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İkiz B, Dasgan HY, Balik S, Kusvuran S, Gruda NS. The use of biostimulants as a key to sustainable hydroponic lettuce farming under saline water stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:808. [PMID: 39198726 PMCID: PMC11351459 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKROUND The utilization of high-quality water in agriculture is increasingly constrained by climate change, affecting availability, quality, and distribution due to altered precipitation patterns, increased evaporation, extreme weather events, and rising salinity levels. Salinity significantly challenges salt-sensitive vegetables like lettuce, particularly in a greenhouse. Hydroponics water quality ensures nutrient solution stability, enhances nutrient uptake, prevents contamination, regulates pH and electrical conductivity, and maintains system components. This study aimed to mitigate salt-induced damage in lettuce grown via the floating culture method under 50 mM NaCl salinity by applying biostimulants. RESULTS We examined lettuce's physiological, biochemical, and agronomical responses to salt stress after applying biostimulants such as amino acids, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), fulvic acid, and chitosan. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a randomized complete block design, and each treatment was replicated four times. Biostimulant applications alleviated salt's detrimental effects on plant weight, height, leaf number, and leaf area. Yield increases under 50 mM NaCl were 75%, 51%, 31%, 34%, and 33% using vermicompost, PGPR, fulvic acid, amino acid, and chitosan, respectively. Biostimulants improved stomatal conductance (58-189%), chlorophyll content (4-10%), nutrient uptake (15-109%), and water status (9-107%). They also reduced MDA content by 26-42%. PGPR (1.0 ml L‒1), vermicompost (2 ml L‒1), and fulvic acid (40 mg L‒1) were particularly effective, enhancing growth, yield, phenol, and mineral content while reducing nitrate levels under saline conditions. CONCLUSIONS Biostimulants activated antioxidative defense systems, offering a sustainable, cost-effective solution for mitigating salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran İkiz
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cukurova, Adana, 01330, Türkiye
| | - Hayriye Yildiz Dasgan
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cukurova, Adana, 01330, Türkiye.
| | - Sibel Balik
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cukurova, Adana, 01330, Türkiye
| | - Sebnem Kusvuran
- Food and Agriculture Vocational School, Cankiri Karatekin University, Çankırı, 18100, Türkiye
| | - Nazim S Gruda
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resource Conservation, Division of Horticultural Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Li X, Zhang W, Niu D, Liu X. Effects of abiotic stress on chlorophyll metabolism. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 342:112030. [PMID: 38346561 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Chlorophyll, an essential pigment in the photosynthetic machinery of plants, plays a pivotal role in the absorption of light energy and its subsequent transfer to reaction centers. Given that the global production of chlorophyll reaches billions of tons annually, a comprehensive understanding of its biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms is important. The metabolic pathways governing chlorophyll biosynthesis and catabolism are complex, encompassing a series of interconnected reactions mediated by a spectrum of enzymes. Environmental fluctuations, particularly abiotic stressors such as drought, extreme temperature variations, and excessive light exposure, can significantly perturb these processes. Such disruptions in chlorophyll metabolism have profound implications for plant growth and development. This review delves into the core aspects of chlorophyll metabolism, encompassing both biosynthetic and degradative pathways. It elucidates key genes and enzymes instrumental in these processes and underscores the impact of abiotic stress on chlorophyll metabolism. Furthermore, the review aims to deepen the understanding of the interplay between chlorophyll metabolic dynamics and stress responses, thereby shedding light on potential regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Di Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Kuo CH, Xu ZY, Hsiao PZ, Liao PC, Liu CH, Hong MC, Chiu K. Utilizing fish wastewater in aquaponic systems to enhance anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactive compounds in Sarcodia suae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169958. [PMID: 38211863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Aquaculture wastewater, rich in organic nutrients, is an essential environmental factor. When applied to seaweed cultivation systems, this wastewater holds the potential to notably increase the growth rate and carbon capture of Sarcodia suae. Sarcodia suae has the potential to be a healthy food due to its various biological activities; however, its chemical composition has yet to be completely defined. In this study, we applied a UHPLC-HRMS-based foodomics strategy to determine and classify possible bioactive metabolites in S. suae. From pooled seaweed samples (S. suae cultured in filtered running, FR, aquaponic recirculation, AR systems), we identified 179 and 146 compounds in POS and NEG modes, respectively. These compounds were then classified based on their structures using the Classyfire classification. Results show that S. suae in AR exhibited higher growth performance, and ten upregulated metabolites were determined. We also validated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative bioactivities of some selected compounds. Our study provided important insights into the potential use of fish wastewater in aquaponic systems to profile and produce bioactive compounds in S. suae comprehensively. This has significant implications for the development of sustainable food and the promotion of environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Hui Kuo
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Yan Xu
- Tungkang Aquaculture Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, MOA, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Zu Hsiao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Hong
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Kuohsun Chiu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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Hameed A, Maqsood W, Hameed A, Qayyum MA, Ahmed T, Farooq T. Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin counteract salt-mediated ionic toxicity in wheat seedlings: an ecofriendly and sustainable approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8917-8929. [PMID: 38182953 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31768-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Over-accumulating salts in soil are hazardous materials that interfere with the biochemical pathways in growing plants drastically affecting their physiological attributes, growth, and productivity. Soil salinization poses severe threats to highly-demanded and important crops directly challenging food security and sustainable productivity. Recently, there has been a great demand to exploit natural sources for the development of nontoxic nanoformulations of growth enhancers and stress emulators. The chitosan (CS) has growth-stimulating properties and widespread use as nanocarriers, while curcumin (CUR) has a well-established high ROS scavenging potential. Herein, we use CS and CUR for the preparation of CSNPs encapsulating CUR as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent. The hydroprimed, nanoprimed (0.02 and 0.04%), and unprimed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) and normal conditions. The seedlings established from the aforementioned seeds were employed for germination studies and biochemical analyses. Priming imprints mitigated the ionic toxicity by upregulating the machinery of antioxidants (CAT, POD, APX, and SOD), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, and lycopene), tannins, flavonoids, and protein contents in wheat seedlings under salt stress. It controlled ROS production and avoided structural injuries, thus reducing MDA contents and regulating osmoregulation. The nanopriming-induced readjustments in biochemical attributes counteracted the ionic toxicity and positively influenced the growth parameters including final germination, vigor, and germination index. It also reduced the mean germination time, significantly validating the growth-stimulating and stress-emulating role of the prepared nanosystem. Hence, the nanopriming conferred tolerance against salt stress during germination and seedling development, ensuring sustainable growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arruje Hameed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Maqsood
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hameed
- Plant Breeding & Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdul Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science & Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Toheed Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Farooq
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Xing Y, Zhang P, Zhang W, Yu C, Luo Z. Continuous cropping of potato changed the metabolic pathway of root exudates to drive rhizosphere microflora. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1318586. [PMID: 38249485 PMCID: PMC10797025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1318586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
For potato production, continuous cropping (CC) could lead to autotoxicity buildup and microflora imbalance in the field soil, which may result in failure of crops and reduction in yield. In this study, non-targeted metabolomics (via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)) combined with metagenomic profiling (via high-throughput amplicon sequencing) were used to evaluate correlations between metabolomics of potato root exudates and communities of bacteria and fungi around potato plants to illustrate the impacts of CC. Potato plants were grown in soil collected from fields with various CC years (0, 1, 4, and 7 years). Metabolomic analysis showed that the contents and types of potential autotoxins in potato root exudates increased significantly in CC4 and CC7 plants (i.e., grown in soils with 4 and 7 years of CC). The differentially expressed metabolites were mainly produced via alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in plant groups CC0 and CC1 (i.e., no CC or 1 year CC). The metabolomics of the groups CC4 and CC7 became dominated by styrene degradation, biosynthesis of siderophore group non-ribosomal peptides, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of various plant secondary metabolites. Continuous cropping beyond 4 years significantly changed the bacterial and fungal communities in the soil around the potato crops, with significant reduction of beneficial bacteria and accumulation of harmful fungi. Correlations between DEMs and microflora biomarkers were established with strong significances. These results suggested that continuous cropping of potato crops changed their metabolism as reflected in the plant root exudates and drove rhizosphere microflora to directions less favorable to plant growth, and it needs to be well managed to assure potato yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Xing
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pingliang Zhang
- Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chenxu Yu
- Department of Agriculture and Biosystem Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Zhuzhu Luo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Wei C, Luo S, Liu L, Shi K, Han C, Mohamad OAA, Shao H. Potential of utilizing pathogen-derived mycotoxins as alternatives to synthetic herbicides in controlling the noxious invasive plant Xanthium italicum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:122-132. [PMID: 37036068 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of environmentally friendly agents for controlling alien invasive species (AIS) is challenging and in urgent need as their expansion continues to increase. Xanthium italicum is a notorious invasive weed that has caused serious ecological and economic impacts worldwide. For the purpose of exploring the possibility of utilizing herbicidal mycotoxins to control this species, three compounds, a new compound, curvularioxide (1), a new naturally occurring compound, dehydroradicinin (2), and a known compound, radicinin (3), were isolated via activity-guided fractionation from the secondary metabolites of the pathogenic Curvularia inaequalis, which was found to infect X. italicum in natural habitats. All isolated compounds exhibited potent herbicidal activity on receiver species. It is noteworthy to mention that their effects on X. italicum in our bioassays were equivalent to the commercial herbicide glyphosate. Subsequent morphological analysis revealed that application of radicinin (3) severely hindered X. italicum seedlings' hypocotyl and root development. Malondialdehyde content and the activity of catalase and peroxidase of the seedlings were also significantly different from the control, implying the occurrence of induced oxidative stress. Our results suggest that pathogens infecting invasive plants might be valuable resources for developing safer herbicides for controlling weeds. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shihong Luo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Kai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamad
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Hua Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
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Pérez-León MI, González-Fuentes JA, Valdez-Aguilar LA, Benavides-Mendoza A, Alvarado-Camarillo D, Castillo-Chacón CE. Effect of Glutamic Acid and 6-benzylaminopurine on Flower Bud Biostimulation, Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Activity in Blueberry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2363. [PMID: 37375988 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry is a highly demanded and consumed fruit due to its beneficial effects on human health, because of its bioactive compounds with a high antioxidant capacity. The interest in increasing the yield and quality of blueberries has led to the application of some innovative techniques such as biostimulation. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of the exogenous application of glutamic acid (GLU) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) as biostimulants on flower bud sprouting, fruit quality, and antioxidant compounds in blueberry cv. Biloxi. The application of GLU and 6-BAP positively affected bud sprouting, fruit quality, and antioxidant content. The application of 500 and 10 mg L-1 GLU and 6-BAP, respectively, increased the number of flower buds, while 500 and 20 mg L-1 generated fruits with higher content of flavonoids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins and higher enzymatic activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes. Hence, the application of these biostimulants is an effective way to enhance the yield and fruit quality of blueberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Itzel Pérez-León
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Alonso Valdez-Aguilar
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Alvarado-Camarillo
- Departamento de Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
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Owusu AG, Lv YP, Liu M, Wu Y, Li CL, Guo N, Li DH, Gao JS. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the potential mechanism of waterlogging resistance in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1088537. [PMID: 37409297 PMCID: PMC10319419 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1088537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is susceptible to long-term waterlogging stress; however, genomic information of cotton response mechanisms toward long days of waterlogging is quite elusive. Methods Here, we combined the transcriptome and metabolome expression level changes in cotton roots after 10 and 20 days of waterlogging stress treatment pertaining to potential resistance mechanisms in two cotton genotypes. Results and discussion Numerous adventitious roots and hypertrophic lenticels were induced in CJ1831056 and CJ1831072. Transcriptome analysis revealed 101,599 differentially expressed genes in cotton roots with higher gene expression after 20 days of stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating genes, antioxidant enzyme genes, and transcription factor genes (AP2, MYB, WRKY, and bZIP) were highly responsive to waterlogging stress among the two genotypes. Metabolomics results showed higher expressions of stress-resistant metabolites sinapyl alcohol, L-glutamic acid, galactaric acid, glucose 1-phosphate, L-valine, L-asparagine, and melibiose in CJ1831056 than CJ1831072. Differentially expressed metabolites (adenosine, galactaric acid, sinapyl alcohol, L-valine, L-asparagine, and melibiose) significantly correlated with the differentially expressed PRX52, PER1, PER64, and BGLU11 transcripts. This investigation reveals genes for targeted genetic engineering to improve waterlogging stress resistance to enhance abiotic stress regulatory mechanisms in cotton at the transcript and metabolic levels of study.
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Fardus J, Hossain S, Rob MM, Fujita M. ʟ-glutamic acid modulates antioxidant defense systems and nutrient homeostasis in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under copper toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27993-0. [PMID: 37270757 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu), an essential micronutrient, can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) at its supra-optimal level in living cells as a transition metal, thus producing oxidative stress in plants. Therefore, protecting plants from Cu-induced oxidative stress via the exogenous application of chemical substances, particularly L-glutamic acid (L-Glu), could be a viable strategy for mitigating the toxicity of Cu. The aim of our present study was to investigate how ʟ-Glu protects lentil seedlings from oxidative stress produced by toxic Cu and allows them to survive under Cu toxicity. The results exhibited that when lentil seedlings were exposed to excessive Cu, their growth was inhibited and their biomass decreased due to an increase in Cu accumulation and translocation to the root, shoot, and leaves. Exposure to toxic Cu also depleted photosynthetic pigments, imbalanced water content, and other essential nutrients, increased oxidative stress, and reduced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. However, pre-treatment of ʟ-Glu improved the phenotypic appearance of lentil seedlings, which was distinctly evidenced by higher biomass production, maintenance of water balance, and an increase in photosynthetic pigments when exposed to toxic Cu. ʟ-Glu also protected the seedlings from Cu-induced oxidative stress by reducing the oxidative stress marker, specifically by the efficient action of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, particularly ascorbate, catalase, monodehydroascorbate, and glutathione peroxidase and maintaining redox balance. Furthermore, ʟ-Glu assisted in maintaining the homeostasis of Cu and other nutrient in the roots, shoots, and leaves of lentil. Collectively, our results provide evidence of the mechanism of ʟ-Glu-mediated protective role in lentil against Cu toxicity, thus proposed as a potential chemical for managing Cu toxicity not only in lentil but also other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Fardus
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393 Kita Gun, Kagawa, Miki-Cho, 761-0795, Japan.
| | - Shahadat Hossain
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393 Kita Gun, Kagawa, Miki-Cho, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Md Mahfuzur Rob
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393 Kita Gun, Kagawa, Miki-Cho, 761-0795, Japan
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In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity and Phytochemicals Screening of Extracts of the Freshwater Microalgae, Chlorochromonas danica. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:534-555. [PMID: 36103038 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study was focused on the screening of phytochemicals, their quantitative estimation and analysis by LC-MS profile, and antiproliferative efficacy of the aqueous-ethanolic extracts of the microalgae, Chlorochromonas danica isolated from the freshwater body Tavanampalli. The aqueous-ethanol extract of Chlorochromonas danica showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, and proteins. The total flavonoid content, total phenol content, and total protein content were determined to be 158.65 mg of quercetin equivalent, 15.75 mg of gallic acid equivalent, and 134.65 mg/g dry weight of the extract, respectively. The LC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of several major bioactive molecules including L-Histidine, D-glutamine, L-aspartic acid, adenine, adenosine, cotinine, guanine hypoxanthine, L-glutamic acid, nicotinamide, 4-Hydroxycoumarin, and Stearamide. The aqueous-ethanol extract of Chlorochromonas danica exhibited an IC50 values of 63.34 µg, 279.29 µg, 125.42 µg, 90.56 µg, and 95.58 µg against A375, A549, HeLa, HepG2, and HT29 cell lines respectively, compared to the positive control cisplatin with IC50 values of 3.56 µg, 4.65 µg, 3.88 µg, 4.87 µg, and 7.23 µg respectively. These data suggest that Chlorochromonas danica remains a promising drug candidate for the treatment of cancers, particularly melanoma (A375 cell line) that can be considered for purification of antiproliferative compound and further clinical trials for the discovery of novel antiproliferative drugs from cost-effective sources.
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11
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Liu H, Su Y, Fan Y, Zuo D, Xu J, Liu Y, Mei X, Huang H, Yang M, Zhu S. Exogenous leucine alleviates heat stress and improves saponin synthesis in Panax notoginseng by improving antioxidant capacity and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1175878. [PMID: 37152124 PMCID: PMC10154563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1175878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins (PNSs) are used as industrial raw materials to produce many drugs to treat cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. However, it is a heat-sensitive plant, and its large-scale artificial cultivation is impeded by high temperature stress, leading to decreases in productivity and PNSs yield. Here, we examined exogenous foliar leucine to alleviate heat stress and explored the underlying mechanism using metabolomics. The results indicated that 3 and 5 mM exogenous foliar leucine significantly alleviated heat stress in one-year- and two-year-old P. notoginseng in pots and field trials. Exogenous foliar leucine enhanced the antioxidant capacity by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (POD, SOD) and the contents of antioxidant metabolites (amino acids). Moreover, exogenous foliar leucine enhanced carbohydrate metabolism, including sugars (sucrose, maltose) and TCA cycle metabolites (citric acid, aconitic acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid), in P. notoginseng leaves, stems, and fibrous roots to improve the energy supply of plants and further alleviate heat stress. Field experiments further verified that exogenous foliar leucine increased the productivity and PNSs accumulation in P. notoginseng. These results suggest that leucine application is beneficial for improving the growth and quality of P. notoginseng under heat stress. It is therefore possible to develop plant growth regulators based on leucine to improve the heat resistance of P. notoginseng and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yingwei Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunxia Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Denghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Shusheng Zhu, ; Min Yang,
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Shusheng Zhu, ; Min Yang,
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12
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Wang Z, Liu J, White JF, Li C. Epichloë bromicola from wild barley improves salt-tolerance of cultivated barley by altering physiological responses to salt stress. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1044735. [PMID: 36504776 PMCID: PMC9730248 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1044735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epichloë bromicola is a cultivable fungal endophyte that lives in symbiosis with wild barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum) to which it confers salt tolerance. This study tested the hypothesis that E. bromicola derived from wild barley has the potential to increase salt tolerance in cultivated barley under salt stress. Methods To test this hypothesis, the growth response, physiological parameters, and metabolic profiles of barley plants inoculated with E. bromicola (E+) and those not inoculated with E. bromicola (E-) were compared under salt stress. Results Compared with E- barley plants, E+ barley plants had significantly increased plant height, shoot biomass, total biomass, chlorophyll content, osmotic synthesis, and accumulation of stress adaptation metabolites. E. bromicola increased the salt stress tolerance of cultivated barley, and the positive effects correlated with different salt stress conditions. Discussion These results suggest that E. bromicola has promising potential for enhancing the salt tolerance of barley. New insights into the mechanisms underlying this barley-fungal endophyte association are provided, and interesting questions regarding the role of E. bromicola in fungus-enhanced tolerance to salt stress in this symbiosis are raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfeng Wang
- Economic Crops and Malt Barley Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry, Centre for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - James F. White
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Chunjie Li
- Grassland Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Chunjie Li
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Farooq T, Akram MN, Hameed A, Ahmed T, Hameed A. Nanopriming-mediated memory imprints reduce salt toxicity in wheat seedlings by modulating physiobiochemical attributes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:540. [PMID: 36414951 PMCID: PMC9682780 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around the globe, salinity is one of the serious environmental stresses which negatively affect rapid seed germination, uniform seedling establishment and plant developments restricting sustainable agricultural productivity. In recent years, the concepts of sustainable agriculture and cleaner production strategy have emphasized the introduction of greener agrochemicals using biocompatible and natural sources to maximize crop yield with minimum ecotoxicological effects. Over the last decade, the emergence of nanotechnology as a forefront of interdisciplinary science has introduced nanomaterials as fast-acting plant growth-promoting agents. RESULTS Herein, we report the preparation of nanocomposite using chitosan and green tea (CS-GTE NC) as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent to elicit salt stress tolerance through priming imprints. The CS-GTE NC-primed (0.02, 0.04 and 0.06%), hydroprimed and non-primed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under normal and salt stress (150 mM NaCl) conditions. The seedlings developed from aforesaid seeds were used for physiological, biochemical and germination studies. The priming treatments increased protein contents (10-12%), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a (4-6%), Chl b (34-36%), Total Chl (7-14%) and upregulated the machinery of antioxidants (CAT (26-42%), POD (22-43%)) in wheat seedlings under stress conditions. It also reduced MDA contents (65-75%) and regulated ROS production resulting in improved membrane stability. The priming-mediated alterations in biochemical attributes resulted in improved final germination (20-22%), vigor (4-11%) and germination index (6-13%) under both conditions. It reduced mean germination time significantly, establishing the stress-insulating role of the nanocomposite. The improvement of germination parameters validated the stimulation of priming memory in composite-treated seeds. CONCLUSION Pre-treatment of seeds with nanocomposite enables them to counter salinity at the seedling development stage by means of priming memory warranting sustainable plant growth and high crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Farooq
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Amjad Hameed
- Plant Breeding & Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Toheed Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Arruje Hameed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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14
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Asgher M, Sehar Z, Rehaman A, Rashid S, Ahmed S, Per TS, Alyemeni MN, Khan NA. Exogenously-applied L-glutamic acid protects photosynthetic functions and enhances arsenic tolerance through increased nitrogen assimilation and antioxidant capacity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:119008. [PMID: 35189299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
L-Glutamic acid (Glu) is used as an effective bio-stimulant to reduce arsenic (As) stress in plants. The role of Glu was studied in the protection of photosynthesis and growth of rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica Type Taipie-309) plants grown with 50 μM As stress by studying the oxidative stress, photosynthetic and growth characteristics. Among the Glu concentrations (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 μM), 10 μM Glu maximally enhanced photosynthesis and growth parameters with the least cellular oxidative stress level. The supplementation of 10 μM Glu resulted in the reduced effects of As stress on gas exchange parameters, PSII activity and growth attributes through enhancement of antioxidant and proline metabolism. The enzymes of nitrogen (N) assimilation, such as nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase were increased with Glu treatment under As stress. The Glu-induced metabolite synthesis showed the role of various metabolites in As stress responses. The role of Glu as a signalling molecule in reducing the adverse effects of As through accelerating the antioxidant enzymes, PSII activity, proline metabolism and nitrogen assimilation has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Abdul Rehaman
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Shaista Rashid
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Sajad Ahmed
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Tasir S Per
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Doda, Jammu and Kashmir, 182202, India
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Li Z, Cheng B, Liu W, Feng G, Zhao J, Zhang L, Peng Y. Global Metabolites Reprogramming Induced by Spermine Contributing to Salt Tolerance in Creeping Bentgrass. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4472. [PMID: 35562863 PMCID: PMC9104555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization has become a serious challenge to modern agriculture worldwide. The purpose of the study was to reveal salt tolerance induced by spermine (Spm) associated with alterations in water and redox homeostasis, photosynthetic performance, and global metabolites reprogramming based on analyses of physiological responses and metabolomics in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Plants pretreated with or without 0.5 mM Spm were subjected to salt stress induced by NaCl for 25 days in controlled growth chambers. Results showed that a prolonged period of salt stress caused a great deal of sodium (Na) accumulation, water loss, photoinhibition, and oxidative damage to plants. However, exogenous application of Spm significantly improved endogenous spermidine (Spd) and Spm contents, followed by significant enhancement of osmotic adjustment (OA), photosynthesis, and antioxidant capacity in leaves under salt stress. The Spm inhibited salt-induced Na accumulation but did not affect potassium (K) content. The analysis of metabolomics demonstrated that the Spm increased intermediate metabolites of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt (GABA, glutamic acid, and alanine) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (aconitic acid) under salt stress. In addition, the Spm also up-regulated the accumulation of multiple amino acids (glutamine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, serine, lysine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan), sugars (mannose, fructose, sucrose-6-phosphate, tagatose, and cellobiose), organic acid (gallic acid), and other metabolites (glycerol) in response to salt stress. These metabolites played important roles in OA, energy metabolism, signal transduction, and antioxidant defense under salt stress. More importantly, the Spm enhanced GABA shunt and the TCA cycle for energy supply in leaves. Current findings provide new evidence about the regulatory roles of the Spm in alleviating salt damage to plants associated with global metabolites reprogramming and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bizhen Cheng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Guangyan Feng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junming Zhao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Liquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilinguole Road, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.L.); (B.C.); (W.L.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
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Lei L, Zhao Y, Shi K, Liu Y, Hu Y, Shao H. Phytotoxic Activity of Alkaloids in the Desert Plant Sophora alopecuroides. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100706. [PMID: 34678999 PMCID: PMC8540331 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophora alopecuroides is known to produce relatively large amounts of alkaloids; however, their ecological consequences remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the allelopathic potential of the main alkaloids, including aloperine, matrine, oxymatrine, oxysophocarpine, sophocarpine, sophoridine, as well as their mixture both in distilled H2O and in the soil matrix. Our results revealed that all the alkaloids possessed inhibitory activity on four receiver species, i.e., Amaranthus retroflexus, Medicago sativa, Lolium perenne and Setaria viridis. The strength of the phytotoxicity of the alkaloids was in the following order: sophocarpine > aloperine > mixture > sophoridine > matrine > oxysophocarpine > oxymatrine (in Petri dish assays), and matrine > mixture > sophocarpine > oxymatrine > oxysophocarpine > sophoridine > aloperine (in pot experiments). In addition, the mixture of the alkaloids was found to significantly increase the IAA content, MDA content and POD activity of M. sativa seedlings, whereas CTK content, ABA content, SOD activity and CAT activity of M. sativa seedlings decreased markedly. Our results suggest S. alopecuroides might produce allelopathic alkaloids to improve its competitiveness and thus facilitate the establishment of its dominance; the potential value of these alkaloids as environmentally friendly herbicides is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Lei
- Chemistry and Environment Science School, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China;
| | - Yu Zhao
- Bioscience and Geosciences School, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Historical Geography and Tourism School, Shangrao Normal University, Jiangxi 334001, China
| | - Kai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Bioscience and Geosciences School, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Chemistry and Environment Science School, Shangrao Normal University, Jiangxi 334001, China
| | - Yunxia Hu
- Chemistry and Environment Science School, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (H.S.); Tel.: +86-991-7823-155 (H.S.)
| | - Hua Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (H.S.); Tel.: +86-991-7823-155 (H.S.)
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Hasanuzzaman M, Raihan MRH, Masud AAC, Rahman K, Nowroz F, Rahman M, Nahar K, Fujita M. Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Defense in Plants under Salinity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179326. [PMID: 34502233 PMCID: PMC8430727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of oxygen radicals and their derivatives, known as reactive oxygen species, (ROS) is a part of the signaling process in higher plants at lower concentrations, but at higher concentrations, those ROS cause oxidative stress. Salinity-induced osmotic stress and ionic stress trigger the overproduction of ROS and, ultimately, result in oxidative damage to cell organelles and membrane components, and at severe levels, they cause cell and plant death. The antioxidant defense system protects the plant from salt-induced oxidative damage by detoxifying the ROS and also by maintaining the balance of ROS generation under salt stress. Different plant hormones and genes are also associated with the signaling and antioxidant defense system to protect plants when they are exposed to salt stress. Salt-induced ROS overgeneration is one of the major reasons for hampering the morpho-physiological and biochemical activities of plants which can be largely restored through enhancing the antioxidant defense system that detoxifies ROS. In this review, we discuss the salt-induced generation of ROS, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense of plants under salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.H.R.); (A.A.C.M.); (K.R.); (F.N.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.F.)
| | - Md. Rakib Hossain Raihan
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.H.R.); (A.A.C.M.); (K.R.); (F.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Abdul Awal Chowdhury Masud
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.H.R.); (A.A.C.M.); (K.R.); (F.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Khussboo Rahman
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.H.R.); (A.A.C.M.); (K.R.); (F.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Farzana Nowroz
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.H.R.); (A.A.C.M.); (K.R.); (F.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Mira Rahman
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.H.R.); (A.A.C.M.); (K.R.); (F.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho 761-0795, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.F.)
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Quitadamo F, De Simone V, Beleggia R, Trono D. Chitosan-Induced Activation of the Antioxidant Defense System Counteracts the Adverse Effects of Salinity in Durum Wheat. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1365. [PMID: 34371568 PMCID: PMC8309458 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out with the aim of (i) evaluating the effect of chitosan (CTS) on the growth of durum wheat under salinity and (ii) examining CTS-regulated mechanisms of salinity tolerance associated with the antioxidant defense system. To achieve these goals, durum wheat seedlings were treated with CTS at different molecular weight, low (L-CTS, 50-190 kDa), medium (M-CTS, 190-310 kDa) and high (H-CTS, 310-375 kDa). The results obtained show that exposure to 200 mM NaCl reduced the shoot and the root dried biomass by 38% and 59%, respectively. The growth impairment induced by salinity was strongly correlated with an increase in the superoxide anion production (5-fold), hydrogen peroxide content (2-fold) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content (4-fold). Seedlings responded to the oxidative stress triggered by salinity with an increase in the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) by 67%, 51% and 32%, respectively. A salt-induced increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT) of 89% and 86%, respectively, was also observed. Treatment of salt-stressed seedlings with exogenous CTS significantly promoted seedling growth, with the strongest effects observed for L-CTS and M-CTS, which increased the shoot biomass of stressed seedlings by 32% and 44%, respectively, whereas the root dried biomass increased by 87% and 64%, respectively. L-CTS and M-CTS treatments also decreased the superoxide anion production (57% and 59%, respectively), the hydrogen peroxide content (35% and 38%, respectively) and the MDA content (48% and 56%, respectively) and increased the TPC (23% and 14%, respectively), the TFC (19% and 10%, respectively), the TAA (up to 10% and 7%, respectively) and the CAT activity (29% and 20%, respectively). Overall, our findings indicate that CTS exerts its protective role against the oxidative damages induced by salinity by enhancing the antioxidant defense system. L-CTS and M-CTS were the most effective in alleviating the adverse effect of NaCl, thus demonstrating that the CTS action is strictly related to its molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniela Trono
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e, Colture Industriali, S.S. 673, Km 25,200, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.Q.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.)
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