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Bernardo LB, Borges CVN, Buitrago PAG, Kuča K, Cavalcante SFA, Sousa RB, Lima ALS, Kitagawa DAS. Synthesis and in vitro assessment of the reactivation profile of clinically available oximes on the acetylcholinesterase model inhibited by A-230 nerve agent surrogate. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03821-3. [PMID: 39004640 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The risk of the use of toxic chemicals for unlawful acts has been a matter of concern for different governments and multilateral agencies. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which oversees the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), considering recent events employing chemical warfare agents as means of assassination, has recently included in the CWC "Annex on Chemicals" some organophosphorus compounds that are regarded as acting in a similar fashion to the classical G- and V-series of nerve agents, inhibiting the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Therefore, knowledge of the activity of the pyridinium oximes, the sole class of clinically available acetylcholinesterase reactivators to date, is plainly justified. In this paper, continuing our research efforts in medicinal chemistry on this class of toxic chemicals, we synthesized an A-230 nerve agent surrogate and applied a modified Ellman's assay to evaluate its ability to inhibit our enzymatic model, acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus eel, and if the clinically available antidotes are able to rescue the enzyme activity for the purpose of relating the findings to the previously disclosed in silico data for the authentic nerve agent and other studies with similar A-series surrogates. Our experimental data indicates that pralidoxime is the most efficient compound for reactivating acetylcholinesterase inhibited by A-230 surrogate, which is the opposite of the in silico data previously disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro B Bernardo
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil.
- Instituto de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear (IDQBRN), Centro Tecnológico do Exército (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Área 4, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23020-470, Brazil.
| | - Caio V N Borges
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil
- Instituto de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear (IDQBRN), Centro Tecnológico do Exército (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Área 4, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23020-470, Brazil
| | - Pedro A G Buitrago
- Instituto de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear (IDQBRN), Centro Tecnológico do Exército (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Área 4, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23020-470, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Samir F A Cavalcante
- Instituto de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear (IDQBRN), Centro Tecnológico do Exército (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Área 4, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23020-470, Brazil
| | - Roberto B Sousa
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Antônio L S Lima
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil.
- Instituto de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear (IDQBRN), Centro Tecnológico do Exército (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Área 4, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23020-470, Brazil.
| | - Daniel A S Kitagawa
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil.
- Instituto de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear (IDQBRN), Centro Tecnológico do Exército (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Área 4, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23020-470, Brazil.
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Huang T, Chen Q, Jiang H, Zhang K. Research Progress in the Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants Using Metal-Organic Frameworks. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1108. [PMID: 38998714 PMCID: PMC11243471 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents primarily comprise organophosphorus nerve agents, saliva alkaloids, cyanides, and mustard gas. Exposure to these agents can result in severe respiratory effects, including spasms, edema, and increased secretions leading to breathing difficulties and suffocation. Protecting public safety and national security from such threats has become an urgent priority. Porous metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have emerged as promising candidates for the degradation of chemical warfare agents due to their large surface area, tunable pore size distribution, and excellent catalytic performance. Furthermore, combining MOFs with polymers can enhance their elasticity and processability and improve their degradation performance. In this review, we summarize the literature of the past five years on MOF-based composite materials and their effectiveness in degrading chemical warfare agents. Moreover, we discuss key factors influencing their degradation efficiency, such as MOF structure, pore size, and functionalization strategies. Furthermore, we highlight recent developments in the design of MOF-polymer composites, which offer enhanced degradation performance and stability for practical applications in CWA degradation. These composite materials exhibit good performance in degrading chemical warfare agents, playing a crucial role in protecting public safety and maintaining national security. We can expect to see more breakthroughs in the application of metal-organic framework porous materials for degrading chemical warfare agents. It is hoped that these innovative materials will play a positive role in achieving social stability and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
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Sun H, Wei S, Gong Y, Ding K, Tang S, Sun W, Yuan C, Huang L, Liu Z, Chen C, Yao L. Neuroprotective effects of cordycepin inhibit glutamate-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:10-20. [PMID: 38219840 PMCID: PMC10939076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that can cause excitatory neurotoxicity when its extracellular concentration is too high, leading to disrupted calcium balance and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cordycepin, a nucleoside adenosine derivative, has been shown to protect against excitatory neurotoxicity induced by glutamate. To investigate its potential neuroprotective effects, the present study employed fluorescence detection and spectrophotometry techniques to analyze primary hippocampal-cultured neurons. The results showed that glutamate toxicity reduced hippocampal neuron viability, increased ROS production, and increased intracellular calcium levels. Additionally, glutamate-induced cytotoxicity activated acetylcholinesterase and decreased glutathione levels. However, cordycepin inhibited glutamate-induced cell death, improved cell viability, reduced ROS production, and lowered Ca2+ levels. It also inhibited acetylcholinesterase activation and increased glutathione levels. This study suggests that cordycepin can protect against glutamate-induced neuronal injury in cell models, and this effect was inhibited by adenosine A1 receptor blockers, indicating that its neuroprotective effect is achieved through activation of the adenosine A1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Sun
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; Shan County Renmin Road Primary School, Heze, Shandong,PR China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yanchun Gong
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Kaizhi Ding
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Shan Tang
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chunhua Yuan
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Liping Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Zhibing Liu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chong Chen
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Lihua Yao
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China.
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4
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Stilley SE, Naraine AS, Yadavalli KP, Maki SL, Jutte EM, Kahn JM, Surtel AA, Lepore SD, Dawson-Scully K. Bridged bicyclic compounds: Comprehending a novel compound class as potential anti-seizure agents. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2958-2967. [PMID: 37660326 PMCID: PMC10840942 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we describe a novel class of small-molecule synthetic compounds that ameliorate seizure-like behavior, using an electroshock assay to examine seizure duration in Caenorhabditis elegans. We also examine the hypothesis that these compounds, which we have called resveramorphs (RVMs), act by an irreversible binding mechanism. METHODS Our electroshock assay examines seizure duration in C. elegans and can be used as a drug-screening platform for the identification of novel anti-seizure agents. The use of C. elegans allows for a rapid and efficient method of drug screening that may take years in other higher-order model organisms. A novel wash method, paired with our electroshock assay, allows us to discern differences in biological activity when the C. elegans are incubated in different drug solutions, to establish whether these compounds can be "washed" off. RESULTS One of the RVMs (RVM-3), reported here for the first time, was found to be potent at picomolar concentrations. Insights also provided information on the potential mechanisms of action of this compound. Covalent binding is thought to provide a strong irreversible bond because of a change in structure between two of the novel RVMs described in this work. This was also discerned through the novel wash method paired with our electroshock assay. SIGNIFICANCE RVM-3 was evaluated using our assay and found to possess anti-seizure activity at picomolar concentrations. These insights also provide information on the potential mechanisms of action of these compounds, which may include covalent binding. This was also discerned through a novel wash method paired with our electroshock assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Stilley
- Department of Biology, Charles E. Schmidt College of
Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Akshay S. Naraine
- Department of Biology, Charles E. Schmidt College of
Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
- IMPRS for Synapses and Circuits, Max Planck Florida
Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL
| | - Krishna P. Yadavalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E.
Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Samantha L. Maki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E.
Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Elyse M. Jutte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E.
Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Jared M. Kahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E.
Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Alexis A. Surtel
- Department of Biology, Charles E. Schmidt College of
Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Salvatore D. Lepore
- IMPRS for Synapses and Circuits, Max Planck Florida
Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL
| | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Biology, Charles E. Schmidt College of
Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of
Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL
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5
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Luz TMD, Guimarães ATB, Matos SGDS, de Souza SS, Gomes AR, Rodrigues ASDL, Durigon EL, Charlie-Silva I, Freitas ÍN, Islam ARMT, Rahman MM, Silva AM, Malafaia G. Exposure of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to SARS-CoV-2 at predicted environmentally relevant concentrations: Outspreading warns about ecotoxicological risks to freshwater fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163269. [PMID: 37028679 PMCID: PMC10076041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
While the multifaceted social, economic, and public health impacts associated with the COVID-19 pandemic are known, little is known about its effects on non-target aquatic ecosystems and organisms. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the potential ecotoxicity of SARS-CoV-2 lysate protein (SARS.CoV2/SP02.2020.HIAE.Br) in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) at predicted environmentally relevant concentrations (0.742 and 2.226 pg/L), by 30 days. Although our data did not show locomotor alterations or anxiety-like or/and anxiolytic-like behavior, we noticed that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 negatively affected habituation memory and social aggregation of animals in response to a potential aquatic predator (Geophagus brasiliensis). An increased frequency of erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities was also observed in animals exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, our data suggest that such changes were associated with a redox imbalance [↑ROS (reactive oxygen species), ↑H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), ↓SOD (superoxide dismutase), and ↓CAT (catalase)], cholinesterasic effect [↑AChE (acetylcholinesterase) activity], as well as the induction of an inflammatory immune response [↑NO (nitric oxide), ↑IFN-γ (interferon-gamma), and ↓IL-10 (interleukin-10)]. For some biomarkers, we noticed that the response of the animals to the treatments was not concentration-dependent. However, principal component analysis (PCA) and the "Integrated Biomarker Response" index (IBRv2) indicated a more prominent ecotoxicity of SARS-CoV-2 at 2.226 pg/L. Therefore, our study advances knowledge about the ecotoxicological potential of SARS-CoV-2 and reinforces the presumption that the COVID-19 pandemic has negative implications beyond its economic, social, and public health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiarlen Marinho da Luz
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sindoval Silva de Souza
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alex Rodrigues Gomes
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Nascimento Freitas
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Abner Marcelino Silva
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Brazilian Academy of Young Scientists (ABJC), Brazil.
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Chen Q, Liu J, Liu S, Zhang J, He L, Liu R, Jiang H, Han X, Zhang K. Visual and Rapid Detection of Nerve Agent Mimics in Gas and Solution Phase by a Simple Fluorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4390-4394. [PMID: 36802493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical nerve agents are highly toxic organophosphorus compounds that are easy to obtain and can be utilized by terrorists to threaten homeland security and human safety. Those organophosphorus nerve agents contain nucleophilic ability that can react with acetylcholinesterase leading to muscular paralysis and human death. Therefore, there is great importance to explore a reliable and simple method to detect chemical nerve agents. Herein, the o-phenylenediamine-linked dansyl chloride as a colorimetric and fluorescent probe has been prepared to detect specific chemical nerve agent stimulants in the solution and vapor phase. The o-phenylenediamine unit serves as a detection site that can react with diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) in a rapid response within 2 min. A satisfied relationship line was obtained between fluorescent intensity and the concentration of DCP in the range of 0-90 μM. In the optimized conditions, we conducted the fluorescent titration to measure the limits of detection (0.082 μM) with the fluorescent enhancement up to 18-fold. Fluorescence titration and NMR studies were also conducted to explore the detection mechanism, indicating that the formation of phosphate ester causes the intensity of fluorescent change during the PET process. Finally, probe 1 coated with the paper test is utilized to detect DCP vapor and solution by the naked eye. We expect that this probe may give some admiration to design the small molecule organic probe and applied in the selectivity detection of chemical nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243032, China
| | - Jiaxu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243032, China
| | - Shengjun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243032, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243032, China
| | - Lifang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243032, China
| | - Renyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xinya Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243032, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243032, China
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Xiong F, Liu J, Xu K, Huang J, Wang D, Li F, Wang S, Zhang J, Pu Y, Sun R. Microplastics induce neurotoxicity in aquatic animals at environmentally realistic concentrations: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120939. [PMID: 36581239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) draw international attention owing to their widespread distribution in water ecosystems, but whether MPs cause neurotoxic effects in aquatic animals at environmentally realistic concentrations is still controversial. This meta-analysis recompiled 35 studies to determine whether MPs could change the levels of brain (in vivo) neurotransmitters in aquatic animals at environmentally realistic concentrations (≤1 mg/L, median = 0.100 mg/L). Then, a group comparison was conducted to compare the effects of different factors on the effect size and to explore the significant factors affecting the neurotoxicity of MPs. The results demonstrated that MP exposure could considerably decrease the levels of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in the brain of aquatic animals by 16.2%. However, the effects of MPs on cholinesterase (CHE), acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine (DA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were not statistically significant due to the small number of studies and samples. The neurotoxicity of MPs was closely linked with particle size and exposure time but independent of animal species, MP compositions, MP morphology and MP concentrations. Further literatures review indicated that MP-induced neurotoxicity and behavioral changes are related with multiple biological processes, including nerve damage, oxidative stress, intestinal flora disturbance and metabolic disorder. Furthermore, some factors influencing MP neurotoxicity in the real environment (e.g. the aging of MPs, the release of MP additives, and the co-exposure of MPs and pollutants) were discussed. Overall, this study preliminarily explored whether MPs induced changes in neurotoxicity-related indicators in aquatic animals through meta-analysis and provided scientific evidence for evaluating the health risks and neurotoxicity of MPs at the environmental level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuxian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Zhu X, Wang S, Cheng Y, Gu H, Zhang X, Teng M, Zhang Y, Wang J, Hua W, Lu X. Physiological ischemic training improves cardiac function through the attenuation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the activation of the vagus nerve in chronic heart failure. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1174455. [PMID: 37152604 PMCID: PMC10157045 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1174455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the functional outcomes of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) after physiological ischemic training (PIT), identified the optimal PIT protocol, evaluated its cardioprotective effects and explored the underlying neural mechanisms. Methods Patients with CHF were randomly divided into experimental group (n = 25, PIT intervention + regular treatment) and control group (n = 25, regular treatment). The outcomes included the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and cardiopulmonary parameters. LVEF and cardiac biomarkers in CHF rats after various PIT treatments (different in intensity, frequency, and course of treatment) were measured to identify the optimal PIT protocol. The effect of PIT on cardiomyocyte programmed cell death was investigated by western blot, flow cytometry and fluorescent staining. The neural mechanism involved in PIT-induced cardioprotective effect was assessed by stimulation of the vagus nerve and muscarinic M2 receptor in CHF rats. Results LVEF and VO2max increased while BNP decreased in patients subjected to PIT. The optimal PIT protocol in CHF rats was composed of five cycles of 5 min ischemia followed by 5 min reperfusion on remote limbs for 8 weeks. LVEF and cardiac biomarker levels were significantly improved, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis was inhibited. However, these cardioprotective effects disappeared after subjecting CHF rats to vagotomy or muscarinic M2 receptor inhibition. Conclusion PIT improved functional outcomes in CHF patients. The optimal PIT protocol required appropriate intensity, reasonable frequency, and adequate treatment course. Under these conditions, improvement of cardiac function in CHF was confirmed through cardiomyocyte apoptosis reduction and vagus nerve activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenrui Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihui Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongmei Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Nantong Geriatric Rehabilitation Hospital, Branch of Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiling Teng
- Children’s Healthcare Department, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayue Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Hua
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Lu,
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Jaśkiewicz A, Budryn G, Carmena-Bargueño M, Pérez-Sánchez H. Evaluation of Activity of Sesquiterpene Lactones and Chicory Extracts as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Assayed in Calorimetric and Docking Simulation Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:3633. [PMID: 36079888 PMCID: PMC9459812 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explain the effects of sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) from chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) root extracts as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at the molecular level and to determine the inhibition of AChE activity by specific SLs (lactucin and lactucopicrin) and different chicory extracts. The obtained SLs-rich extracts were purified by the countercurrent partition chromatography (CPC) technique. AChE inhibitors were analyzed using two models: isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and docking simulation. The results of ITC analysis of the enzyme and the ligands' complexation showed strong interactions of SLs as well as extracts from chicory with AChE. In a test of enzyme activity inhibition after introducing acetylcholine into the model system with SL, a stronger ability to inhibit the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter was observed for lactucopicrin, which is one of the dominant SLs in chicory. The inhibition of enzyme activity was more efficient in the case of extracts, containing different enzyme ligands, exhibiting complementary patterns of binding the AChE active site. The study showed the high potential of using chicory to decrease the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Jaśkiewicz
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Grażyna Budryn
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Miguel Carmena-Bargueño
- Structural Bioinformatics and High-Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Science Department, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High-Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Science Department, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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10
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Suthakaran N, Brock T, Naraine A, Gonzalez- Lerma P, Hopkins C, Dawson-Scully K. Atropine reduces aldicarb-induced sensitivity to C. elegans electroshock model. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000621. [PMID: 36017190 PMCID: PMC9396355 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Atropine has been used as an established anticonvulsant treatment for nerve agent intoxication. Atropine reduces electroshock recovery time among aldicarb-exposed wild-type C. elegans .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirthieca Suthakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | | | - Akshay Naraine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Paola Gonzalez- Lerma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | | | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL ;
,
Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
,
Correspondence to: Ken Dawson-Scully (
)
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11
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Lycopene suppresses palmitic acid-induced brain oxidative stress, hyperactivity of some neuro-signalling enzymes, and inflammation in female Wistar rat. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15038. [PMID: 34294819 PMCID: PMC8298469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation can be triggered by certain high caloric nutrients such as palmitic acid (PA). The effect of lycopene against PA-induced neuroinflammation in female rats has not been as explored. In the present study, thirty rats (weighing 150–200) g were randomly allotted into six groups (n = 5) comprising normal control, PA control, PA + lycopene (0.24 mg/kg), PA + lycopene (0.48 mg/kg), lycopene (0.24 mg/kg), and lycopene (0.48 mg/kg), respectively. After seven weeks of PA challenge (5 mM) including two weeks of lycopene treatment, the brain was excised for analyses. Palmitic acid overload caused significant (p < 0.05) increases in adenosine deaminase, monoamine oxidase-A, nucleotides tri-phosphatase, 5′-nucleotidase, acetylcholine esterase, and myeloperoxidase activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels which were reduced significantly in the lycopene-treated groups. Conversely, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and reduced glutathione levels concentration decreased by 43%, 34%, and 12%, respectively in the PA control groups compared with the Control. Also, PA triggered a decrease in the brain phospholipids (11.43%) and cholesterol (11.11%), but increased triacylglycerol level (50%). Furthermore, upregulated expressions of Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, and NF-ĸB-p65 in the PA control were attenuated, while decreased Interleukine-10 expression was upregulated due to lycopene treatment. Severe brain vacuolation observed in the histology of the PA control rats was normalized by lycopene. This study concludes that lycopene ameliorated PA-induced neuroinflammation, probably via attenuation of oxidative stress, and downregulation of TLR4/ NF-κB -p65 axis.
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12
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Figueroa-Villar JD, Petronilho EC, Kuca K, Franca TCC. Review about Structure and Evaluation of Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited with Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1422-1442. [PMID: 32334495 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200425213215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotoxic chemical warfare agents can be classified as some of the most dangerous chemicals for humanity. The most effective of those agents are the Organophosphates (OPs) capable of restricting the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which in turn, controls the nerve impulse transmission. When AChE is inhibited by OPs, its reactivation can be usually performed through cationic oximes. However, until today, it has not been developed one universal defense agent, with complete effective reactivation activity for AChE inhibited by any of the many types of existing neurotoxic OPs. For this reason, before treating people intoxicated by an OP, it is necessary to determine the neurotoxic compound that was used for contamination, in order to select the most effective oxime. Unfortunately, this task usually requires a relatively long time, raising the possibility of death. Cationic oximes also display a limited capacity of permeating the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). This fact compromises their capacity to reactivating AChE inside the nervous system. METHODS We performed a comprehensive search on the data about OPs available on the scientific literature today in order to cover all the main drawbacks still faced in the research for the development of effective antidotes against those compounds. RESULTS Therefore, this review about neurotoxic OPs and the reactivation of AChE, provides insights for the new agents' development. The most expected defense agent is a molecule without toxicity and effective to reactivate AChE inhibited by all neurotoxic OPs. CONCLUSION To develop these new agents, the application of diverse scientific areas of research, especially theoretical procedures as computational science (computer simulation, docking and dynamics), organic synthesis, spectroscopic methodologies, biology, biochemical and biophysical information, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Daniel Figueroa-Villar
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 22270- 090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Petronilho
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, 22270- 090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar 143005 India
- Department of Chemistry University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar 143005 India
- Department of Chemistry Uttaranchal University, Arcadia Grant Dehradun 248007 India
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14
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Pashirova TN, Fetin PA, Lezov AA, Kadnikov MV, Valeeva FG, Burilova EA, Bilibin AY, Zorin IM. Self-Assembled Quaternary Ammonium-Containing Comb-Like Polyelectrolytes for the Hydrolysis of Organophosphorous Esters: Effect of Head Groups and Counter-Ions. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1939-1948. [PMID: 32865345 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to increase the efficiency of catalytic systems for the hydrolytic cleavage of 4-nitrophenyl esters of phosphonic acids. Quaternary ammonium-containing comb-like polyelectrolytes («polymerized micelles») with ester cleavable fragments and a low aggregation threshold were used as catalysts. The synthesis of poly(11-acryloyloxyundecylammonium) surfactants with different counterions (Br- , NO3 - , CH3 C6 H4 SO3 - ) and head groups was realized by micellar free-radical polymerization. Molecular weight, critical association concentration, particle sizes and solubilization properties toward Orange OT were determined. Self-assemblies organized by poly(11-acryloyloxyundecyltrimethyl ammonium) bromide successfully catalyze the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl butylchloromethylphosphonate up to two orders of magnitude compared to aqueous alkaline hydrolysis. The development of these catalysts is promising for industrial applications and organophosphorus compound detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Petr A Fetin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab, St., Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Lezov
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Polymer Physics, Physical Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab, St., Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Matvey V Kadnikov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab, St., Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Farida G Valeeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenia A Burilova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Yu Bilibin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab, St., Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan M Zorin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab, St., Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
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15
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Gabr M, Murugan NA. Discovery of biphenyl pyrazole scaffold for neurodegenerative diseases: A novel class of acetylcholinesterase-centered multitargeted ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127370. [PMID: 32738978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multitargeted ligands have demonstrated remarkable efficiency as potential therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases as they target multiple pathways involved in the progression of these diseases. Herein, we report first-in-class dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tau aggregation as a novel class of multitargeted ligands for neurodegenerative diseases. The reported biphenyl pyrazole scaffold binds monomeric tau with submicromolar affinity and impedes the formation of tau oligomers at early stages. Additionally, the lead compound inhibited AChE activity with an IC50 value of 0.35 ± 0.02 μM. Remarkably, the neuroprotective effect of this lead in induced cytotoxicity model of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is superior to single-targeted AChE and tau-aggregation inhibitors. This scaffold would enable development of new generation of multitargeted ligands for neurodegenerative diseases that function through dual targeting of AChE and monomeric tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Gabr
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| | - Natarajan Arul Murugan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Pham VD, To TA, Gagné-Thivierge C, Couture M, Lagüe P, Yao D, Picard MÈ, Lortie LA, Attéré SA, Zhu X, Levesque RC, Charette SJ, Shi R. Structural insights into the putative bacterial acetylcholinesterase ChoE and its substrate inhibition mechanism. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8708-8724. [PMID: 32371400 PMCID: PMC7324521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is well-studied, being important in both cholinergic brain synapses and the peripheral nervous systems and also a key drug target for many diseases. In contrast, little is known about the structures and molecular mechanism of prokaryotic acetylcholinesterases. We report here the structural and biochemical characterization of ChoE, a putative bacterial acetylcholinesterase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Analysis of WT and mutant strains indicated that ChoE is indispensable for P. aeruginosa growth with acetylcholine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The crystal structure of ChoE at 1.35 Å resolution revealed that this enzyme adopts a typical fold of the SGNH hydrolase family. Although ChoE and eukaryotic AChEs catalyze the same reaction, their overall structures bear no similarities constituting an interesting example of convergent evolution. Among Ser-38, Asp-285, and His-288 of the catalytic triad residues, only Asp-285 was not essential for ChoE activity. Combined with kinetic analyses of WT and mutant proteins, multiple crystal structures of ChoE complexed with substrates, products, or reaction intermediate revealed the structural determinants for substrate recognition, snapshots of the various catalytic steps, and the molecular basis of substrate inhibition at high substrate concentrations. Our results indicate that substrate inhibition in ChoE is due to acetate release being blocked by the binding of a substrate molecule in a nonproductive mode. Because of the distinct overall folds and significant differences of the active site between ChoE and eukaryotic AChEs, these structures will serve as a prototype for other prokaryotic acetylcholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Dung Pham
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, Canada
| | - Tuan Anh To
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, Canada
| | - Cynthia Gagné-Thivierge
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Hôpital Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Manon Couture
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Lagüe
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, Canada
| | - Deqiang Yao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Marie-Ève Picard
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis-André Lortie
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabrina A Attéré
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Hôpital Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Xiaojun Zhu
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, Canada
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Steve J Charette
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Hôpital Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Rong Shi
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, Canada.
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