were no differences in bone mineral density (BMD) between the groups. However, the parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were still higher in vegans compared to omnivores, despite the same prevalence of hyperparathyroidism in all groups. These findings may probably be explained by the fact that each group had its own "strengths and weaknesses." Thus, vegans and, to a lesser extent, lacto-ovo-vegetarians consumed much more potassium, magnesium, copper, manganese, and vitamins B6, B9, and C. At the same time, the diet of omnivores contained more protein and vitamins D and B12. All the subjects consumed less vitamin D than recommended. More than half of vegans and omnivores had insufficiency or even deficiency of vitamin D in the blood. Low serum concentrations of manganese with its quite adequate intake are also noteworthy: its deficiency was observed in 57% of vegans, 79% of lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 63% of omnivores. Discussion Currently, it is no longer possible to conclude that lacto-ovo-vegetarians have lower BMD than omnivores, as our research supported. Vegans in our study also did not demonstrate lower BMD values, only higher PTH blood concentrations, compared to omnivores, however, a large number of studies, including recent, show the opposite view. In this regard, further large-scale research is required. Vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians now have a variety of foods fortified with vitamins D and B12, as well as calcium. There is also a great diversity of ethically sourced dietary supplements. The found low concentrations of manganese require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Galchenko
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, Venice, Italy
- Earth Philosophical Society “Melodia Vitae”, International, Toronto, CA, Canada
| | | | | | - Elena Skliar
- Earth Philosophical Society “Melodia Vitae”, International, Toronto, CA, Canada
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, Venice, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Visaggi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giada Guidi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola de Bortoli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- NUTRAFOOD, Interdepartmental Center for Nutraceutical Research and Nutrition for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Lai H, Treisman G, Celentano DD, Gerstenblith G, Mandler RN, Khalsa J, Charurat M, Lai S, Pearson G. Elevated homocysteine levels may moderate and mediate the association between HIV and cognitive impairment among middle-aged and older adults in an underserved population in Baltimore, Maryland. Int J STD AIDS 2024; 35:296-307. [PMID: 38065684 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231218762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Background: In the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain a considerable challenge for people with HIV, yet not all such disorders can be attributed to HIV alone. This study aimed to: (1) identify factors influencing neurocognitive impairment (NCI) utilizing the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) as per the revised research criteria for HAND; (2) ascertain the moderating role of high homocysteine levels in the association between NCI and HIV; and (3) assess the mediating effect of elevated homocysteine levels on this association.Methods: We analyzed data from 788 adults (≥45 years) participating in a study on HIV-related comorbidities in underserved Baltimore communities, using NIHTB-CB to gauge neurocognitive performance. Special attention was given to results from the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) test within the executive function domain during causal mediation analysis.Results: Overall, HIV was not associated with NCI presence. However, HIV was associated with NCI among individuals with homocysteine >14 μmol/L. Furthermore, HIV was both directly and indirectly associated with NCI in DCCS test scores. Notably, the mediating role of elevated homocysteine in DCCS scores was only observable among individuals who had never used cocaine or had used it for ≤ 10 years, suggesting that extended cocaine use may have a substantial influence on cognitive performance.Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest elevated homocysteine levels may moderate and mediate the association between HIV and neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lai
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Glenn Treisman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David D Celentano
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary Gerstenblith
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raul N Mandler
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jag Khalsa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Diseases, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Man Charurat
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shenghan Lai
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Godfrey Pearson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Berven H, Kverneng S, Sheard E, Søgnen M, Af Geijerstam SA, Haugarvoll K, Skeie GO, Dölle C, Tzoulis C. NR-SAFE: a randomized, double-blind safety trial of high dose nicotinamide riboside in Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7793. [PMID: 38016950 PMCID: PMC10684646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) replenishment therapy using nicotinamide riboside (NR) shows promise for Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. However, the optimal dose of NR remains unknown, and doses exceeding 2000 mg daily have not been tested in humans. To evaluate the safety of high-dose NR therapy, we conducted a single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase I trial on 20 individuals with PD, randomized 1:1 on NR 1500 mg twice daily (n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) for four weeks. The trial was conducted at the Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. The primary outcome was safety, defined as the frequency of moderate and severe adverse events. Secondary outcomes were tolerability defined as frequency of mild adverse events, change in the whole blood and urine NAD metabolome, and change in the clinical severity of PD, measured by MDS-UPDRS. All 20 participants completed the trial. The trial met all prespecified outcomes. NR therapy was well tolerated with no moderate or severe adverse events, and no significant difference in mild adverse events. NR therapy was associated with clinical improvement of total MDS-UPDRS scores. However, this change was also associated with a shorter interval since the last levodopa dose. NR greatly augmented the blood NAD metabolome with up to 5-fold increase in blood NAD+ levels. While NR-recipients exhibited a slight initial rise in serum homocysteine levels, the integrity of the methyl donor pool remained intact. Our results support extending the dose range of NR in phase II clinical trials to 3000 mg per day, with appropriate safety monitoring. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT05344404.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakon Berven
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Translational Research in Parkinson's disease, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon Kverneng
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Translational Research in Parkinson's disease, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erika Sheard
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mona Søgnen
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kristoffer Haugarvoll
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir-Olve Skeie
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Dölle
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Translational Research in Parkinson's disease, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Charalampos Tzoulis
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Translational Research in Parkinson's disease, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Fu N, Miao M, Li N, Zeng S, Zhu R, Zhang J. Association between vitamin D concentration and delirium in hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281313. [PMID: 36753475 PMCID: PMC9907811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Now the occurrence of delirium is more concerning to clinicians and psychiatrists. It has been reported that vitamin D deficiency may be a relevant factor in the development of delirium in hospitalized patients. STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between vitamin D concentration and delirium in hospitalized patients. DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. The primary outcome was the occurrence of delirium in the inpatient setting. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated with random or fixed effects models. RESULTS In this article, we define the normal range of vitamin D concentrations as greater than 75 nmol / L, 50-75 nmol / L as vitamin D insufficiency, 25-50 nmol / L as vitamin D deficiency, and less than 25 nmol / L as vitamin D severe deficiency. The Results showed that severe vitamin D deficiency (OR: 1.98 [1.41-2.79], P<0.001) and vitamin D deficiency (OR: 1.50 [1.12-2.00], P = 0.006) were more likely to develop delirium than normal vitamin D levels. Subgroup analysis also revealed that low vitamin D concentrations were associated with a higher incidence of delirium, whether the cutoff point was 25 nmol/L (OR: 1.52 [1.40-1.64], P<0.001), 50 nmol/L (OR: 1.47 [1.19-1.82], P<0.001), or 75 nmol/L (OR: 1.54 [1.21-1.96], P<0.001). The included studies scored medium and high on the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. CONCLUSION Compared with normal vitamin D levels, severe vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D deficiency, but not vitamin D insufficiency, are associated with a higher incidence of delirium in hospitalized patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION This review was registered in the PROSPERO database under identifier CRD42021271347. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021271347.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Fu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Mengrong Miao
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Shuang Zeng
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruilou Zhu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiaqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Rizzo G, Baroni L, Lombardo M. Promising Sources of Plant-Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1683. [PMID: 36767052 PMCID: PMC9914036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their ability to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. The consumption of oily fish is the main source of PUFAs in human nutrition and is commonly used for supplement production. However, seafood is an overexploited source that cannot be guaranteed to cover the global demands. Furthermore, it is not consumed by everyone for ecological, economic, ethical, geographical and taste reasons. The growing demand for natural dietary sources of PUFAs suggests that current nutritional sources are insufficient to meet global needs, and less and less will be. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable sources that are acceptable to all, meeting the world population's needs. (2) Scope: This review aims to evaluate the recent evidence about alternative plant sources of essential fatty acids, focusing on long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. (3) Method: A structured search was performed on the PubMed search engine to select available human data from interventional studies using omega-3 fatty acids of non-animal origin. (4) Results: Several promising sources have emerged from the literature, such as algae, microorganisms, plants rich in stearidonic acid and GM plants. However, the costs, acceptance and adequate formulation deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Thomford NE, Anyanful A, Ateko RO, Blackhurst D, Biney RP, Boadi D, Nyarko SB, Ekor M, Kyei GB. Apolipoprotein E genetic variation, atherogenic index and cardiovascular disease risk assessment in an African population: An analysis of HIV and malaria patients in Ghana. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284697. [PMID: 37134097 PMCID: PMC10155972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E is involved in lipid transport and clearance of lipoprotein through low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR). ApoE variation has been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. There are 3 isoforms of ApoE which originate from two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms denoted as ε2, ε3 and ε4. The ε2 isoform is implicated in higher levels of atherogenic lipoprotein with the ε4 isoform causing LDLR downregulation. This leads to variable effects and differential CVD risk. Malaria and HIV are life-threatening diseases affecting several countries globally especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasite and viral activities have been implicated in lipid dysregulation leading to dyslipidaemia. This study examined ApoE variation and CVD risk assessment in malaria and HIV patients. METHODS We compared 76 malaria-only, 33 malaria-HIV coinfected, 21-HIV-only and 31 controls from a tertiary health facility in Ghana. Fasting venous blood samples were taken for ApoE genotyping and lipid measurements. Clinical and laboratory data were collected with ApoE genotyping performed using Iplex Gold microarray and PCR-RFLP. Cardiovascular disease risk was calculated using the Framingham BMI and cholesterol risk and Qrisk3 tools. RESULTS The frequency of C/C genotype for rs429358 was 9.32%, whiles T/T genotype for rs7412 was found in 2.48% of all participants. ε3/ε3 was the most distributed ApoE genotype accounting for 51.55% of the total participants whiles ε2/ε2 was found in 2.48% of participants, with 1 in malaria-only and 3 in HIV-only patients. There was a significant association between ε4+ and high TG (OR = 0.20, CI; 0.05-0.73; p = 0.015), whiles ε2+ was significantly associated with higher BMI (OR; 0.24, CI; 0.06-0.87; p = 0.030) and higher Castelli Risk Index II in females (OR = 11.26, CI; 1.37-92.30; p = 0.024). A higher proportion of malaria-only participants had a moderate to high 10-year CVD risk. CONCLUSION Overall malaria patients seem to have a higher CVD risk though the means through which this occurs may be poorly understood. ε2/ε2 genotypes was observed in our population at a lower frequency. Further studies are vital to determine CVD risk in malaria and how this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Pharmacogenomics and Genomic Medicine Group, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Akwasi Anyanful
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richmond Owusu Ateko
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dee Blackhurst
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert Peter Biney
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Dennis Boadi
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel Badu Nyarko
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Pharmacogenomics and Genomic Medicine Group, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Martins Ekor
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - George Boateng Kyei
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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Sohouli MH, Roshan MM, Olusola OF, Fatahi S, Omidi HR, Sharifi P, Hekmatdoost A, Kutbi E, Abu-Zaid A. Impact of Omega-3 supplementation on homocysteine levels in humans: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2013-2025. [PMID: 35843792 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although some evidence suggests that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) supplementation influences enzymes involved in forming homocysteine (Hcy) and improving hyperhomocysteinemia, these findings are still contradictory in humans. The aim of this systematic and meta-analysis study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 supplementation on Hcy using existing randomized controlled trials (RCTs). DATA SYNTHESIS Available databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase, were searched to find relevant RCTs up to June 2021. The effect size was expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). CONCLUSION A total of 20 RCT studies with 2676 participants were included in this article. Our analyses have shown that omega-3 supplementation significantly reduced plasma Hcy levels (WMD: 1.34 μmol/L; 95% CI: 1.97 to -0.72; P < 0.001) compared to the control group. The results of subgroup analysis showed that omega-3 supplementation during the intervention <12 weeks and with a dose ≥3 gr per day causes a more significant decrease in Hcy levels than the intervention ≥12 weeks and at a dose <3 gr. In addition, omega-3 supplements appear to have more beneficial effects in individuals with high levels of normal Hcy. This meta-analysis showed that omega-3 supplementation significantly improved Hcy. However, further studies are needed to confirm the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdinezhad Roshan
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olowoselu F Olusola
- Consultant Haematologist and Senior Lecturer, Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Faculty of Clinical Science, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Somaye Fatahi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Omidi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Sharifi
- Pediatrics Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Emad Kutbi
- Department of Biorepository, Biomedical Research Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abu-Zaid
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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11
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Safety and preliminary efficacy on cognitive performance and adaptive functionality of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in children with Down syndrome. A randomized phase Ib clinical trial (PERSEUS study). Genet Med 2022; 24:2004-2013. [PMID: 35951014 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although some caregivers are using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) off label in hopes of improving cognition in young adults with Down syndrome (DS), nothing is known about its safety, tolerability, and efficacy in the DS pediatric population. We aimed to evaluate safety and tolerability of a dietary supplement containing EGCG and if EGCG improves cognitive and functional performance. METHODS A total of 73 children with DS (aged 6-12 years) were randomized. Participants received 0.5% EGCG (10 mg/kg daily dose) or placebo for 6 months with 3 months follow up after treatment discontinuation. RESULTS In total, 72 children were treated and 66 completed the study. A total of 38 participants were included in the EGCG group and 35 in the placebo group. Of 72 treated participants, 62 (86%) had 229 treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs). Of 37 participants in the EGCG group, 13 (35%) had 18 drug-related treatment-emergent AEs and 12 of 35 (34%) from the placebo group had 22 events. In the EGCG group, neither severe AEs nor increase in the incidence of AEs related to safety biomarkers were observed. Cognition and functionality were not improved compared with placebo. Secondary efficacy outcomes in girls point to a need for future work. CONCLUSION The use of EGCG is safe and well-tolerated in children with DS, but efficacy results do not support its use in this population.
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12
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Maltais M, de Souto Barreto P, Bowman GL, Smith AD, Cantet C, Andrieu S, Rolland Y. Omega-3 Supplementation for the Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Does It Depend on Homocysteine Levels? J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:615-620. [PMID: 35718871 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence point towards an interaction between omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and plasma homocysteine (Hcy). OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypothesis that effects of red blood cell n-3 PUFA are modified according to baseline plasma Hcy in the large Mulit-domain Alzheimer Prevention Trial (MAPT) throughout the 3-years of treatment with an additional 2 years of observational follow-up. DESIGN Experimental study. PARTICIPANTS From the 1680 participants that were randomized in the four groups of the MAPT study (two of which received n-3 PUFA, the other two without n-3 PUFA), 782 were selected because they had baseline data on both Hcy and n-3 PUFA. MEASUREMENTS Cognitive performance was measured with a broad set of cognitive tests including free and total recall of the cued selective reminding test, digit symbol substitution test, category naming test and Trail-making tests (TMT-A and B) and Clinical dementia rating scale. RESULTS We found a significant association between TMT-A and red blood cell n-3 PUFA levels in participants with Hcy values ≤16.8 µMol/L after adjustments at baseline (Estimate: -1.3, 95% CI: -2.3; -0.3, p=0.01). Additionally, participants with high Hcy values had a significant worsening after adjustments in TMT-B after a 5-year n-3 PUFA supplementation, compared to low levels of Hcy (Mean difference: 34.8, 95% CI: 7.8;61.7). CONCLUSION This study shows that Hcy levels could modify the association between red blood cell n-3 PUFA and executive function. People with high Hcy may benefit less from a n-3 PUFA supplementation to prevent cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maltais
- Mathieu Maltais, PhD, Faculté des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke QC, +1 873-662-2510 E-mail : , @mathieu_maltais
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13
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Badri S, Vahdat S, Seirafian S, Pourfarzam M, Gholipur-Shahraki T, Ataei S. Homocysteine-Lowering Interventions in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Res Pharm Pract 2021; 10:114-124. [PMID: 35198504 PMCID: PMC8809459 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_75_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality is higher in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to the general population. Homocysteine (Hcy) appears to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in general populations and patients with CKD. Further, hyperhomocysteinemia can cause endothelial damage and increase the activity and production of coagulation factors, and its prevalence among patients with end-stage renal disease is approximately 85%-100%. Most treatments, which lower Hcy levels and have been considered in previous studies, include folic acid, B vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and N-acetylcysteine. However, the effect of therapies that can decrease Hcy levels and thus cardiovascular events in these patients is still unclear. The results are conflicting and require further investigation. To guide treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes, multiple databases were searched, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline to summarize the available evidence (i.e., clinical trial and meta-analyses) on Hcy-lowering interventions and cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirinsadat Badri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sahar Vahdat
- Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Seirafian
- Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Morteza Pourfarzam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tahereh Gholipur-Shahraki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Ataei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Hermann A, Sitdikova G. Homocysteine: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Role in Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050737. [PMID: 34063494 PMCID: PMC8156138 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Hermann
- Department of Biosciences, University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Guzel Sitdikova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (G.S.)
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15
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Bergström H, Ekström L, Warnqvist A, Bergman P, Björkhem-Bergman L. Variations in biomarkers of dyslipidemia and dysbiosis during the menstrual cycle: a pilot study in healthy volunteers. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:166. [PMID: 33879161 PMCID: PMC8058971 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia in metabolic syndrome may introduce an underestimation of the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) using Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) as a surrogate marker. Recently, non-High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (non-HDL-C), Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and remnant-Cholesterol (remnant-C) have been suggested as better biomarkers for dyslipidemia. In addition, the microbial metabolites trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), betaine and choline have been associated with CVD and suggested as markers for dysbiosis. There is a lack of knowledge on potential alterations in these biomarkers during the menstrual cycle. The aim of this single center, prospective non-interventional study, was to investigate variations in biomarkers of dyslipidemia and dysbiosis in healthy volunteers during the menstrual cycle. METHOD Serum samples were collected from 17 healthy, regularly menstruating women during two menstrual cycles, including the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases. Levels of lipoproteins, lipoprotein ratios and microbial metabolites were analyzed in a total of 90 samples (30 complete menstrual cycles). RESULTS ApoB, ApoB/HDL and non-HDL-C/HDL ratios were significantly higher in the follicular phase compared to the ovulatory and luteal phases (p < 0.05). Remnant-C were higher during the luteal phase (p < 0.05). TMAO did not vary during the different phases and did not correlate with estrogen levels. CONCLUSION Our data support that biomarkers for dyslipidemia vary during the menstrual cycle. Thus, to avoid an underestimation of cardiovascular risk, sampling during the follicular phase, when levels of pro-atherogenic lipids are higher, may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bergström
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institute, Blickagången 16, Neo floor 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Warnqvist
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Linda Björkhem-Bergman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institute, Blickagången 16, Neo floor 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.,Stockholms Sjukhem, Palliative Medicine, Mariebergsgatan 22, 112 19, Stockholm, Sweden
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The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Thromboxane, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Homocysteine, and Vitamin D in Depressive Children and Adolescents: Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041095. [PMID: 33801688 PMCID: PMC8066966 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the DEPOXIN project, we have found that a high ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids (FA) is associated with worsening of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with depressive disorder (DD) and that the 12-week omega-3 FA supplementation modulates DD symptoms. Here we present our results of the secondary outcomes: the levels of thromboxane (TXB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), homocysteine (HCy) and vitamin D. Fifty-eight patients were randomized into two arms. One group received a fish oil emulsion enriched with omega-3 FA, and the other received a sunflower oil emulsion containing omega-6 FA, for 12 weeks. Depressive symptoms were evaluated, using the Child's Depressive Inventory (CDI). The patients with DD had elevated TXB levels and decreased vitamin D levels, as compared to healthy controls. Both CDI and omega-6/omega-3 ratio correlated positively with TXB and negatively with BDNF at baseline. Compared to the omega-6 FA group, the supplementation with omega-3 FA for 12 weeks significantly reduced plasma TXB (p = 0.024) and increased BDNF (p = 0.011) levels. No changes in HCy and vitamin D were observed. Our results demonstrate the possible role of TXB and BDNF in the pathophysiology of DD and the benefits of omega-3 FA supplementation. The study was registered with the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN81655012).
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Dietary Fatty Acids Change Circulating Fatty Acids, Microbial Putrefactive Postbiotics and Betaine Status in the Cat. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122310. [PMID: 33291310 PMCID: PMC7762147 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The cat is an obligate carnivore that is well adapted to dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), perhaps because of the variance resulting from normal consumption of organ meat which is high in PUFA, and storage lipid which is often relatively low in PUFA. Although able to tolerate and thrive with this variation, cats have a metabolic response to fatty acids that is relatively unknown. This study shows that dietary PUFA resulted in changing circulating concentrations of that specific PUFA. Increasing dietary eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA (E&D) resulted in little change in total circulating PUFA as compared to increasing dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) which resulted in an increased concentration of total circulating PUFA. Cats responded to increased dietary E&D by reducing circulating cholesterol as compared to control fed cats. Increasing dietary PUFA also resulted in a decrease in circulating betaine, dimethylglycine and sarcosine in comparison to the cats consuming the control food at the end of the study. Changing dietary PUFA also changed circulating concentrations of gut microbial purification postbiotics. Increasing dietary ARA resulted in an increased concentration of indoleacetate, indolepropionate and indoleacetylglutamine in comparison to cats fed foods enhanced with increased E&D. Increasing E&D resulted in a decreased concentration of 4-ethylphenylsulfate, 3-methyl catechol sulfate and 4-vinylphenol sulfate at the end of the feeding period as compared to cats fed increased ARA or fed the unsupplemented control food. These changes suggest that support of single carbon metabolism would benefit cats with increasing dietary PUFA, that increasing E&D beneficially lowered cholesterol and that dietary PUFA influenced gut microbes resulting in changes in their postbiotics. Abstract There is a normal variation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the foods consumed both by the domestic cat and wild felines. This variation may lead to specific changes in metabolites and circulating fatty acids that influence health and response to disease. Therefore, in order to evaluate the response to these changes in dietary PUFA three foods were formulated: a complete and balanced control food (COF) with no enhanced source of added PUFA (ARA = 0.08%, EPA & DHA = 0.01%), Test food 1 (E&DF) like the COF with added eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA (E&D = 0.36%)) from menhaden fish oil, and Test Food 2 (ARAF) like the COF with added arachidonic acid (ARA = 0.16%) from liver. All test foods had similar protein concentrations and similar vitamin and mineral concentrations while the PUFA supplemented foods had slightly higher fat concentrations. Cats (n = 36) were fed a pre-trial food for 28 days and then assigned to a group fed either the control, E&DF or ARAF for 56 days (12 cats per group). Blood samples were drawn and serum analyzed for fatty acids, albumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol and triglycerides at the beginning of the study and after consuming the test foods for 28 and 56 days. Plasma was similarly analyzed for metabolomics. Increasing dietary E&D resulted in reduced cholesterol, betaine, dimethyl glycine, sarcosine and 4-ethylphenylsulfate. Increasing dietary ARA resulted in reduced betaine, dimethyl glycine and sarcosine and an increased concentration of indoleacetate, indolepropionate and indoleacetylglutamine. These data suggest a benefit of dietary single carbon metabolism support for cats supplemented with ARA or E&D. Moreover, the reduction in circulating cholesterol and triglycerides through dietary E&D supplementation could benefit cats with hyperlipidemia. Further research into the interrelationship between dietary PUFA and the gut microbe will benefit from the data showing that ARA increased specific positive postbiotics (i.e., indoleacetate, indolepropionate) while E&D supplementation showed the benefit of reducing some postbiotics which have been associated with reduced health (4-ethylphenylsulfate, 3-methyl catechol sulfate and 4-vinylphenol sulfate).
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Implication of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Blood Retinal Barrier (BRB) Dysfunction. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081119. [PMID: 32751132 PMCID: PMC7463551 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) level, known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been linked to different systemic and neurological diseases, well-known as a risk factor for systemic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and has been identified as a risk factor for several ocular disorders, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain HHcy-induced visual dysfunction, including oxidative stress, upregulation of inflammatory mediators, retinal ganglion cell apoptosis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Our previous studies using in vivo and in vitro models of HHcy have demonstrated that Hcy impairs the function of both inner and outer blood retinal barrier (BRB). Dysfunction of BRB is a hallmark of vision loss in DR and AMD. Our findings highlighted oxidative stress, ER stress, inflammation, and epigenetic modifications as possible mechanisms of HHcy-induced BRB dysfunction. In addition, we recently reported HHcy-induced brain inflammation as a mechanism of blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Moreover, we are currently investigating the activation of glutamate receptor N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) as the molecular mechanism for HHcy-induced BRB dysfunction. This review focuses on the studied effects of HHcy on BRB and the controversial role of HHcy in the pathogenesis of aging neurological diseases such as DR, AMD, and AD. We also highlight the possible mechanisms for such deleterious effects of HHcy.
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