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Fang J, Zhou G, Zhao H, Xie D, Zhang J, Kües U, Xiao Y, Fang Z, Liu J. An apoptosis-inducing factor controls programmed cell death and laccase expression during fungal interactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:135. [PMID: 38229306 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Apoptotic-like programmed cell death (PCD) is one of the main strategies for fungi to resist environmental stresses and maintain homeostasis. The apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) has been shown in different fungi to trigger PCD through upregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study identified a mitochondrial localized AIF homolog, CcAIF1, from Coprinopsis cinerea monokaryon Okayama 7. Heterologous overexpression of CcAIF1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae caused apoptotic-like PCD of the yeast cells. Ccaif1 was increased in transcription when C. cinerea interacted with Gongronella sp. w5, accompanied by typical apoptotic-like PCD in C. cinerea, including phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation. Decreased mycelial ROS levels were observed in Ccaif1 silenced C. cinerea transformants during cocultivation, as well as reduction of the apoptotic levels, mycelial growth, and asexual sporulation. By comparison, Ccaif1 overexpression led to the opposite phenotypes. Moreover, the transcription and expression levels of laccase Lcc9 decreased by Ccaif1 silencing but increased firmly in Ccaif1 overexpression C. cinerea transformants in coculture. Thus, in conjunction with our previous report that intracellular ROS act as signal molecules to stimulate defense responses, we conclude that CcAIF1 is a regulator of ROS to promote apoptotic-like PCD and laccase expression in fungal-fungal interactions. In an axenic culture of C. cinerea, CcAIF1 overexpression and H2O2 stimulation together increased laccase secretion with multiplied production yield. The expression of two other normally silent isozymes, Lcc8 and Lcc13, was unexpectedly triggered along with Lcc9. KEY POINTS: • Mitochondrial CcAIF1 induces PCD during fungal-fungal interactions • CcAIF1 is a regulator of ROS to trigger the expression of Lcc9 for defense • CcAIF1 overexpression and H2O2 stimulation dramatically increase laccase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Dengdeng Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jingna Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ursula Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen‑Institute, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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Andronis CE, Jacques S, Lopez-Ruiz FJ, Lipscombe R, Tan KC. Proteomic analysis revealed that the oomyceticide phosphite exhibits multi-modal action in an oomycete pathosystem. J Proteomics 2024; 301:105181. [PMID: 38670258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic oomycetes constitute some of the most devastating plant pathogens and cause significant crop and horticultural yield and economic losses. The phytopathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi causes dieback disease in native vegetation and several crops. The most commonly used chemical to control P. cinnamomi is the oomyceticide phosphite. Despite its widespread use, the mode of action of phosphite is not well understood and it is unclear whether it targets the pathogen, the host, or both. Resistance to phosphite is emerging in P. cinnamomi isolates and other oomycete phytopathogens. The mode of action of phosphite on phosphite-sensitive and resistant isolates of the pathogen and through a model host was investigated using label-free quantitative proteomics. In vitro treatment of sensitive P. cinnamomi isolates with phosphite hinders growth by interfering with metabolism, signalling and gene expression; traits that are not observed in the resistant isolate. When the model host Lupinus angustifolius was treated with phosphite, proteins associated with photosynthesis, carbon fixation and lipid metabolism in the host were enriched. Increased production of defence-related proteins was also observed in the plant. We hypothesise the multi-modal action of phosphite and present two models constructed using comparative proteomics that demonstrate mechanisms of pathogen and host responses to phosphite. SIGNIFICANCE: Phytophthora cinnamomi is a significant phytopathogenic oomycete that causes root rot (dieback) in a number of horticultural crops and a vast range of native vegetation. Historically, areas infected with phosphite have been treated with the oomyceticide phosphite despite its unknown mode of action. Additionally, overuse of phosphite has driven the emergence of phosphite-resistant isolates of the pathogen. We conducted a comparative proteomic study of a sensitive and resistant isolate of P. cinnamomi in response to treatment with phosphite, and the response of a model host, Lupinus angustifolius, to phosphite and its implications on infection. The present study has allowed for a deeper understanding of the bimodal action of phosphite, suggested potential biochemical factors contributing to chemical resistance in P. cinnamomi, and unveiled possible drivers of phosphite-induced host plant immunity to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Andronis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Proteomics International, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | - Silke Jacques
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Kar-Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
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3
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Nazarov T, Liu Y, Chen X, See DR. Molecular Mechanisms of the Stripe Rust Interaction with Resistant and Susceptible Wheat Genotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2930. [PMID: 38474176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rust fungi cause significant damage to wheat production worldwide. In order to mitigate disease impact and improve food security via durable resistance, it is important to understand the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions. Despite a long history of research and high agricultural importance, still little is known about the interactions between the stripe rust fungus and wheat host on the gene expression level. Here, we present analysis of the molecular interactions between a major wheat pathogen-Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst)-in resistant and susceptible host backgrounds. Using plants with durable nonrace-specific resistance along with fully susceptible ones allowed us to show how gene expression patterns shift in compatible versus incompatible interactions. The pathogen showed significantly greater number and fold changes of overexpressed genes on the resistant host than the susceptible host. Stress-related pathways including MAPK, oxidation-reduction, osmotic stress, and stress granule formation were, almost exclusively, upregulated in the resistant host background, suggesting the requirement of the resistance-countermeasure mechanism facilitated by Pst. In contrast, the susceptible host background allowed for broad overrepresentation of the nutrient uptake pathways. This is the first study focused on the stripe rust pathogen-wheat interactions, on the whole transcriptome level, from the pathogen side. It lays a foundation for the better understanding of the resistant/susceptible hosts versus pathogenic fungus interaction in a broader sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Nazarov
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Deven R See
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
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Shirai M, Eulgem T. Molecular interactions between the soilborne pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina and its host plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1264569. [PMID: 37780504 PMCID: PMC10539690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1264569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Mentioned for the first time in an article 1971, the occurrence of the term "Macrophomina phaseolina" has experienced a steep increase in the scientific literature over the past 15 years. Concurrently, incidences of M. phaseolina-caused crop diseases have been getting more frequent. The high levels of diversity and plasticity observed for M. phasolina genomes along with a rich equipment of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, secondary metabolites and putative virulence effectors as well as the unusual longevity of microsclerotia, their asexual reproduction structures, make this pathogen very difficult to control and crop protection against it very challenging. During the past years several studies have emerged reporting on host defense measures against M. phaseolina, as well as mechanisms of pathogenicity employed by this fungal pathogen. While most of these studies have been performed in crop systems, such as soybean or sesame, recently interactions of M. phaseolina with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have been described. Collectively, results from various studies are hinting at a complex infection cycle of M. phaseolina, which exhibits an early biotrophic phase and switches to necrotrophy at later time points during the infection process. Consequently, responses of the hosts are complex and seem coordinated by multiple defense-associated phytohormones. However, at this point no robust and strong host defense mechanism against M. phaseolina has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Eulgem
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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Popović M, Nuskern L, Peranić K, Vuković R, Katanić Z, Krstin L, Ćurković-Perica M, Leigh DM, Poljak I, Idžojtić M, Rigling D, Ježić M. Physiological variations in hypovirus-infected wild and model long-term laboratory strains of Cryphonectria parasitica. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1192996. [PMID: 37426020 PMCID: PMC10324583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Forest ecosystems are highly threatened by the simultaneous effects of climate change and invasive pathogens. Chestnut blight, caused by the invasive phytopathogenic fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, has caused severe damage to European chestnut groves and catastrophic dieback of American chestnut in North America. Within Europe, the impacts of the fungus are widely mitigated through biological control that utilizes the RNA mycovirus: Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1). Viral infections, similarly to abiotic factors, can cause oxidative stress in their hosts leading to physiological attrition through stimulating ROS (reactive oxygen species) and NOx production. Methods To fully understand the interactions leading to the biocontrol of chestnut blight, it is vital to determine oxidative stress damage arising during CHV1 infection, especially considering that other abiotic factors, like long-term cultivation of model fungal strains, can also impact oxidative stress. Our study compared CHV1-infected C. parasitica isolates from two Croatian wild populations with CHV1-infected model strains (EP713, Euro7 and CR23) that have experienced long-term laboratory cultivation. Results and Discussion We determined the level of oxidative stress in the samples by measuring stress enzymes' activity and oxidative stress biomarkers. Furthermore, for the wild populations, we studied the activity of fungal laccases, expression of the laccase gene lac1, and a possible effect of CHV1 intra-host diversity on the observed biochemical responses. Relative to the wild isolates, the long-term model strains had lower enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and higher content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total non-protein thiols. This indicated generally higher oxidative stress, likely arising from their decades-long history of subculturing and freeze-thaw cycles. When comparing the two wild populations, differences between them in stress resilience and levels of oxidative stress were also observed, as evident from the different MDA content. The intra-host genetic diversity of the CHV1 had no discernible effect on the stress levels of the virus-infected fungal cultures. Our research indicated that an important determinant modulating both lac1 expression and laccase enzyme activity is intrinsic to the fungus itself, possibly related to the vc type of the fungus, i.e., vegetative incompatibility genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Popović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Nuskern
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karla Peranić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rosemary Vuković
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zorana Katanić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Krstin
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | | | - Igor Poljak
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marilena Idžojtić
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marin Ježić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Venugopalan LP, Aimanianda V, Namperumalsamy VP, Prajna L, Kuppamuthu D, Jayapal JM. Comparative proteome analysis identifies species-specific signature proteins in Aspergillus pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12559-4. [PMID: 37166481 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus are important human pathogens that can infect the lung and cornea. During infection, Aspergillus dormant conidia are the primary morphotype that comes in contact with the host. As the conidial surface-associated proteins (CSPs) and the extracellular proteins during the early stages of growth play a crucial role in establishing infection, we profiled and compared these proteins between a clinical strain of A. flavus and a clinical strain of A. fumigatus. We identified nearly 100 CSPs in both Aspergillus, and these non-covalently associated surface proteins were able to stimulate the neutrophils to secrete interleukin IL-8. Mass spectrometry analysis identified more than 200 proteins in the extracellular space during the early stages of conidial growth and germination (early exoproteome). The conidial surface proteins and the early exoproteome of A. fumigatus were enriched with immunoreactive proteins and those with pathogenicity-related functions while that of the A. flavus were primarily enzymes involved in cell wall reorganization and binding. Comparative proteome analysis of the CSPs and the early exoproteome between A. flavus and A. fumigatus enabled the identification of a common core proteome and potential species-specific signature proteins. Transcript analysis of selected proteins indicate that the transcript-protein level correlation does not exist for all proteins and might depend on factors such as membrane-anchor signals and protein half-life. The probable signature proteins of A. flavus and A. fumigatus identified in this study can serve as potential candidates for developing species-specific diagnostic tests. KEY POINTS: • CSPs and exoproteins could differentiate A. flavus and A. fumigatus. • A. fumigatus conidial surface harbored more antigenic proteins than A. flavus. • Identified species-specific signature proteins of A. flavus and A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Prabha Venugopalan
- Department of Proteomics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Present address: Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
- Present address: Unité de recherche Mycologie Moléculaire, UMR2000, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Lalitha Prajna
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dharmalingam Kuppamuthu
- Department of Proteomics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeya Maheshwari Jayapal
- Department of Proteomics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Wu D, Ren H, Xie L, Zhang G, Zhao Y, Wei Z. Strengthening Fenton-like reactions to improve lignocellulosic degradation performance by increasing lignocellulolytic enzyme core microbes during rice straw composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 161:72-83. [PMID: 36870299 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of Fenton-like reactions on lignocellulosic degradation performance and identify their driving factors during composting. Rice straw was pretreated by inoculating Aspergillus fumigatus Z1 and then adding Fe (II), which resulted in Fenton-like reactions. The treatment groups included CK (control), Fe (addition of Fe (II)), Z1 (inoculation of A. fumigatus Z1), and Fe + Z1 (inoculation of A. fumigatus Z1 and addition of Fe (II)). The results suggested that Fenton-like reactions can produce lignocellulolytic enzymes and degrade lignocellulose, due to the variation in microbial community composition and diversity. In addition, functional modular microbes were identified by network analysis, which can produce endoglucanase and xylanase. Regarding ligninase, bacteria were more favorable for producing manganese peroxidase, and fungi were more favorable for producing laccase. Additionally, reducing sugars, organic matter, total nitrogen and amino acids were key microhabitat factors of functional modular bacteria, while organic matter, reducing sugars, amino acids and C/N were key microhabitat factors of functional modular fungi, thereby promoting the degradation of lignocellulose. This study provides technical support for lignocellulosic degradation based on Fenton-like reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hao Ren
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lina Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zimin Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Xu N, Lu H, Yi X, Peng S, Huang X, Zhang Y, He C. Potential of Alpha-(α)-Solanine as a Natural Inhibitor of Fungus Causing Leaf Spot Disease in Strawberry. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020450. [PMID: 36836807 PMCID: PMC9961337 DOI: 10.3390/life13020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Curvularia trifolii is an important pathogenic fungus that causes leaf spot disease in strawberry and other crops. Increased resistance in pathogenic fungi against chemical fungicides necessitates the search for biological alternatives to control plant fungal diseases. The present study aimed to perform transcriptome and metabolome analysis of C. trifolii fungi. We evaluated the potential of an alkaloid, namely alpha (α)-solanine, to inhibit the growth of Curvularia under in vitro conditions. Furthermore, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of treated C. trifolii was performed to identify the differential genes and metabolites. Results revealed that treatment with α-solanine resulted in the poor growth and development of fungal spores. The transcriptome analysis revealed that 1413 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs), among which 340 unigenes were up-regulated, 100 unigenes were down-regulated, and the rest were unaffected in treated samples. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of the genes were related to oxidative stress in the fungus. Additionally, using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 455 metabolites, among which the majority of metabolites were related to lipid biosynthesis. The high number of genes related to lipid biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species revealed that α-solanine causes oxidative stress in Curvularia, leading to growth inhibition, and can be potentially used as an alternative to chemical fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
- Institute of Hunan Edible Fungi, Shuangtang Road No. 107, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Huan Lu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1000, Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xueqian Yi
- Hunan Institute of Traffic Engineering, Jiefang Road No. 430, Hengyang 421200, China
| | - Simin Peng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Changzheng He
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence:
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10
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Litwin A, Mironenka J, Bernat P, Soboń A, Różalska S. Accumulation of pyrethroids induces changes in metabolism of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana-Proteomic and lipidomic background. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114418. [PMID: 36527849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the agrochemical industry, such as using plant protection products e.g. pyrethroid insecticides, lead to environmental pollution via the accumulation of toxic compounds in soil. An interesting approach to overcoming this threat is using biopreparations based on entomopathogenic fungi that come into contact with the residues of the insecticides in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine whether the soil-dwelling entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana ARSEF 2860 is capable of accumulating pyrethroids (λ-cyhalothrin, α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin) and to identify the metabolomics and proteomic implications of this process. In this work, we demonstrated for the first time that the tested fungus accumulated pyrethroids as early as on day 2 of incubation with an average efficiency of 90%. Pyrethroids accumulated in large quantities in the mycelium of B. bassiana induced oxidative stress and interacted differently with the enzymes of the basic metabolic pathways, enzymes associated with the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell walls, as well as extracellular enzymes responsible for the infectious abilities (α-cypermethrin caused a 61% decrease in PR1, λ-cyhalothrin - a 31% decrease in PR2, which are proteolytic enzymes with a confirmed role in the infectious process). This study also revealed that the accumulated pyrethroids decreased the activity of phospholipase C, which increased the triacylglycerols/diacylglycerols (TAG/DAG) ratio, especially in mycelium in which α-cypermethrin was accumulated. It should be emphasized that the accumulation of pyrethroids in the environment is not fully understood, and current research suggests that entomopathogenic fungi may be part of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Litwin
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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11
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Sahu PK, Jayalakshmi K, Tilgam J, Gupta A, Nagaraju Y, Kumar A, Hamid S, Singh HV, Minkina T, Rajput VD, Rajawat MVS. ROS generated from biotic stress: Effects on plants and alleviation by endophytic microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042936. [PMID: 36352882 PMCID: PMC9638130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic living is thought to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are an inevitable chemical component. They are produced exclusively in cellular compartments in aerobic metabolism involving significant energy transfer and are regarded as by-products. ROS have a significant role in plant response to pathogenic stress, but the pattern varies between necrotrophs and biotrophs. A fine-tuned systemic induction system is involved in ROS-mediated disease development in plants. In regulated concentrations, ROS act as a signaling molecule and activate different pathways to suppress the pathogens. However, an excess of these ROS is deleterious to the plant system. Along with altering cell structure, ROS cause a variety of physiological reactions in plants that lower plant yield. ROS also degrade proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and other substances. Plants have their own mechanisms to overcome excess ROS and maintain homeostasis. Microbes, especially endophytes, have been reported to maintain ROS homeostasis in both biotic and abiotic stresses by multiple mechanisms. Endophytes themselves produce antioxidant compounds and also induce host plant machinery to supplement ROS scavenging. The structured reviews on how endophytes play a role in ROS homeostasis under biotic stress were very meager, so an attempt was made to compile the recent developments in ROS homeostasis using endophytes. This review deals with ROS production, mechanisms involved in ROS signaling, host plant mechanisms in alleviating oxidative stress, and the roles of endophytes in maintaining ROS homeostasis under biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar Sahu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K. Jayalakshmi
- Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Directorate of Onion Garlic Research, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyotsana Tilgam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amrita Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Yalavarthi Nagaraju
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Harsh Vardhan Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Mahendra Vikram Singh Rajawat
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Nicoletti G, White K. The Anti-Fungal Activity of Nitropropenyl Benzodioxole (NPBD), a Redox-Thiol Oxidant and Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitor. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091188. [PMID: 36139967 PMCID: PMC9495065 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetically diverse fungal species are an increasing cause of severe disease and mortality. Identification of new targets and development of new fungicidal drugs are required to augment the effectiveness of current chemotherapy and counter increasing resistance in pathogens. Nitroalkenyl benzene derivatives are thiol oxidants and inhibitors of cysteine-based molecules, which show broad biological activity against microorganisms. Nitropropenyl benzodioxole (NPBD), one of the most active antimicrobial derivatives, shows high activity in MIC assays for phylogenetically diverse saprophytic, commensal and parasitic fungi. NPBD was fungicidal to all species except the dermatophytic fungi, with an activity profile comparable to that of Amphotericin B and Miconazole. NPBD showed differing patterns of dynamic kill rates under different growth conditions for Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus and was rapidly fungicidal for non-replicating vegetative forms and microconidia. It did not induce resistant or drug tolerant strains in major pathogens on long term exposure. A literature review highlights the complexity and interactivity of fungal tyrosine phosphate and redox signaling pathways, their differing metabolic effects in fungal species and identifies some targets for inhibition. A comparison of the metabolic activities of Amphotericin B, Miconazole and NPBD highlights the multiple cellular functions of these agents and the complementarity of many mechanisms. The activity profile of NPBD illustrates the functional diversity of fungal tyrosine phosphatases and thiol-based redox active molecules and contributes to the validation of tyrosine phosphatases and redox thiol molecules as related and complementary selective targets for antimicrobial drug development. NPBD is a selective antifungal agent with low oral toxicity which would be suitable for local treatment of skin and mucosal infections.
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13
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Beier S, Stiegler M, Hitzenhammer E, Monika S. Screening for genes involved in cellulase regulation by expression under the control of a novel constitutive promoter in Trichoderma reesei. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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14
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Mattila H, Österman-Udd J, Mali T, Lundell T. Basidiomycota Fungi and ROS: Genomic Perspective on Key Enzymes Involved in Generation and Mitigation of Reactive Oxygen Species. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:837605. [PMID: 37746164 PMCID: PMC10512322 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.837605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Our review includes a genomic survey of a multitude of reactive oxygen species (ROS) related intra- and extracellular enzymes and proteins among fungi of Basidiomycota, following their taxonomic classification within the systematic classes and orders, and focusing on different fungal lifestyles (saprobic, symbiotic, pathogenic). Intra- and extracellular ROS metabolism-involved enzymes (49 different protein families, summing 4170 protein models) were searched as protein encoding genes among 63 genomes selected according to current taxonomy. Extracellular and intracellular ROS metabolism and mechanisms in Basidiomycota are illustrated in detail. In brief, it may be concluded that differences between the set of extracellular enzymes activated by ROS, especially by H2O2, and involved in generation of H2O2, follow the differences in fungal lifestyles. The wood and plant biomass degrading white-rot fungi and the litter-decomposing species of Agaricomycetes contain the highest counts for genes encoding various extracellular peroxidases, mono- and peroxygenases, and oxidases. These findings further confirm the necessity of the multigene families of various extracellular oxidoreductases for efficient and complete degradation of wood lignocelluloses by fungi. High variations in the sizes of the extracellular ROS-involved gene families were found, however, among species with mycorrhizal symbiotic lifestyle. In addition, there are some differences among the sets of intracellular thiol-mediation involving proteins, and existence of enzyme mechanisms for quenching of intracellular H2O2 and ROS. In animal- and plant-pathogenic species, extracellular ROS enzymes are absent or rare. In these fungi, intracellular peroxidases are seemingly in minor role than in the independent saprobic, filamentous species of Basidiomycota. Noteworthy is that our genomic survey and review of the literature point to that there are differences both in generation of extracellular ROS as well as in mechanisms of response to oxidative stress and mitigation of ROS between fungi of Basidiomycota and Ascomycota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Taina Lundell
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Viikki Campus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Coprinopsis cinerea uses laccase Lcc9 as a defense strategy to eliminate oxidative stress during fungal-fungal interactions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0176021. [PMID: 34669425 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01760-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequently, laccases are triggered during fungal cocultivation for overexpression. The function of these activated laccases during coculture has not been clarified. Previously, we reported that Gongronella sp. w5 (w5) (Mucoromycota, Mucoromycetes) specifically triggered the laccase Lcc9 overexpression in Coprinopsis cinerea (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes). To systematically analyze the function of the overexpressed laccase during fungal interaction, C. cinerea mycelia before and after the initial Lcc9 overexpression were chosen for transcriptome analysis. Results showed that accompanied by specific utilization of fructose as carbohydrate substrate, oxidative stress derived from antagonistic compounds secreted by w5 appears to be a signal critical for laccase production in C. cinerea. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) decrease in the C. cinerea wild-type strain followed the increase in laccase production and then, lcc9 transcription and laccase activity stopped. By comparison, increased H2O2 content and mycelial ROS levels were observed during the entire cocultivation in lcc9 silenced C. cinerea strains. Moreover, lcc9 silencing slowed down the C. cinerea mycelial growth, affected hyphal morphology, and decreased the asexual sporulation in coculture. Our results showed that intracellular ROS acted as signal molecules to stimulate defense responses by C. cinerea with the expression of oxidative stress response regulator Skn7 and various detoxification proteins. Lcc9 takes part as a defense strategy to eliminate oxidative stress during the interspecific interaction with w5. Importance: The overproduction of laccase during interspecific fungal interactions is notoriously known. However, the exact role of the up-regulated laccases remains underexplored. Based on comparative transcriptomic analysis of C. cinerea and gene silencing of laccase Lcc9, here we show that oxidative stress derived from antagonistic compounds secreted by Gongronella sp. w5 was a signal critical for laccase Lcc9 production in Coprinopsis cinerea. Intracellular ROS acted as signal molecules to stimulate defense responses by C. cinerea with the expression of oxidative stress response regulator Skn7 and various detoxification proteins. Ultimately, Lcc9 takes part as a defense strategy to eliminate oxidative stress and help cell growth and development during the interspecific interaction with Gongronella sp. w5. These findings deepened our understanding of fungal interactions in their natural population and communities.
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Bachleitner S, Sulyok M, Sørensen JL, Strauss J, Studt L. The H4K20 methyltransferase Kmt5 is involved in secondary metabolism and stress response in phytopathogenic Fusarium species. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 155:103602. [PMID: 34214671 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium graminearum are agronomically important plant pathogens, both infecting important staple food plants and thus leading to huge economic losses worldwide. F.fujikuroi belongs to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and causes bakanae disease on rice, whereas F.graminearum, a member of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC), is the causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease on wheat, barley and maize. In recent years, the importance of chromatin regulation became evident in the plant-pathogen interaction. Several processes, including posttranslational modifications of histones, have been described as regulators of virulence and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In this study, we have functionally characterised methylation of lysine 20 histone 4 (H4K20me) in both Fusarium species. We identified the respective genes solely responsible for H4K20 mono-, di- and trimethylation in F.fujikuroi (FfKMT5) and F.graminearum (FgKMT5). We show that loss of Kmt5 affects colony growth in F.graminearum while this is not the case for F.fujikuroi. Similarly, FgKmt5 is required for full virulence in F.graminearum as Δfgkmt5 is hypovirulent on wheat, whereas the F.fujikuroi Δffkmt5 strain did not deviate from the wild type during rice infection. Lack of Kmt5 had distinct effects on the secondary metabolism in both plant pathogens with the most pronounced effects on fusarin biosynthesis in F.fujikuroi and zearalenone biosynthesis in F.graminearum. Next to this, loss of Kmt5 resulted in an increased tolerance towards oxidative and osmotic stress in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bachleitner
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Lena Studt
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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17
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Transcriptomic analysis reveals the metabolic mechanism of patulin by Saccharomyces cerevisiae during fermentation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Kuhnert E, Navarro-Muñoz J, Becker K, Stadler M, Collemare J, Cox R. Secondary metabolite biosynthetic diversity in the fungal family Hypoxylaceae and Xylaria hypoxylon. Stud Mycol 2021; 99:100118. [PMID: 34527085 PMCID: PMC8403587 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date little is known about the genetic background that drives the production and diversification of secondary metabolites in the Hypoxylaceae. With the recent availability of high-quality genome sequences for 13 representative species and one relative (Xylaria hypoxylon) we attempted to survey the diversity of biosynthetic pathways in these organisms to investigate their true potential as secondary metabolite producers. Manual search strategies based on the accumulated knowledge on biosynthesis in fungi enabled us to identify 783 biosynthetic pathways across 14 studied species, the majority of which were arranged in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC). The similarity of BGCs was analysed with the BiG-SCAPE engine which organised the BGCs into 375 gene cluster families (GCF). Only ten GCFs were conserved across all of these fungi indicating that speciation is accompanied by changes in secondary metabolism. From the known compounds produced by the family members some can be directly correlated with identified BGCs which is highlighted herein by the azaphilone, dihydroxynaphthalene, tropolone, cytochalasan, terrequinone, terphenyl and brasilane pathways giving insights into the evolution and diversification of those compound classes. Vice versa, products of various BGCs can be predicted through homology analysis with known pathways from other fungi as shown for the identified ergot alkaloid, trigazaphilone, curvupallide, viridicatumtoxin and swainsonine BGCs. However, the majority of BGCs had no obvious links to known products from the Hypoxylaceae or other well-studied biosynthetic pathways from fungi. These findings highlight that the number of known compounds strongly underrepresents the biosynthetic potential in these fungi and that a tremendous number of unidentified secondary metabolites is still hidden. Moreover, with increasing numbers of genomes for further Hypoxylaceae species becoming available, the likelihood of revealing new biosynthetic pathways that encode new, potentially useful compounds will significantly improve. Reaching a better understanding of the biology of these producers, and further development of genetic methods for their manipulation, will be crucial to access their treasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Kuhnert
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - J.C. Navarro-Muñoz
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K. Becker
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M. Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J. Collemare
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R.J. Cox
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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Hage H, Rosso MN, Tarrago L. Distribution of methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi and conservation of the free-methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase in multicellular eukaryotes. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:187-215. [PMID: 33865960 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methionine, either as a free amino acid or included in proteins, can be oxidized into methionine sulfoxide (MetO), which exists as R and S diastereomers. Almost all characterized organisms possess thiol-oxidoreductases named methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) enzymes to reduce MetO back to Met. MsrA and MsrB reduce the S and R diastereomers of MetO, respectively, with strict stereospecificity and are found in almost all organisms. Another type of thiol-oxidoreductase, the free-methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase (fRMsr), identified so far in prokaryotes and a few unicellular eukaryotes, reduces the R MetO diastereomer of the free amino acid. Moreover, some bacteria possess molybdenum-containing enzymes that reduce MetO, either in the free or protein-bound forms. All these Msrs play important roles in the protection of organisms against oxidative stress. Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes that colonize all niches on Earth and play fundamental functions, in organic matter recycling, as symbionts, or as pathogens of numerous organisms. However, our knowledge on fungal Msrs is still limited. Here, we performed a survey of msr genes in almost 700 genomes across the fungal kingdom. We show that most fungi possess one gene coding for each type of methionine sulfoxide reductase: MsrA, MsrB, and fRMsr. However, several fungi living in anaerobic environments or as obligate intracellular parasites were devoid of msr genes. Sequence inspection and phylogenetic analyses allowed us to identify non-canonical sequences with potentially novel enzymatic properties. Finaly, we identified several ocurences of msr horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Hage
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Tarrago
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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Singh Y, Nair AM, Verma PK. Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100142. [PMID: 34027389 PMCID: PMC8132124 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungal phytopathogens pose a serious threat to global crop production. Only a handful of strategies are available to combat these fungal infections, and the increasing incidence of fungicide resistance is making the situation worse. Hence, the molecular understanding of plant-fungus interactions remains a primary focus of plant pathology. One of the hallmarks of host-pathogen interactions is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a plant defense mechanism, collectively termed the oxidative burst. In general, high accumulation of ROS restricts the growth of pathogenic organisms by causing localized cell death around the site of infection. To survive the oxidative burst and achieve successful host colonization, fungal phytopathogens employ intricate mechanisms for ROS perception, ROS neutralization, and protection from ROS-mediated damage. Together, these countermeasures maintain the physiological redox homeostasis that is essential for cell viability. In addition to intracellular antioxidant systems, phytopathogenic fungi also deploy interesting effector-mediated mechanisms for extracellular ROS modulation. This aspect of plant-pathogen interactions is significantly under-studied and provides enormous scope for future research. These adaptive responses, broadly categorized into "escape" and "exploitation" mechanisms, are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the oxidative stress response of filamentous fungi, their perception signaling, and recent insights that provide a comprehensive understanding of the distinct survival mechanisms of fungal pathogens in response to the host-generated oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshveer Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Athira Mohandas Nair
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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21
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Geetha N, Bhavya G, Abhijith P, Shekhar R, Dayananda K, Jogaiah S. Insights into nanomycoremediation: Secretomics and mycogenic biopolymer nanocomposites for heavy metal detoxification. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124541. [PMID: 33223321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Our environment thrives on the subtle balance achieved by the forever cyclical nature of building and rebuilding life through natural processes. Fungi, being the evident armor of bioremediation, is the indispensable element of the soil food web, contribute to be the nature's most dynamic arsenal with non-specific enzymes like peroxidase (POX), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), non-enzymatic compounds like thiol (-SH) groups and non-protein compounds such as glutathione (GSH) and metallothionein (MT). Recently, the area of nanomycoremediation has been gaining momentum as a powerful tool for environmental clean-up strategies with its ability to detoxify heavy metals with its unique characteristics to adapt mechanisms such as biosorption, bioconversion, and biodegradation to harmless end products. The insight into the elaborate secretomic processes provides us with huge opportunities for creating a magnificent living bioremediation apparatus. This review discusses the scope and recent advances in the lesser understood area, nanomycoremediation, the state-of-the-art, innovative, cost-effective and promising tool for detoxification of heavy metal pollutants and focuses on the metabolic capabilities and secretomics with nanobiotechnological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraja Geetha
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurulingaiah Bhavya
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Padukana Abhijith
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravikant Shekhar
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Karigowda Dayananda
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudisha Jogaiah
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, P.G. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, Karnataka, India.
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Stępień Ł, Lalak-Kańczugowska J. Signaling pathways involved in virulence and stress response of plant-pathogenic Fusarium species. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Weber M, Basu S, González B, Greslehner GP, Singer S, Haskova D, Hasek J, Breitenbach M, W.Gourlay C, Cullen PJ, Rinnerthaler M. Actin Cytoskeleton Regulation by the Yeast NADPH Oxidase Yno1p Impacts Processes Controlled by MAPK Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020322. [PMID: 33671669 PMCID: PMC7926930 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exceed the antioxidative capacity of the cell can be harmful and are termed oxidative stress. Increasing evidence suggests that ROS are not exclusively detrimental, but can fulfill important signaling functions. Recently, we have been able to demonstrate that a NADPH oxidase-like enzyme (termed Yno1p) exists in the single-celled organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This enzyme resides in the peripheral and perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum and functions in close proximity to the plasma membrane. Its product, hydrogen peroxide, which is also produced by the action of the superoxide dismutase, Sod1p, influences signaling of key regulatory proteins Ras2p and Yck1p/2p. In the present work, we demonstrate that Yno1p-derived H2O2 regulates outputs controlled by three MAP kinase pathways that can share components: the filamentous growth (filamentous growth MAPK (fMAPK)), pheromone response, and osmotic stress response (hyperosmolarity glycerol response, HOG) pathways. A key structural component and regulator in this process is the actin cytoskeleton. The nucleation and stabilization of actin are regulated by Yno1p. Cells lacking YNO1 showed reduced invasive growth, which could be reversed by stimulation of actin nucleation. Additionally, under osmotic stress, the vacuoles of a ∆yno1 strain show an enhanced fragmentation. During pheromone response induced by the addition of alpha-factor, Yno1p is responsible for a burst of ROS. Collectively, these results broaden the roles of ROS to encompass microbial differentiation responses and stress responses controlled by MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Weber
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (G.P.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Sukanya Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA; (S.B.); (B.G.)
| | - Beatriz González
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA; (S.B.); (B.G.)
| | - Gregor P. Greslehner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (G.P.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Stefanie Singer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (G.P.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Danusa Haskova
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (D.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiri Hasek
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (D.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Michael Breitenbach
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (G.P.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Campbell W.Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Kent CT2 9HY, UK;
| | - Paul J. Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA; (S.B.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (G.P.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.C.); (M.R.)
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24
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Zhang J, Hao H, Wu X, Wang Q, Chen M, Feng Z, Chen H. The functions of glutathione peroxidase in ROS homeostasis and fruiting body development in Hypsizygus marmoreus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10555-10570. [PMID: 33175244 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes for maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Although studies on fungi have suggested many important physiological functions of GPX, few studies have examined the role of this enzyme in Basidiomycetes, particularly its functions in fruiting body developmental processes. In the present study, GPX-silenced (GPxi) strains were obtained by using RNA interference. The GPxi strains of Hypsizygus marmoreus showed defects in mycelial growth and fruiting body development. In addition, the results indicated essential roles of GPX in controlling ROS homeostasis by regulating intracellular H2O2 levels, maintaining GSH/GSSG balance, and promoting antioxidant enzyme activity. Furthermore, lignocellulose enzyme activity levels were reduced and the mitochondrial phenotype and mitochondrial complex activity levels were changed in the H. marmoreus GPxi strains, possibly in response to impediments to mycelial growth and fruiting body development. These findings indicate that ROS homeostasis has a complex influence on growth, fruiting body development, GSH/GSSG balance, and carbon metabolism in H. marmoreus.Key points• ROS balance, energy metabolism, fruiting development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Zhang
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 309 Room, No. 1000, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Haibo Hao
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 309 Room, No. 1000, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Xuelan Wu
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 309 Room, No. 1000, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Qian Wang
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 309 Room, No. 1000, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 309 Room, No. 1000, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Zhiyong Feng
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 309 Room, No. 1000, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China.,College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang road, XuanWu District, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Chen
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 309 Room, No. 1000, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China.
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A Cytoplasmic Heme Sensor Illuminates the Impacts of Mitochondrial and Vacuolar Functions and Oxidative Stress on Heme-Iron Homeostasis in Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00986-20. [PMID: 32723917 PMCID: PMC7387795 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00986-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases are increasing in frequency, and new drug targets and antifungal drugs are needed to bolster therapy. The mechanisms by which pathogens obtain critical nutrients such as iron from heme during host colonization represent a promising target for therapy. In this study, we employed a fluorescent heme sensor to investigate heme homeostasis in Cryptococcus neoformans. We demonstrated that endocytosis is a key aspect of heme acquisition and that vacuolar and mitochondrial functions are important in regulating the pool of available heme in cells. Stress generated by oxidative conditions impacts the heme pool, as do the drugs artemisinin and metformin; these drugs have heme-related activities and are in clinical use for malaria and diabetes, respectively. Overall, our study provides insights into mechanisms of fungal heme acquisition and demonstrates the utility of the heme sensor for drug characterization in support of new therapies for fungal diseases. Pathogens must compete with hosts to acquire sufficient iron for proliferation during pathogenesis. The pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is capable of acquiring iron from heme, the most abundant source in vertebrate hosts, although the mechanisms of heme sensing and acquisition are not entirely understood. In this study, we adopted a chromosomally encoded heme sensor developed for Saccharomyces cerevisiae to examine cytosolic heme levels in C. neoformans using fluorescence microscopy, fluorimetry, and flow cytometry. We validated the responsiveness of the sensor upon treatment with exogenous hemin, during proliferation in macrophages, and in strains defective for endocytosis. We then used the sensor to show that vacuolar and mitochondrial dysregulation and oxidative stress reduced the labile heme pool in the cytosol. Importantly, the sensor provided a tool to further demonstrate that the drugs artemisinin and metformin have heme-related activities and the potential to be repurposed for antifungal therapy. Overall, this study provides insights into heme sensing by C. neoformans and establishes a powerful tool to further investigate mechanisms of heme-iron acquisition in the context of fungal pathogenesis.
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26
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Schmidt S, Märker R, Ramšak B, Beier-Rosberger AM, Teichert I, Kück U. Crosstalk Between Pheromone Signaling and NADPH Oxidase Complexes Coordinates Fungal Developmental Processes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1722. [PMID: 32849367 PMCID: PMC7401384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual and asexual development in filamentous ascomycetes is controlled by components of conserved signaling pathways. Here, we investigated the development of mutant strains lacking genes for kinases MAK2, MEK2, and MIK2, as well as the scaffold protein HAM5 of the pheromone response (PR) pathway. All had a defect in fruiting body development and hyphal fusion. Another phenotype was a defect in melanin-dependent ascospore germination. However, this deficiency was observed only in kinase deletion mutants, but not in strains lacking HAM5. Notably, the same developmental phenotypes were previously described for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 (NOX1) mutants, but the germination defect was only seen in NOX2 mutants. These data suggest a molecular link between the pheromone signaling pathway and both NOX complexes. Using data from yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) analysis, we found that the scaffolding protein HAM5 interacts with NOR1, the regulator of NOX1 and NOX2 complexes. This interaction was further confirmed using differently fluorescent-labeled proteins to demonstrate that NOR1 and HAM5 co-localize at cytoplasmic spots and tips of mature hyphae. This observation was supported by phenotypic characterization of single and double mutants. The oxidative stress response and the initiation of fruiting bodies were similar in Δham5Δnor1 and Δham5, but distinctly reduced in Δnor1, indicating that the double deletion leads to a partial suppression of the Δnor1 phenotype. We conclude that the PR and NOX1 complexes are connected by direct interaction between HAM5 and NOR1. In contrast, PR kinases are linked to the NOX2 complex without participation of HAM5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulrich Kück
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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27
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Chun J, Ko YH, Kim DH. Transcriptome Analysis of Cryphonectria parasitica Infected With Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) Reveals Distinct Genes Related to Fungal Metabolites, Virulence, Antiviral RNA-Silencing, and Their Regulation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1711. [PMID: 32765480 PMCID: PMC7379330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive transcriptome analysis was conducted to elucidate the molecular basis of the interaction between chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, and single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1), using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). A total of 1,023 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were affected by CHV1 infection, of which 753 DEGs were upregulated and 270 DEGs were downregulated. Significant correlations in qRT-PCR analysis of 20 randomly selected DEGs and agreement with previously characterized marker genes validated our RNA-seq analysis as representing global transcriptional profiling of virus-free and -infected isogenic strains of C. parasitica. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs indicated that “cellular aromatic compound metabolic process” and “transport” were the two most enriched components in the “biological process.” In addition, “cytoplasm” was the most enriched term in the “cellular component” and “nucleotide binding” and “cation binding” were the two most enriched terms in the “molecular function” category. These results suggested that altered expression of genes encoding numerous intracellular proteins due to hypoviral infection resulted in changes in specific metabolic processes as well as transport processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes function analysis demonstrated that pathways for “biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites,” “amino acid metabolism,” “carbohydrate metabolism,” and “translation” were enriched among the DEGs in C. parasitica. These results demonstrate that hypoviral infection resulted in massive but specific changes in primary and secondary metabolism, of which antiviral fungal metabolites were highly induced. The results of this study provide further insights into the mechanism of fungal gene regulation by CHV1 at the transcriptome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeesun Chun
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Yo-Han Ko
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kim
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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Sipiczki M. Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Related Pulcherrimin-Producing Yeasts: Fuzzy Species Boundaries and Complex Antimicrobial Antagonism. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1029. [PMID: 32664630 PMCID: PMC7409158 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts affiliated with the Metschnikowia pulcherrima clade (subclade) of the large ascomycetous genus Metschnikowia frequently turn out to produce the characteristic maroon-red pulcherrimin when tested for pigment production and prove to exert antagonistic effects on many types of microorganisms. The determination of the exact taxonomic position of the strains is hampered by the shortage of distinctive morphological and physiological properties of the species of the clade and the lack of rDNA barcode gaps. The rDNA repeats of the type strains of the species are not homogenized and are assumed to evolve by a birth-and-death mechanism combined with reticulation. The taxonomic division is further hampered by the incomplete biological (reproductive) isolation of the species: certain type strains can be hybridized and genome sequencing revealed chimeric genome structures in certain strains that might have evolved from interspecies hybrids (alloploid genome duplication). Various mechanisms have been proposed for the antimicrobial antagonism. One is related to pulcherrimin production. The diffusible precursor of pulcherrimin, the pulcherriminic acid is secreted by the cells into the environment where it forms the insoluble pulcherrimin with the ferric ions. The lack of free iron caused by the immobilization of ferric ions inhibits the growth of many microorganisms. Recent results of research into the complexity of the taxonomic division of the pulcherrimin-producing Metschnikowia yeasts and the mechanism(s) underlying their antimicrobial antagonism are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sipiczki
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Salgado-Bautista D, Volke-Sepúlveda T, Figueroa-Martínez F, Carrasco-Navarro U, Chagolla-López A, Favela-Torres E. Solid-state fermentation increases secretome complexity in Aspergillus brasiliensis. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:723-734. [PMID: 32690254 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus is used for the industrial production of enzymes and organic acids, mainly by submerged fermentation (SmF). However, solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers several advantages over SmF. Although differences related to lower catabolite repression and substrate inhibition, as well as higher extracellular enzyme production in SSF compared to SmF have been shown, the mechanisms undelaying such differences are still unknown. To explain some differences among SSF and SmF, the secretome of Aspergillus brasiliensis obtained from cultures in a homogeneous physiological state with high glucose concentrations was analyzed. Of the regulated proteins produced by SmF, 74% were downregulated by increasing the glucose concentration, whereas all those produced by SSF were upregulated. The most abundant and upregulated protein found in SSF was the transaldolase, which could perform a moonlighting function in fungal adhesion to the solid support. This study evidenced that SSF: (i) improves the kinetic parameters in relation to SmF, (ii) prevents the catabolite repression, (iii) increases the branching level of hyphae and oxidative metabolism, as well as the concentration and diversity of secreted proteins, and (iv) favors the secretion of typically intracellular proteins that could be involved in fungal adhesion. All these differences can be related to the fact that molds are more specialized to growth in solid materials because they mimic their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salgado-Bautista
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Tania Volke-Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Figueroa-Martínez
- CONACyT Research Fellow, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ulises Carrasco-Navarro
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Alicia Chagolla-López
- Laboratorio de Proteómica- Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Ernesto Favela-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Queiroz CBD, Santana MF. Prediction of the secretomes of endophytic and nonendophytic fungi reveals similarities in host plant infection and colonization strategies. Mycologia 2020; 112:491-503. [PMID: 32286912 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1716566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that inhabit internal plant tissues without causing apparent damage. During the infection process, both endophytic and phytopathogenic fungi secrete proteins to resist or supplant the plant's defense mechanisms. This study analyzed the predicted secretomes of six species of endophytic fungi and compared them with predicted secretomes of eight fungal species with different lifestyles: saprophytic, necrotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and biotrophic. The sizes of the predicted secretomes varied from 260 to 1640 proteins, and the predicted secretomes have a wide diversity of CAZymes, proteases, and conserved domains. Regarding the CAZymes in the secretomes of the analyzed fungi, the most abundant CAZyme families were glycosyl hydrolase and serine proteases. Several predicted proteins have characteristics similar to those found in small, secreted proteins with effector characteristics (SSPEC). The most abundant conserved domains, besides those found in the SSPEC, have oxidation activities, indicating that these proteins can protect the fungus against oxidative stress, against domains with protease activity, which may be involved in the mechanisms of nutrition, or against lytic enzymes secreted by the host plant. This study demonstrates that secretomes of endophytic and nonendophytic fungi share an arsenal of proteins important in the process of infection and colonization of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casley Borges de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental , Rodovia AM 10, km 29, s/n, CEP: 69010-970, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Mateus Ferreira Santana
- Departamento de Microbiologia (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa , CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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31
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Zaman NR, Kumar B, Nasrin Z, Islam MR, Maiti TK, Khan H. Proteome Analyses Reveal Macrophomina phaseolina's Survival Tools When Challenged by Burkholderia contaminans NZ. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1352-1362. [PMID: 32010805 PMCID: PMC6990438 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A phytopathogenic fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina, which infects a wide range of plants, is an important consideration in agronomy. A jute endophytic bacterium, Burkholderia contaminans NZ, was found to have a promising effect in controlling the fungus in in vitro culture conditions. Using the iTRAQ LC-MS/MS method for quantitative proteomics study, an analysis of the whole proteome of Macrophomina phaseolina with or without B. contaminans NZ challenge identified 2204 different proteins, of which 137 were found to have significant deviation in expression. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis identified most of the upregulated proteins to be functionally related to energy production (26.11%), as well as defense and stress response (23.45%), while there was significant downregulation in oxidative stress protection pathways (42.61%), growth and cell wall integrity (30.95%), and virulence (23.81%). Findings of this study suggest the development of a battle when the phytopathogen encounters the bacterium. B. contaminans NZ manages to arrest the growth of the fungus and decrease its pathogenicity, but the fungus apparently survives under "hibernating" conditions by upregulating its energy metabolism. This first ever proteomic study of M. phaseolina will go a long way in understanding and developing strategies for its effective control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia R. Zaman
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional
Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Bhoj Kumar
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional
Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Zulia Nasrin
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad R. Islam
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tushar K. Maiti
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional
Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
- E-mail: (T.K.M.)
| | - Haseena Khan
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- E-mail: (H.K.)
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32
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Tan L, Shao Y, Mu G, Ning S, Shi S. Enhanced azo dye biodegradation performance and halotolerance of Candida tropicalis SYF-1 by static magnetic field (SMF). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 295:122283. [PMID: 31669874 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing Acid Red B (ARB) decolorization by growing cells of a halotolerant yeast Candida tropicalis SYF-1 with static magnetic field (SMF) was investigated. Activity of key enzymes and membrane phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were analyzed for estimating the change of metabolic activity and membrane salt-stress response, respectively. Possible enhancement mechanisms were revealed through comparative transcriptome analysis. The results showed that 95.0 mT SMF enhanced ARB decolorization by growing cells of a yeast SYF-1, as well as cell growth and halotolerance capability. Activity of intracellular lignin peroxidase (LiP) and laccase (Lac) was 1.51- and 1.47-fold higher with 95.0 mT SMF than that without SMF, respectively. Unsaturation degree and chain length of dominant PLFAs was increased by 95.0 mT SMF treatment. Several functional protein encoding unigenes related to organics biodegradation, cell growth and halotolerance were 1.17- to 4.19-fold up-regulated in response to 95.0 mT SMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tan
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
| | - Yifan Shao
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Guangdi Mu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Shuxiang Ning
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Shengnan Shi
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
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Jain KK, Kumar A, Shankar A, Pandey D, Chaudhary B, Sharma KK. De novo transcriptome assembly and protein profiling of copper-induced lignocellulolytic fungus Ganoderma lucidum MDU-7 reveals genes involved in lignocellulose degradation and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways. Genomics 2020; 112:184-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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N-glycosylation of the protein disulfide isomerase Pdi1 ensures full Ustilago maydis virulence. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007687. [PMID: 31730668 PMCID: PMC6881057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogenesis depends on accurate secretion and location of virulence factors which drive host colonization. Protein glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification of cell wall components and other secreted factors, typically required for correct protein localization, secretion and function. Thus, the absence of glycosylation is associated with animal and plant pathogen avirulence. While the relevance of protein glycosylation for pathogenesis has been well established, the main glycoproteins responsible for the loss of virulence observed in glycosylation-defective fungi have not been identified. Here, we devise a proteomics approach to identify such proteins and use it to demonstrate a role for the highly conserved protein disulfide isomerase Pdi1 in virulence. We show that efficient Pdi1 N-glycosylation, which promotes folding into the correct protein conformation, is required for full pathogenic development of the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis. Remarkably, the observed virulence defects are reminiscent of those seen in glycosylation-defective cells suggesting that the N-glycosylation of Pdi1 is necessary for the full secretion of virulence factors. All these observations, together with the fact that Pdi1 protein and RNA expression levels rise upon virulence program induction, suggest that Pdi1 glycosylation is important for normal pathogenic development in U. maydis. Our results provide new insights into the role of glycosylation in fungal pathogenesis.
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Bioremediation of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-Contaminated Agricultural Soils: Potential of Two Autochthonous Saprotrophic Fungal Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01720-19. [PMID: 31444208 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01720-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was used worldwide as an organochlorine insecticide to control agricultural pests and vectors of several insect-borne human diseases. It was banned in most industrialized countries; however, due to its persistence in the environment, DDT residues remain in environmental compartments, becoming long-term sources of exposure. To identify and select fungal species suitable for bioremediation of DDT-contaminated sites, soil samples were collected from DDT-contaminated agricultural soils in Poland, and 38 fungal taxa among 18 genera were isolated. Two of them, Trichoderma hamatum FBL 587 and Rhizopus arrhizus FBL 578, were tested for tolerance in the presence of 1-mg liter-1 DDT concentration by using two indices based on fungal growth rate and biomass production (the tolerance indices Rt:Rc and TI), showing a clear tolerance to DDT. The two selected strains were studied to evaluate catabolic versatility on 95 carbon sources with or without DDT by using the Phenotype MicroArray system and to investigate the induced oxidative stress responses. The two strains were able to use most of the substrates provided, resulting in both high metabolic versatility and ecological functionality in the use of carbon sources, despite the presence of DDT. The activation of specific metabolic responses with species-dependent antioxidant enzymes to cope with the induced chemical stress has been hypothesized, since the presence of DDT promoted a higher formation of reactive oxygen species in fungal cells than the controls. The tested fungi represent attractive potential candidates for bioremediation of DDT-contaminated soil and are worthy of further investigations.IMPORTANCE The spread and environmental accumulation of DDT over the years represent not only a threat to human health and ecological security but also a major challenge because of the complex chemical processes and technologies required for remediation. Saprotrophic fungi, isolated from contaminated sites, hold promise for their bioremediation potential toward toxic organic compounds, since they might provide an environment-friendly solution to contamination. Once we verified the high tolerance of autochthonous fungal strains to high concentrations of DDT, we showed how fungi from different phyla demonstrate a high metabolic versatility in the presence of DDT. The isolates showed the singular ability to keep their functionality, despite the DDT-induced production of reactive oxygen species.
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Nobili C, De Acutis A, Reverberi M, Bello C, Leone GP, Palumbo D, Natella F, Procacci S, Zjalic S, Brunori A. Buckwheat Hull Extracts Inhibit Aspergillus flavus Growth and AFB 1 Biosynthesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1997. [PMID: 31555235 PMCID: PMC6727613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal contamination poses at risk the whole food production chain - from farm to fork - with potential negative impact on human health. So far, the insurgence of pathogens has been restrained by the use of chemical compounds, whose residues have gradually accumulated determining toxic effects in the environment. Modern innovative techniques imply the use of natural and eco-sustainable bioactive plant molecules as pathogens and pests-control agents. These may be profitably recovered in large amounts at the end of industrial milling processes. This is the case of the non-digestible hull of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), a natural source of polyphenols, tocopherols, phytosterols and fatty acids. We extract these compounds from the hull of buckwheat; apply them to Aspergillus flavus - aflatoxin producer - under in vitro conditions, checking their ability to inhibit fungal growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Moreover, a solvent free method implying the adoption of supercritical CO2 as solvent was set up to extract lipophilic molecules from the buckwheat’ hulls. Positive results in controlling fungal growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis let infer that the extracts could be further tested also under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department for Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bello
- AST Scienze della Nutrizione, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fausta Natella
- AST Scienze della Nutrizione, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Slaven Zjalic
- Department of Ecology, Aquaculture and Agriculture, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
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Active Fungal Communities in Asymptomatic Eucalyptus grandis Stems Differ between a Susceptible and Resistant Clone. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100375. [PMID: 31547186 PMCID: PMC6843230 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent a common and diverse part of the microbial communities that associate with plants. They also commonly colonise various plant parts asymptomatically. The molecular mechanisms of these interactions are, however, poorly understood. In this study we use transcriptomic data from Eucalyptus grandis, to demonstrate that RNA-seq data are a neglected source of information to study fungal–host interactions, by exploring the fungal transcripts they inevitably contain. We identified fungal transcripts from E. grandis data based on their sequence dissimilarity to the E. grandis genome and predicted biological functions. Taxonomic classifications identified, amongst other fungi, many well-known pathogenic fungal taxa in the asymptomatic tissue of E. grandis. The comparison of a clone of E. grandis resistant to Chrysoporthe austroafricana with a susceptible clone revealed a significant difference in the number of fungal transcripts, while the number of fungal taxa was not substantially affected. Classifications of transcripts based on their respective biological functions showed that the fungal communities of the two E. grandis clones associate with fundamental biological processes, with some notable differences. To shield the greater host defence machinery in the resistant E. grandis clone, fungi produce more secondary metabolites, whereas the environment for fungi associated with the susceptible E. grandis clone is more conducive for building fungal cellular structures and biomass growth. Secreted proteins included carbohydrate active enzymes that potentially are involved in fungal–plant and fungal–microbe interactions. While plant transcriptome datasets cannot replace the need for designed experiments to probe plant–microbe interactions at a molecular level, they clearly hold potential to add to the understanding of the diversity of plant–microbe interactions.
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Fountain JC, Yang L, Pandey MK, Bajaj P, Alexander D, Chen S, Kemerait RC, Varshney RK, Guo B. Carbohydrate, glutathione, and polyamine metabolism are central to Aspergillus flavus oxidative stress responses over time. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:209. [PMID: 31488075 PMCID: PMC6727485 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The primary and secondary metabolites of fungi are critical for adaptation to environmental stresses, host pathogenicity, competition with other microbes, and reproductive fitness. Drought-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to stimulate aflatoxin production and regulate in Aspergillus flavus, and may function in signaling with host plants. Here, we have performed global, untargeted metabolomics to better understand the role of aflatoxin production in oxidative stress responses, and also explore isolate-specific oxidative stress responses over time. Results Two field isolates of A. flavus, AF13 and NRRL3357, possessing high and moderate aflatoxin production, respectively, were cultured in medium with and without supplementation with 15 mM H2O2, and mycelia were collected following 4 and 7 days in culture for global metabolomics. Overall, 389 compounds were described in the analysis which encompassed 9 biological super-pathways and 47 sub-pathways. These metabolites were examined for differential accumulation. Significant differences were observed in both isolates in response to oxidative stress and when comparing sampling time points. Conclusions The moderately high aflatoxin-producing isolate, NRRL3357, showed extensive stimulation of antioxidant mechanisms and pathways including polyamines metabolism, glutathione metabolism, TCA cycle, and lipid metabolism while the highly aflatoxigenic isolate, AF13, showed a less vigorous response to stress. Carbohydrate pathway levels also imply that carbohydrate repression and starvation may influence metabolite accumulation at the later timepoint. Higher conidial oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity in AF13 compared to NRRL3357, inferred from their metabolomic profiles and growth curves over time, may be connected to aflatoxin production capability and aflatoxin-related antioxidant accumulation. The coincidence of several of the detected metabolites in H2O2-stressed A. flavus and drought-stressed hosts also suggests their potential role in the interaction between these organisms and their use as markers/targets to enhance host resistance through biomarker selection or genetic engineering. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1580-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA.,College of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Manish K Pandey
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, 502324, India
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, 502324, India
| | | | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, and Plant Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, 502324, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA.
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Suparmin A, Kato T, Takemoto H, Park EY. Metabolic comparison of aerial and submerged mycelia formed in the liquid surface culture of Cordyceps militaris. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00836. [PMID: 30924317 PMCID: PMC6741141 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps sp. has been known to produce cordycepin which is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite and antibiotic with potential anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Interestingly, Cordyceps militaris produces significantly higher amount in a liquid surface culture than in a submerged culture. The liquid surface culture consists of mycelia growing into the air (aerial mycelia) and mycelia growing toward the bottom into the medium (submerged mycelia). In this study, to clarify roles of aerial and submerged mycelia of C. militaris in the cordycepin production the difference in metabolism between these mycelia was investigated. From transcriptomic analyses of the aerial and submerged mycelia at the culture of 5, 12 and 19 days, the metabolism of the submerged mycelia switched from the oxidative phosphorylation to the fermentation pathway. This activated the pentose phosphate pathway to provide building block materials for the nucleotide biosynthetic pathway. Under hypoxic conditions, the 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (CCM_01504), delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (CCM_00935), coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CCM_07483) and cytochrome c oxidase 15 (CCM_05057) genes of heme biosynthesis were significantly upregulated. In addition, the liquid surface culture revealed that metabolite coproporhyrinogen III and glycine, the product and precursor of heme, were increased at 12th day and decreased at 19th day, respectively. These results indicate that the submerged mycelia induce the activation of iron acquisition, the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, and the iron cluster genes of cordycepin biosynthesis in a hypoxic condition. Even though, the expression of the cluster genes of cordycepin biosynthesis was not significantly different in both types of mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Suparmin
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takemoto
- Instrumental Research Support Office, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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Zajc J, Gostinčar C, Černoša A, Gunde-Cimerman N. Stress-Tolerant Yeasts: Opportunistic Pathogenicity Versus Biocontrol Potential. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010042. [PMID: 30646593 PMCID: PMC6357073 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-tolerant fungi that can thrive under various environmental extremes are highly desirable for their application to biological control, as an alternative to chemicals for pest management. However, in fungi, the mechanisms of stress tolerance might also have roles in mammal opportunism. We tested five species with high biocontrol potential in agriculture (Aureobasidium pullulans, Debayomyces hansenii, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Metschnikowia fructicola, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) and two species recognized as emerging opportunistic human pathogens (Exophiala dermatitidis, Aureobasidium melanogenum) for growth under oligotrophic conditions and at 37 °C, and for tolerance to oxidative stress, formation of biofilms, production of hydrolytic enzymes and siderophores, and use of hydrocarbons as sole carbon source. The results show large overlap between traits desirable for biocontrol and traits linked to opportunism (growth under oligotrophic conditions, production of siderophores, high oxidative stress tolerance, and specific enzyme activities). Based on existing knowledge and these data, we suggest that oligotrophism and thermotolerance together with siderophore production at 37 °C, urease activity, melanization, and biofilm production are the main traits that increase the potential for fungi to cause opportunistic infections in mammals. These traits should be carefully considered when assessing safety of potential biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Zajc
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Institut 'Jožef Stefan', Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anja Černoša
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Pan X, Wu J, Xu S, Duan T, Duan Y, Wang J, Zhang F, Zhou M. Contribution of OxyR Towards Differential Sensitivity to Antioxidants in Xanthomonas oryzae pathovars oryzae and oryzicola. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1244-1256. [PMID: 29905495 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-18-0074-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OxyR and SoxR are two transcriptional regulators in response to oxidative stress in most bacteria, and SoxR has been reported to be activated by the endogenous redox-cycling compound phenazine in phenazine-producing organisms. However, which transcriptional regulator is activated in pathogens treated with the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) has not been determined. In this study, we found that PCA treatment activated OxyR rather than SoxR in the phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. We also found that X. oryzae pv. oryzae was much more sensitive to PCA and H2O2 and had a defective antioxidant system (i.e., less of total antioxidant capacity and total catalase activity than X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, although X. oryzae pvs. oryzae and oryzicola are very closely related). Based on KEGG sequences, OxyR differs in 10 amino acids in X. oryzae pv. oryzae versus X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. By exchanging OxyR between X. oryzae pvs. oryzae and oryzicola, we elucidated that OxyR contributed to the differences in antioxidant capacity, total catalase activity, and sensitivity to PCA and H2O2. We also found that OxyR affected X. oryzae pvs. oryzae and oryzicola growth in a nutrient-poor medium, virulence on host plants (rice), and the hypersensitive response on nonhost plants (Nicotiana benthamiana). Thus, OxyR is a critical regulator that relates to the differences in antioxidative stress between X. oryzae pvs. oryzae and oryzicola and contributes to the differences in survival of them against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayan Pan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shu Xu
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tingting Duan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Role of the antioxidant defense system during the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by fungi. Int Microbiol 2018; 22:255-264. [PMID: 30810986 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-00045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are used for the production of several compounds and the efficiency of biotechnological processes is directly related to the metabolic activity of these microorganisms. The reactions catalyzed by lignocellulolytic enzymes are oxidative and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess of ROS can cause serious damages to cells, including cell death. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by Pleurotus sajor-caju CCB020, Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 28326, Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30, and Aspergillus niger IZ-9 grown in sugarcane bagasse and two yeast extract (YE) concentrations and characterize the antioxidant defense system of fungal cells by the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Pleurotus sajor-caju exhibited the highest activities of laccase and peroxidase in sugarcane bagasse with 2.6 g of YE and an increased activity of manganese peroxidase in sugarcane bagasse with 1.3 g of YE was observed. However, P. chrysosporium showed the highest activities of exoglucanase and endoglucanase in sugarcane bagasse with 1.3 g of YE. Lipid peroxidation and variations in SOD and CAT activities were observed during the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes and depending on the YE concentrations. The antioxidant defense system was induced in response to the oxidative stress caused by imbalances between the production and the detoxification of ROS.
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Sephton-Clark PCS, Muñoz JF, Ballou ER, Cuomo CA, Voelz K. Pathways of Pathogenicity: Transcriptional Stages of Germination in the Fatal Fungal Pathogen Rhizopus delemar. mSphere 2018; 3:e00403-18. [PMID: 30258038 PMCID: PMC6158513 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00403-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus delemar is an invasive fungal pathogen responsible for the frequently fatal disease mucormycosis. Germination, a crucial mechanism by which infectious spores of Rhizopus delemar cause disease, is a key developmental process that transforms the dormant spore state into a vegetative one. The molecular mechanisms that underpin this transformation may be key to controlling mucormycosis; however, the regulation of germination remains poorly understood. This study describes the phenotypic and transcriptional changes that take place over the course of germination. This process is characterized by four distinct stages: dormancy, isotropic swelling, germ tube emergence, and hyphal growth. Dormant spores are shown to be transcriptionally unique, expressing a subset of transcripts absent in later developmental stages. A large shift in the expression profile is prompted by the initiation of germination, with genes involved in respiration, chitin, cytoskeleton, and actin regulation appearing to be important for this transition. A period of transcriptional consistency can be seen throughout isotropic swelling, before the transcriptional landscape shifts again at the onset of hyphal growth. This study provides a greater understanding of the regulation of germination and highlights processes involved in transforming Rhizopus delemar from a single-cellular to multicellular organism.IMPORTANCE Germination is key to the growth of many organisms, including fungal spores. Mucormycete spores exist abundantly within the environment and germinate to form hyphae. These spores are capable of infecting immunocompromised individuals, causing the disease mucormycosis. Germination from spore to hyphae within patients leads to angioinvasion, tissue necrosis, and often fatal infections. This study advances our understanding of how spore germination occurs in the mucormycetes, identifying processes we may be able to inhibit to help prevent or treat mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy C S Sephton-Clark
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jose F Muñoz
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Ballou
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christina A Cuomo
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerstin Voelz
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Analyses of the three 1-Cys Peroxiredoxins from Aspergillus fumigatus reveal that cytosolic Prx1 is central to H 2O 2 metabolism and virulence. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12314. [PMID: 30120327 PMCID: PMC6098058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Standing among the front defense strategies against pathogens, host phagocytic cells release various oxidants. Therefore, pathogens have to cope with stressful conditions at the site of infection. Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are highly reactive and abundant peroxidases that can support virulence and persistence of pathogens in distinct hosts. Here, we revealed that the opportunistic human pathogen A. fumigatus presents three 1-Cys Prx (Prx6 subfamily), which is unprecedented. We showed that PrxB and PrxC were in mitochondria, while Prx1 was in cytosol. As observed for other Prxs, recombinant Prx1 and PrxC decomposed H2O2 at elevated velocities (rate constants in the 107 M−1s−1 range). Deletion mutants for each Prx displayed higher sensitivity to oxidative challenge in comparison with the wild-type strain. Additionally, cytosolic Prx1 was important for A. fumigatus survival upon electron transport dysfunction. Expression of Prxs was dependent on the SakAHOG1 MAP kinase and the Yap1YAP1 transcription factor, a global regulator of the oxidative stress response in fungi. Finally, cytosolic Prx1 played a major role in pathogenicity, since it is required for full virulence, using a neutropenic mouse infection model. Our data indicate that the three 1-Cys Prxs act together to maintain the redox balance of A. fumigatus.
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Breitenbach M, Rinnerthaler M, Weber M, Breitenbach-Koller H, Karl T, Cullen P, Basu S, Haskova D, Hasek J. The defense and signaling role of NADPH oxidases in eukaryotic cells : Review. Wien Med Wochenschr 2018; 168:286-299. [PMID: 30084091 PMCID: PMC6132560 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-018-0640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This short review article summarizes what is known clinically and biochemically about the seven human NADPH oxidases. Emphasis is put on the connection between mutations in the catalytic and regulatory subunits of Nox2, the phagocyte defense enzyme, with syndromes like chronic granulomatous disease, as well as a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. These arise paradoxically from a lack of reactive oxygen species production needed as second messengers for immune regulation. Both Nox2 and the six other human NADPH oxidases display signaling functions in addition to the functions of these enzymes in specialized biochemical reactions, for instance, synthesis of the hormone thyroxine. NADPH oxidases are also needed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells for the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in times of stress or developmental changes, such as pseudohyphae formation. The article shows that in certain cancer cells Nox4 is also involved in the re-structuring of the actin cytoskeleton, which is required for cell mobility and therefore for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuela Weber
- Department of Bioscienes, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Karl
- Department of Bioscienes, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Paul Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Sukaniya Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Dana Haskova
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology of AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Hasek
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology of AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
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The oxygen concentration in cultures modulates protein expression and enzymatic antioxidant responses in Metarhizium lepidiotae conidia. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:487-496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Breierová E, Čertík M, Márová I, Vadkertiová R. The Effect of Zn(II) Ions and Reactive Oxygen on the Uptake of Zinc and Production of Carotenoids by Selected Red Yeasts. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800069. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emília Breierová
- Culture Collection of Yeasts; Institute of Chemistry; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Milan Čertík
- Institute of Biotechnology; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ivana Márová
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Technology; Purkyňova 118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Renáta Vadkertiová
- Culture Collection of Yeasts; Institute of Chemistry; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
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Gao S, Gold SE, Glenn AE. Characterization of two catalase-peroxidase-encoding genes in Fusarium verticillioides reveals differential responses to in vitro versus in planta oxidative challenges. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1127-1139. [PMID: 28802018 PMCID: PMC6638182 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Catalase-peroxidases (KatGs) are a superfamily of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-degrading enzymes believed to have been horizontally acquired by ancient Ascomycota from bacteria. Subsequent gene duplication resulted in two KatG paralogues in ascomycetes: the widely distributed intracellular KatG1 group and the phytopathogen-dominated extracellular KatG2 group. To functionally characterize FvCP01 (KatG1) and FvCP02 (KatG2) in the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, single and double gene deletion mutants were examined in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Both ΔFvCP01 and ΔFvCP02 were more sensitive to H2 O2 than the wild-type in vitro, although their sensitivity differed depending on the type of inoculum. Inoculations using mycelial agar plugs demonstrated an additive effect of the mutants, with the ΔFvCP01/ΔFvCP02 double deletion being the most sensitive to H2 O2 . In general, conidia were much more sensitive than agar plugs to H2 O2 , and conidial inoculations indicated that FvCP01 conferred more H2 O2 tolerance than FvCP02. Transcriptional analysis showed the induction of FvCP01, but decreased expression of FvCP02, in both mycelia and spores in the wild-type after H2 O2 exposure, but this trend was reversed when the fungus was grown on germinating maize seeds. This interaction with the plant increased the expression of FvCP02, but not FvCP01, indicating that FvCP02 may be responsive to plant-derived H2 O2 . Yet, FvCP01 was induced more than three-fold in the ΔFvCP02 mutant grown on germlings, suggesting that FvCP01 can compensate for the loss of FvCP02. Given the differential responses of these two F. verticillioides genes to in vitro versus in planta challenges, a model is proposed to illustrate the differing roles of FvCP01 and FvCP02 in protective responses against H2 O2 -derived oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
| | - Scott E. Gold
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research UnitUSDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research CenterAthensGA 30605USA
| | - Anthony E. Glenn
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research UnitUSDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research CenterAthensGA 30605USA
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Benevenuto J, Teixeira-Silva NS, Kuramae EE, Croll D, Monteiro-Vitorello CB. Comparative Genomics of Smut Pathogens: Insights From Orphans and Positively Selected Genes Into Host Specialization. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:660. [PMID: 29681893 PMCID: PMC5897528 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host specialization is a key evolutionary process for the diversification and emergence of new pathogens. However, the molecular determinants of host range are poorly understood. Smut fungi are biotrophic pathogens that have distinct and narrow host ranges based on largely unknown genetic determinants. Hence, we aimed to expand comparative genomics analyses of smut fungi by including more species infecting different hosts and to define orphans and positively selected genes to gain further insights into the genetics basis of host specialization. We analyzed nine lineages of smut fungi isolated from eight crop and non-crop hosts: maize, barley, sugarcane, wheat, oats, Zizania latifolia (Manchurian rice), Echinochloa colona (a wild grass), and Persicaria sp. (a wild dicot plant). We assembled two new genomes: Ustilago hordei (strain Uhor01) isolated from oats and U. tritici (strain CBS 119.19) isolated from wheat. The smut genomes were of small sizes, ranging from 18.38 to 24.63 Mb. U. hordei species experienced genome expansions due to the proliferation of transposable elements and the amount of these elements varied among the two strains. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Ustilago is not a monophyletic genus and, furthermore, detected misclassification of the U. tritici specimen. The comparison between smut pathogens of crop and non-crop hosts did not reveal distinct signatures, suggesting that host domestication did not play a dominant role in shaping the evolution of smuts. We found that host specialization in smut fungi likely has a complex genetic basis: different functional categories were enriched in orphans and lineage-specific selected genes. The diversification and gain/loss of effector genes are probably the most important determinants of host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Benevenuto
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Natalia S. Teixeira-Silva
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Eiko E. Kuramae
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel (UNINE), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia B. Monteiro-Vitorello
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
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Moore GG, Mack BM, Beltz SB, Puel O. Genome sequence of an aflatoxigenic pathogen of Argentinian peanut, Aspergillus arachidicola. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:189. [PMID: 29523080 PMCID: PMC5845213 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus arachidicola is an aflatoxigenic fungal species, first isolated from the leaves of a wild peanut species native to Argentina. It has since been reported in maize, Brazil nut and human sputum samples. This aflatoxigenic species is capable of secreting both B and G aflatoxins, similar to A. parasiticus and A. nomius. It has other characteristics that may result in its misidentification as one of several other section Flavi species. This study offers a preliminary analysis of the A. arachidicola genome. RESULTS In this study we sequenced the genome of the A. arachidicola type strain (CBS 117610) and found its genome size to be 38.9 Mb, and its number of predicted genes to be 12,091, which are values comparable to those in other sequenced Aspergilli. A comparison of 57 known Aspergillus secondary metabolite gene clusters, among closely-related aflatoxigenic species, revealed nearly half were predicted to exist in the type strain of A. arachidicola. Of its predicted genes, 691 were identified as unique to the species and 60% were assigned Gene Ontology terms using BLAST2GO. Phylogenomic inference shows CBS 117610 sharing a most recent common ancestor with A. parasiticus. Finally, BLAST query of A. flavus mating-type idiomorph sequences to this strain revealed the presence of a single mating-type (MAT1-1) idiomorph. CONCLUSIONS Based on A. arachidicola morphological, genetic and chemotype similarities with A. flavus and A. parasiticus, sequencing the genome of A. arachidicola will contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary relatedness among aflatoxigenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geromy G. Moore
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70124 USA
| | - Brian M. Mack
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70124 USA
| | - Shannon B. Beltz
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70124 USA
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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