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Takeuchi K, Ueda T, Imai M, Fujisaki M, Shimura M, Tokunaga Y, Kofuku Y, Shimada I. Affinity-directed substrate/H +-antiport by a MATE transporter. Structure 2024; 32:1150-1164.e3. [PMID: 38815577 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) family transporters excrete toxic compounds coupled to Na+/H+ influx. Although structures of MATE transporters are available, the mechanism by which substrate export is coupled to ion influx remains unknown. To address this issue, we conducted a structural analysis of Pyrococcus furiosus MATE (PfMATE) using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The NMR analysis, along with thorough substitutions of all non-exposed acidic residues, confirmed that PfMATE is under an equilibrium between inward-facing (IF) and outward-facing (OF) conformations, dictated by the Glu163 protonation. Importantly, we found that only the IF conformation exhibits a mid-μM affinity for substrate recognition. In contrast, the OF conformation exhibited only weak mM substrate affinity, suitable for releasing substrate to the extracellular side. These results indicate that PfMATE is an affinity-directed H+ antiporter where substrates selectively bind to the protonated IF conformation in the equilibrium, and subsequent proton release mechanistically ensures H+-coupled substrate excretion by the transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmacological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery and Cellular Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Aomi, Koto, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan.
| | - Takumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmacological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Misaki Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmacological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Research and Development Department, Japan Biological Informatics Consortium, Aomi 2-3-26, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Miwa Fujisaki
- Graduate School of Pharmacological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Research and Development Department, Japan Biological Informatics Consortium, Aomi 2-3-26, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Mie Shimura
- Graduate School of Pharmacological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Graduate School of Pharmacological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery and Cellular Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Aomi, Koto, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kofuku
- Graduate School of Pharmacological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- Graduate School of Pharmacological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
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2
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Garcia AA, Chadwick GL, Liu XL, Welander PV. Identification of two archaeal GDGT lipid-modifying proteins reveals diverse microbes capable of GMGT biosynthesis and modification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318761121. [PMID: 38885389 PMCID: PMC11214058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318761121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Archaea produce unique membrane-spanning lipids (MSLs), termed glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), which aid in adaptive responses to various environmental challenges. GDGTs can be modified through cyclization, cross-linking, methylation, hydroxylation, and desaturation, resulting in structurally distinct GDGT lipids. Here, we report the identification of radical SAM proteins responsible for two of these modifications-a glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraether (GMGT) synthase (Gms), responsible for covalently cross-linking the two hydrocarbon tails of a GDGT to produce GMGTs, and a GMGT methylase (Gmm), capable of methylating the core hydrocarbon tail. Heterologous expression of Gms proteins from various archaea in Thermococcus kodakarensis results in the production of GMGTs in two isomeric forms. Further, coexpression of Gms and Gmm produces mono- and dimethylated GMGTs and minor amounts of trimethylated GMGTs with only trace GDGT methylation. Phylogenetic analyses reveal the presence of Gms homologs in diverse archaeal genomes spanning all four archaeal superphyla and in multiple bacterial phyla with the genetic potential to synthesize fatty acid-based MSLs, demonstrating that GMGT production may be more widespread than previously appreciated. We demonstrate GMGT production in three Gms-encoding archaea, identifying an increase in GMGTs in response to elevated temperature in two Archaeoglobus species and the production of GMGTs with up to six rings in Vulcanisaeta distributa. The occurrence of such highly cyclized GMGTs has been limited to environmental samples and their detection in culture demonstrates the utility of combining genetic, bioinformatic, and lipid analyses to identify producers of distinct archaeal membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy A. Garcia
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Grayson L. Chadwick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Xiao-Lei Liu
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Paula V. Welander
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
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3
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Li Y, Yu T, Feng X, Zhao B, Chen H, Yang H, Chen X, Zhang XH, Anderson HR, Burns NZ, Zeng F, Tao L, Zeng Z. Biosynthesis of GMGT lipids by a radical SAM enzyme associated with anaerobic archaea and oxygen-deficient environments. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5256. [PMID: 38898040 PMCID: PMC11186832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Archaea possess characteristic membrane-spanning lipids that are thought to contribute to the adaptation to extreme environments. However, the biosynthesis of these lipids is poorly understood. Here, we identify a radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzyme that synthesizes glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraethers (GMGTs). The enzyme, which we name GMGT synthase (Gms), catalyzes the formation of a C(sp3)-C(sp3) linkage between the two isoprenoid chains of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). This conclusion is supported by heterologous expression of gene gms from a GMGT-producing species in a methanogen, as well as demonstration of in vitro activity using purified Gms enzyme. Additionally, we show that genes encoding putative Gms homologs are present in obligate anaerobic archaea and in metagenomes obtained from oxygen-deficient environments, and appear to be absent in metagenomes from oxic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Systems Biology and Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huahui Chen
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Noah Z Burns
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Fuxing Zeng
- Department of Systems Biology and Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lizhi Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhirui Zeng
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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4
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Ruiz J, LoRicco JG, Soulère L, Castell MS, Grélard A, Kauffmann B, Dufourc EJ, Demé B, Popowycz F, Peters J. Membrane plasticity induced by myo-inositol derived archaeal lipids: chemical synthesis and biophysical characterization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37305972 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Archaeal membrane lipids have specific structures that allow Archaea to withstand extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. In order to understand the molecular parameters that govern such resistance, the synthesis of 1,2-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol (DoPhPI), an archaeal lipid derived from myo-inositol, is reported. Benzyl protected myo-inositol was first prepared and then transformed to phosphodiester derivatives using a phosphoramidite based-coupling reaction with archaeol. Aqueous dispersions of DoPhPI alone or mixed with DoPhPC can be extruded and form small unilamellar vesicles, as detected by DLS. Neutron, SAXS, and solid-state NMR demonstrated that the water dispersions could form a lamellar phase at room temperature that then evolves into cubic and hexagonal phases with increasing temperature. Phytanyl chains were also found to impart remarkable and nearly constant dynamics to the bilayer over wide temperature ranges. All these new properties of archaeal lipids are proposed as providers of plasticity and thus means for the archaeal membrane to resist extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johal Ruiz
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, ICBMS, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Bât. E. Lederer, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Laurent Soulère
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, ICBMS, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Bât. E. Lederer, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Axelle Grélard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INSERM, UAR3033, France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INSERM, UAR3033, France
| | - Erick J Dufourc
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INSERM, UAR3033, France
| | - Bruno Demé
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, ICBMS, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Bât. E. Lederer, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Judith Peters
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France.
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LiPhy, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, France
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Matthews A, Lima-Zaloumis J, Debes Ii RV, Boyer G, Trembath-Reichert E. Heterotrophic Growth Dominates in the Most Extremotolerant Extremophile Cultures. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:446-459. [PMID: 36723486 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to their ability to withstand "extreme" conditions, Earth's extremophilic organisms can constrain habitability windows for other planetary systems. However, there are many other considerations to microbial growth requirements beyond environmental extremes, such as nutrient availability. Here, we conduct a literature review of the most extremotolerant extremophiles in culture, since working with cultured organisms allows environmental and nutrient variables to be constrained with a high level of specificity. We generated a database that includes the isolation environment, carbon source(s) used, and growth preferences across temperature, pressure, salinity, and pH extremes. We found that the "most extreme" conditions were primarily sustained by heterotrophs, except for hyperthermophiles. These results highlight the importance of considering organic carbon availability when using extremophiles for habitability constraints. We also interrogated polyextreme potential across temperature, pressure, salinity, and pH conditions. Our findings suggest that the investigation of growth tolerance rather than growth optimum may reveal wider habitability parameters. Overall, these results highlight the potential polyextremes, environments, nutrient requirements, and additional analyses that could improve the application of cultured investigations to astrobiology questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Matthews
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - R Vincent Debes Ii
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Grayson Boyer
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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6
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Tourte M, Coffinet S, Wörmer L, Lipp JS, Hinrichs KU, Oger PM. The Exploration of the Thermococcus barophilus Lipidome Reveals the Widest Variety of Phosphoglycolipids in Thermococcales. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869479. [PMID: 35865931 PMCID: PMC9294538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most distinctive characteristics of archaea is their unique lipids. While the general nature of archaeal lipids has been linked to their tolerance to extreme conditions, little is known about the diversity of lipidic structures archaea are able to synthesize, which hinders the elucidation of the physicochemical properties of their cell membrane. In an effort to widen the known lipid repertoire of the piezophilic and hyperthermophilic model archaeon Thermococcus barophilus, we comprehensively characterized its intact polar lipid (IPL), core lipid (CL), and polar head group compositions using a combination of cutting-edge liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric ionization systems. We tentatively identified 82 different IPLs based on five distinct CLs and 10 polar head group derivatives of phosphatidylhexoses, including compounds reported here for the first time, e.g., di-N-acetylhexosamine phosphatidylhexose-bearing lipids. Despite having extended the knowledge on the lipidome, our results also indicate that the majority of T. barophilus lipids remain inaccessible to current analytical procedures and that improvements in lipid extraction and analysis are still required. This expanded yet incomplete lipidome nonetheless opens new avenues for understanding the physiology, physicochemical properties, and organization of the membrane in this archaeon as well as other archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Tourte
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5240, Villeurbanne, France
- Univ. Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5240, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah Coffinet
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lars Wörmer
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Julius S. Lipp
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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7
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Baumann LMF, Taubner RS, Oláh K, Rohrweber AC, Schuster B, Birgel D, Rittmann SKMR. Quantitative Analysis of Core Lipid Production in Methanothermobacter marburgensis at Different Scales. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:169. [PMID: 35447729 PMCID: PMC9027985 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeal lipids have a high biotechnological potential, caused by their high resistance to oxidative stress, extreme pH values and temperatures, as well as their ability to withstand phospholipases. Further, methanogens, a specific group of archaea, are already well-established in the field of biotechnology because of their ability to use carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen or organic substrates. In this study, we show the potential of the model organism Methanothermobacter marburgensis to act both as a carbon dioxide based biological methane producer and as a potential supplier of archaeal lipids. Different cultivation settings were tested to gain an insight into the optimal conditions to produce specific core lipids. The study shows that up-scaling at a constant particle number (n/n = const.) seems to be a promising approach. Further optimizations regarding the length and number of the incubation periods and the ratio of the interaction area to the total liquid volume are necessary for scaling these settings for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M. F. Baumann
- Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (L.M.F.B.); (A.-C.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Ruth-Sophie Taubner
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria;
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.O.); (B.S.)
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Kinga Oláh
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.O.); (B.S.)
| | - Ann-Cathrin Rohrweber
- Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (L.M.F.B.); (A.-C.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.O.); (B.S.)
| | - Daniel Birgel
- Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (L.M.F.B.); (A.-C.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Simon K.-M. R. Rittmann
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria;
- Arkeon GmbH, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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8
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Tourte M, Schaeffer P, Grossi V, Oger PM. Membrane adaptation in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus relies upon a novel strategy involving glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraether lipids. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2029-2046. [PMID: 35106897 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbes preserve membrane functionality under fluctuating environmental conditions by modulating their membrane lipid composition. Although several studies have documented membrane adaptations in Archaea, the influence of most biotic and abiotic factors on archaeal lipid compositions remains underexplored. Here, we studied the influence of temperature, pH, salinity, the presence/absence of elemental sulfur, the carbon source, and the genetic background on the lipid core composition of the hyperthermophilic neutrophilic marine archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Every growth parameter tested affected the lipid core composition to some extent, the carbon source and the genetic background having the greatest influence. Surprisingly, P. furiosus appeared to only marginally rely on the two major responses implemented by Archaea, i.e., the regulation of the ratio of diether to tetraether lipids and that of the number of cyclopentane rings in tetraethers. Instead, this species increased the ratio of glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraethers (GMGT, aka. H-shaped tetraethers) to glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetrathers (GDGT) in response to decreasing temperature and pH and increasing salinity, thus providing for the first time evidence of adaptive functions for GMGT. Besides P. furiosus, numerous other species synthesize significant proportions of GMGT, which suggests that this unprecedented adaptive strategy might be common in Archaea. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Tourte
- Univ Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5240, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.,Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5240, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Vincent Grossi
- Univ Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS, ENSL, UJM, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe M Oger
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5240, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Salvador-Castell M, Golub M, Erwin N, Demé B, Brooks NJ, Winter R, Peters J, Oger PM. Characterisation of a synthetic Archeal membrane reveals a possible new adaptation route to extreme conditions. Commun Biol 2021; 4:653. [PMID: 34079059 PMCID: PMC8172549 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that adaptation to high temperature involved the synthesis of monolayer-forming ether phospholipids. Recently, a novel membrane architecture was proposed to explain the membrane stability in polyextremophiles unable to synthesize such lipids, in which apolar polyisoprenoids populate the bilayer midplane and modify its physico-chemistry, extending its stability domain. Here, we have studied the effect of the apolar polyisoprenoid squalane on a model membrane analogue using neutron diffraction, SAXS and fluorescence spectroscopy. We show that squalane resides inside the bilayer midplane, extends its stability domain, reduces its permeability to protons but increases that of water, and induces a negative curvature in the membrane, allowing the transition to novel non-lamellar phases. This membrane architecture can be transposed to early membranes and could help explain their emergence and temperature tolerance if life originated near hydrothermal vents. Transposed to the archaeal bilayer, this membrane architecture could explain the tolerance to high temperature in hyperthermophiles which grow at temperatures over 100 °C while having a membrane bilayer. The induction of a negative curvature to the membrane could also facilitate crucial cell functions that require high bending membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maksym Golub
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, Grenoble, France
- Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | - Nelli Erwin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bruno Demé
- Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Roland Winter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Judith Peters
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, Grenoble, France.
- Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France.
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