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Yue C, Zhang K, Liu Z, Lü W, Guo H, Zhao L, Song X, Fang JKH. The Role of the TLR4-MyD88 Signaling Pathway in the Immune Response of the Selected Scallop Strain "Hongmo No. 1" to Heat Stress. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:497. [PMID: 38338140 PMCID: PMC10854496 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immunity of marine bivalves is challenged upon exposure to heat stress, especially with increases in the frequency and intensity of heat waves. TLR4 serves a classical pattern recognition receptor in recognizing pathogenic microorganisms and activating immune responses. In this study, three genes, HMTLR4, HMMyD88 and HMTRAF6, were characterized as homologs of genes in the TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway in the selected scallop strain "Hongmo No. 1". According to RT-PCR, acute heat stress (32 °C) inhibited genes in the TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway, and LPS stimulation-induced activation of TLR4-MyD88 signal transduction was also negatively affected at 32 °C. ELISA showed LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or lysozyme (LZM) activity, but this was independent of temperature. RNA interference (RNAi) confirmed that HMTLR4 silencing suppressed the expression of its downstream gene, whether at 24 °C or at 32 °C. The level of TNF-α and the activity of LZM also decreased after injection with dsRNA, indicating a negative effect on the innate immunity of scallops. Additionally, acute heat stress affected the suppression of downstream gene expression when compared with that at 24 °C, which led us to the hypothesis that heat stress directly influences the downstream targets of HMTLR4. These results enrich the knowledge of scallop immunity under heat stress and can be beneficial for the genetic improvement of new scallop strains with higher thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Yue
- Guangdong Marine Invertebrates Science and Technology Innovation Center, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (K.Z.); (W.L.); (H.G.); (L.Z.); (X.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Guangdong Marine Invertebrates Science and Technology Innovation Center, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (K.Z.); (W.L.); (H.G.); (L.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Guangdong Marine Invertebrates Science and Technology Innovation Center, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (K.Z.); (W.L.); (H.G.); (L.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Wengang Lü
- Guangdong Marine Invertebrates Science and Technology Innovation Center, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (K.Z.); (W.L.); (H.G.); (L.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Hui Guo
- Guangdong Marine Invertebrates Science and Technology Innovation Center, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (K.Z.); (W.L.); (H.G.); (L.Z.); (X.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- Guangdong Marine Invertebrates Science and Technology Innovation Center, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (K.Z.); (W.L.); (H.G.); (L.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xinyu Song
- Guangdong Marine Invertebrates Science and Technology Innovation Center, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (K.Z.); (W.L.); (H.G.); (L.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - James Kar-Hei Fang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
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Zhang T, Xing F, Qu M, Yang Z, Liu Y, Yao Y, Xing N. NLRP2 in health and disease. Immunology 2024; 171:170-180. [PMID: 37735978 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
NLR family pyrin domain containing 2 (NLRP2) is a novel member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family. However, our understanding of NLRP2 has long been ambiguous. NLRP2 may have a role in the innate immune response, but its 'specific' functions remain controversial. Although NLRP2 can initiate inflammasome and promote inflammation, it can also downregulate inflammatory signals. Additionally, NLRP2 has been reported to function in the reproductive system and shows high expression in the placenta. However, the exact role of NLRP2 in the reproductive system is unclear. Here, we highlight the most current progress on NLRP2 in inflammasome activation, effector function and regulation of nuclear factor-κB. And we discuss functions of NLRP2 in inflammatory diseases, reproductive disorders and the potential implication of NLRP2 in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingcui Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongchao Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Na Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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3
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Yu F, Chen J, Lin J, Zhong Z, Lu Y, Zeng X, Lei X. TLR4 involved in immune response against Vibrio Parahaemolyticus by MyD88-dependent pathway in Crassostrea hongkongensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108591. [PMID: 36746228 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a salt-loving gram-negative bacterium, and is the leading cause of mortality in cultured shellfish in recent years. Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is a classical pattern recognition receptor (PRRs) that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of pathogenic microorganism and activates the immune response. However, the function and signal pathway of TLR4 in oyster are still unknown. In this study, a new TLR4 gene was identified from the Crassostrea hongkongensis (C. hongkongensis). The ChTLR4 contained an open reading frame of 2643 bp, encoding 880 amino acids with seven leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains and a Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain. The ChTLR4 shared the highest sequence identity (83.0%) with TLR4 of Crassostrea gigas. Tissue expression analysis revealed that ChTLR4 showed the highest constitutive expression in the gill and hepatopancreas, and was significantly upregulated in immune tissues post V. parahaemolyticus infection, especially in gill and hemocytes. Moreover, TLR4 silencing significantly inhibited the immune-enzyme activities, including SOD, CAT, ACP, AKP in gill and LZM in hemolymph supernatant, and increased MDA content in hemolymph supernatant. Meanwhile, the antimicrobial activities of the hemolymph supernatant were also significantly inhibited by TLR4 silencing. These data demonstrated that the ChTLR4 involved in innate immune response of C. hongkongensis against V. parahaemolyticus challenge. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis showed that ChTLR4 silencing clearly inhibited the expression of genes in TLR4-MyD88 pathway, indicating that MyD88-dependent pathway played a crucial role in ChTLR4-mediated immune response against V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Academician Joint Laboratory of Germplasm Resource Exploitation, Utilization and Health Assessment for Aquatic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Academician Joint Laboratory of Germplasm Resource Exploitation, Utilization and Health Assessment for Aquatic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Jinji Lin
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Academician Joint Laboratory of Germplasm Resource Exploitation, Utilization and Health Assessment for Aquatic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Zhiming Zhong
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Academician Joint Laboratory of Germplasm Resource Exploitation, Utilization and Health Assessment for Aquatic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
| | - Xiangrong Zeng
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Xiaoya Lei
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
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Mazumder S, Sinha A, Ghosh S, Sharma GC, Prusty BM, Manna D, Pal D, Pal C, Dasgupta S. Leishmania LPG interacts with LRR5/LRR6 of macrophage TLR4 for parasite invasion and impairs the macrophage functions. Pathog Dis 2023; 81:ftad019. [PMID: 37604789 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe form of leishmaniasis, primarily affecting the poor in developing countries. Although several studies have highlighted the importance of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathophysiology of leishmaniasis, the role of specific TLRs and their binding partners involved in Leishmania donovani uptake are still elusive. To investigate the mechanism of L. donovani entry inside the macrophages, we found that the parasite lipophosphoglycan (LPG) interacted with the macrophage TLR4, leading to parasite uptake without any significant alteration of macrophage cell viability. Increased parasite numbers within macrophages markedly inhibited lipopolysachharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression. Silencing of macrophage-TLR4, or inhibition of parasite-LPG, significantly stemmed parasite infection in macrophages. Interestingly, we observed a significant enhancement of macrophage migration, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the parasite-infected TLR4-silenced macrophages, whereas parasite infection in TLR4-overexpressed macrophages exhibited a notable reduction of macrophage migration and ROS generation. Moreover, mutations in the leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), particularly LRR5 and LRR6, significantly prevented TLR4 interaction with LPG, thus inhibiting cellular parasite entry. All these results suggest that parasite LPG recognition by the LRR5 and LRR6 of macrophage-TLR4 facilitated parasite entry, and impaired macrophage functions. Therefore, targeting LRR5/LRR6 interactions with LPG could provide a novel option to prevent VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mazumder
- Metabolic Disease Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Archana Sinha
- Metabolic Disease Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Sanhita Ghosh
- Cellular Immunology and Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Gurumayum Chourajit Sharma
- Metabolic Disease Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Biswa Mohan Prusty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology and Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Dasgupta
- Metabolic Disease Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
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Zhou Z, Ding S, Wang Y, Ren J, Zhang X, Li W, Zhang Q. Identification and characterization of Toll-like receptor 14d in Northeast Chinese lamprey ( Lethenteron morii). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153628. [PMID: 37143659 PMCID: PMC10151648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immunity of defense against bacterial or viral pathogens. To study the biological characteristics and functions of the TLR genes, TLR14d was identified from Northeast Chinese lamprey (Lethenteron morii) and named LmTLR14d. LmTLR14d coding sequence (cds) is 3285 bp in length and encodes 1094 amino acids (aa). The results showed that LmTLR14d has the typical structure of TLR molecule, which contains the extracellular domain of leucine-rich repeats (LRR), transmembrane domain, and intracellular domain of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR). The phylogenetic tree showed that LmTLR14d is a homologous gene of TLR14/18 in bony fish. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) revealed that LmTLR14d was expressed in various healthy tissues, including immune and non-immune tissues. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection up-regulated LmTLR14d in the supraneural body (SB), gill, and kidney tissues of infected Northeast Chinese lamprey. Immunofluorescence results showed that LmTLR14d was located in the cytoplasm of HEK 293T cells in clusters, and its subcellular localization was determined by the TIR domain. The immunoprecipitation results showed that LmTLR14d could recruit L.morii MyD88 (LmMyD88) but not L.morii TRIF (LmTRIF). Dual luciferase reporter results showed that LmTLR14d significantly enhanced the activity of L.morii NF-κβ (LmNF-κβ) promoter. Furthermore, co-transfection of LmTLR14d with MyD88 significantly enhanced the L.morii NF-κβ (LmNF-κβ) promoter activity. LmTLR14d can induce the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes il-6 and tnf-α downstream of NF-κB signal. This study suggested that LmTLR14d might play an important role in the innate immune signal transduction process of lamprey and revealed the origin and function of teleost-specific TLR14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoqing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Janfeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qinghua Zhang,
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6
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Wang M, Wang Y, Liu R, Yu R, Gong T, Zhang Z, Fu Y. TLR4 Blockade Using Docosahexaenoic Acid Restores Vulnerability of Drug-Tolerant Tumor Cells and Prevents Breast Cancer Metastasis and Postsurgical Relapse. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 3:97-113. [PMID: 37101603 PMCID: PMC10125315 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Nonmutational mechanisms were recently discovered leading to reversible drug tolerance. Despite the rapid elimination of a majority of tumor cells, a small subpopulation of "'drug-tolerant"' cells remain viable with lethal drug exposure, which may further lead to resistance or tumor relapse. Several signaling pathways are involved in the local or systemic inflammatory responses contributing to drug-induced phenotypic switch. Here, we report that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-interacting lipid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) restores the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin (DOX) in the lipopolysaccharide-treated breast tumor cell line 4T1, preventing the phenotypic switch to drug-tolerant cells, which significantly reduces primary tumor growth and lung metastasis in both 4T1 orthotopic and experimental metastasis models. Importantly, DHA in combination with DOX delays and inhibits tumor recurrence following surgical removal of the primary tumor. Furthermore, the coencapsulation of DHA and DOX in a nanoemulsion significantly prolongs the survival of mice in the postsurgical 4T1 tumor relapse model with significantly reduced systemic toxicity. The synergistic antitumor, antimetastasis, and antirecurrence effects of DHA + DOX combination are likely mediated by attenuating TLR4 activation, thus sensitizing tumor cells to standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Yuejing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Renhe Liu
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road,
La Jolla, San Diego, California92037, United States
| | - Ruilian Yu
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610072, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
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Matsushima N, Kretsinger RH. Numerous variants of leucine rich repeats in proteins from nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Gene X 2022; 817:146156. [PMID: 35032616 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine rich repeats (LRRs) occurring in tandem are 20-29 amino acids long. Eleven LRR types have been recognized. Sequence features of LRRs from viruses were investigated using over 600 LRR proteins from 89 species. Directly before, metagenome data of nucleo-cytoplasmic large dsDNA viruses (NCLDVs) have been published; the 2,074 NCLDVs encode 199,021 proteins. From the NCLDVs 547 LRR proteins were identified and 502 were used for analysis. Various variants of known LRR types were identified in viral LRRs. A comprehensive analysis of TpLRR and FNIP that belong to an LRR type was first performed. The repeating unit lengths (RULs) in five types are 19 residues which is the shortest among all LRRs. The RULs of eight LRR types including FNIP are one to five residues shorter than those of the known, corresponding LRR types. The conserved hydrophobic residues such as Leu, Val or Ile in the consensus sequences are frequently substituted by cysteine at one or two positions. Four unique LRR motifs that are different from those identified previously are observed. The present study enhances the previous result. An evolutionary scenario of short or unique LRR was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Matsushima
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan; Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Robert H Kretsinger
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Yaman Y, Aymaz R, Keleş M, Bay V, Ün C, Heaton MP. Association of TLR2 haplotypes encoding Q650 with reduced susceptibility to ovine Johne's disease in Turkish sheep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7088. [PMID: 33782507 PMCID: PMC8007707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovine Johne’s disease (OJD) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and carries a potential zoonotic risk for humans. Selective breeding strategies for reduced OJD susceptibility would be welcome tools in disease eradication efforts, if available. The Toll-like receptor 2 gene (TLR2) plays an important signaling role in immune response to MAP, and missense variants are associated with mycobacterial infections in mammals. Our aim was to identify and evaluate ovine TLR2 missense variants for association with OJD in Turkish sheep. Eleven TLR2 missense variants and 17 haplotype configurations were identified in genomic sequences of 221 sheep from 61 globally-distributed breeds. The five most frequent haplotypes were tested for OJD association in 102 matched pairs of infected and uninfected ewes identified in 2257 Turkish sheep. Ewes with one or two copies of TLR2 haplotypes encoding glutamine (Q) at position 650 (Q650) in the Tir domain were 6.6-fold more likely to be uninfected compared to ewes with arginine (R650) at that position (CI95 = 2.6 to 16.9, p-value = 3.7 × 10–6). The protective TLR2 Q650 allele was present in at least 25% of breeds tested and thus may facilitate selective breeding for sheep with reduced susceptibility to OJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalçın Yaman
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, 10200, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey.
| | - Ramazan Aymaz
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, 10200, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Murat Keleş
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, 10200, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Veysel Bay
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, 10200, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ün
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35000, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Michael P Heaton
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
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Mielcarska MB, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Toka FN. Cell Surface Expression of Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors-A Necessity or a Superfluous Duplication? Front Immunol 2021; 11:620972. [PMID: 33597952 PMCID: PMC7882679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely and precise delivery of the endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to the ligand recognition site is a critical event in mounting an effective antimicrobial immune response, however, the same TLRs should maintain the delicate balance of avoiding recognition of self-nucleic acids. Such sensing is widely known to start from endosomal compartments, but recently enough evidence has accumulated supporting the idea that TLR-mediated signaling pathways originating in the cell membrane may be engaged in various cells due to differential expression and distribution of the endosomal TLRs. Therefore, the presence of endosomal TLRs on the cell surface could benefit the host responses in certain cell types and/or organs. Although not fully understood why, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 may occur both in the cell membrane and intracellularly, and it seems that activation of the immune response can be initiated concurrently from these two sites in the cell. Furthermore, various forms of endosomal TLRs may be transported to the cell membrane, indicating that this may be a normal process orchestrated by cysteine proteases-cathepsins. Among the endosomal TLRs, TLR3 belongs to the evolutionary distinct group and engages a different protein adapter in the signaling cascade. The differently glycosylated forms of TLR3 are transported by UNC93B1 to the cell membrane, unlike TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. The aim of this review is to reconcile various views on the cell surface positioning of endosomal TLRs and add perspective to the implication of such receptor localization on their function, with special attention to TLR3. Cell membrane-localized TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 may contribute to endosomal TLR-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways. Dissecting this signaling axis may serve to better understand mechanisms influencing endosomal TLR-mediated inflammation, thus determine whether it is a necessity for immune response or simply a circumstantial superfluous duplication, with other consequences on immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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10
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Sahoo BR. Structure of fish Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1602-1617. [PMID: 32755705 PMCID: PMC7396143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity driven by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) protects the host from invading pathogens. Aquatic animals like fish where the adaptive immunity is poorly developed majorly rely on their innate immunity modulated by PRRs like toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR). However, current development to improve the fish immunity via TLR/NLR signaling is affected by a poor understanding of its mechanistic and structural features. This review discusses the structure of fish TLRs/NLRs and its interaction with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and downstream signaling molecules. Over the past one decade, significant progress has been done in studying the structure of TLRs/NLRs in higher eukaryotes; however, structural studies on fish innate immune receptors are undermined. Several novel TLR genes are identified in fish that are absent in higher eukaryotes, but the function is still poorly understood. Unlike the fundamental progress achieved in developing antagonist/agonist to modulate human innate immunity, analogous studies in fish are nearly lacking due to structural inadequacy. This underlies the importance of exploring the structural and mechanistic details of fish TLRs/NLRs at an atomic and molecular level. This review outlined the mechanistic and structural basis of fish TLR and NLR activation.
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Karunarathne WAHM, Lee KT, Choi YH, Jin CY, Kim GY. Anthocyanins isolated from Hibiscus syriacus L. attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and endotoxic shock by inhibiting the TLR4/MD2-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 76:153237. [PMID: 32540784 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hibiscus syriacus L. has been used as a medicinal plant in many Asian countries. However, anti-inflammatory activity of H. syriacus L. remains unknown. PURPOSE This study was aimed to investigating the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanin fractions from the H. syriacus L. variety Pulsae (PS) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and endotoxic shock. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis were performed to determine cytotoxicity of PS. RT-PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were conducted to evaluate the expression of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines. Molecular docking study predicted the binding scores and sites of PS to TLR4/MD2 complex. Immunohistochemical assay was conducted to evaluate the binding capability of PS to TLR4/MD2 and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. A zebrafish endotoxic shock model was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of PS in vivo. RESULTS PS suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 secretion concomitant with the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Furthermore, PS inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Additionally, molecular docking data showed that PS mostly fit into the hydrophobic pocket of MD2 and bound to TLR4. In particular, apigenin-7-O-glucoside powerfully bound to MD2 and TLR4 via hydrogen bonding. Additionally, immunohistochemistry assay revealed that PS inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 dimerization or expression on the cell surface, which consequently decreased MyD88 recruitment and IRAK4 phosphorylation, resulting in the inhibition of NF-κB activity. PS also attenuated LPS-mediated mortality and abnormality in zebrafish larvae and diminished the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages at the inflammatory site accompanied by the low levels of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines. CONCLUSION PS might be a novel immunomodulator for the effective treatment of LPS-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoung Tae Lee
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Batkhishig D, Enkhbayar P, Kretsinger RH, Matsushima N. A strong correlation between consensus sequences and unique super secondary structures in leucine rich repeats. Proteins 2020; 88:840-852. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dashdavaa Batkhishig
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Department of Information and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied SciencesNational University of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
- Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Natural SciencesMongolian National University of Education Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | - Purevjav Enkhbayar
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Department of Information and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied SciencesNational University of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | | | - Norio Matsushima
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Tandem Repeats Noboribetsu Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University Sapporo Japan
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LRRpredictor-A New LRR Motif Detection Method for Irregular Motifs of Plant NLR Proteins Using an Ensemble of Classifiers. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030286. [PMID: 32182725 PMCID: PMC7140858 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich-repeats (LRRs) belong to an archaic procaryal protein architecture that is widely involved in protein-protein interactions. In eukaryotes, LRR domains developed into key recognition modules in many innate immune receptor classes. Due to the high sequence variability imposed by recognition specificity, precise repeat delineation is often difficult especially in plant NOD-like Receptors (NLRs) notorious for showing far larger irregularities. To address this problem, we introduce here LRRpredictor, a method based on an ensemble of estimators designed to better identify LRR motifs in general but particularly adapted for handling more irregular LRR environments, thus allowing to compensate for the scarcity of structural data on NLR proteins. The extrapolation capacity tested on a set of annotated LRR domains from six immune receptor classes shows the ability of LRRpredictor to recover all previously defined specific motif consensuses and to extend the LRR motif coverage over annotated LRR domains. This analysis confirms the increased variability of LRR motifs in plant and vertebrate NLRs when compared to extracellular receptors, consistent with previous studies. Hence, LRRpredictor is able to provide novel insights into the diversification of LRR domains and a robust support for structure-informed analyses of LRRs in immune receptor functioning.
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Zhu A, Wei L, Hu S, Yang C, Chen C, Zhou Z, Pan Z. Characterisation and functional analysis of canine TLR5. Innate Immun 2020; 26:451-458. [PMID: 31986950 PMCID: PMC7491235 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920901862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterised the single exon TLR5 gene of the Chinese rural dog. Sequence analysis revealed a 2577 nucleotide-long open reading frame of canine TLR5, encoding an 858 amino acid-long protein. The putative amino acid sequence of canine TLR5 consisted of a signal peptide sequence, 15 LRR domains, a LRR C-terminal domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular Toll-IL-1 receptor domain. The amino acid sequence of the canine TLR5 protein shared 95.4% identity with vulpine, 72.2% with feline and 64.7% with human TLR5. Plasmids expressing canine TLR5 and NF-κB-luciferase were constructed and transfected into HEK293T cells. Expression was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. These HEK293T cells transfected with the canine TLR5- and NF-κB-luciferase plasmids significantly responded to flagellin from Salmonella enteritidis serovar Typhimurium, indicating that it is a functional TLR5 homolog. In response to stimulation with Salmonella enteritidis, the level of TLR5 mRNA significantly increased over the control in PBMCs at 4 h. The levels of IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1β also increased after exposure. The highest levels of TLR5, IL-8 and IL-1β expression were detected at 8, 4 and 12 h after stimulation, respectively. These results imply that the expression of canine TLR5 may participate in the immune response against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhu
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Lingling Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Sujuan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Caifa Chen
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Zhengkun Zhou
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, PR China
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Pluta L, Yousefi B, Damania B, Khan AA. Endosomal TLR-8 Senses microRNA-1294 Resulting in the Production of NFḱB Dependent Cytokines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2860. [PMID: 31867014 PMCID: PMC6909240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8) is the detection of viruses and other microbial pathogens. Recent evidence suggests that TLR-8 also senses host microRNAs (miRNAs) and implicate TLR-8 in autoimmune disorders. This study examined the interaction between miR-1294 and TLR-8. We first performed a BLAST search to identify miRNAs with the same sequences as two core motifs of miR-1294. Next, we examined NFḱB activation induced by the binding of miR-1294 mimic to endosomal TLR-8. HEK-Blue™ hTLR-8 cells (Invivogen), a HEK293 cell line co-transfected with human TLR-8 gene, were incubated with miR-1294 mimic. A TLR-8 agonist ssRNA40, was used as a positive control. Using the same experimental set up, we also examined the effects of miR-1294 and its two core motifs (Integrated DNA Technologies) on IL-8, IL-1β, and TNFα. Data were analyzed using t-test or one-way ANOVA and Dunnets post-hoc test. Using miRCarta we identified 29 other mature human miRNAs or their precursors which contain the same core motifs as miR-1294. Our data show that miR-1294 activates NFḱB in cells expressing TLR-8 (p < 0.05). miR-1294, and its core motifs induce expression of IL-8, IL-1β, and TNFα via TLR8 activation (p < 0.05). This constitutes a novel mechanism by which endosomal TLR-8 senses host miRNAs resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and thus potentially contributing to autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Pluta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Babak Yousefi
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Asma A Khan
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Batkhishig D, Bilguun K, Enkhbayar P, Miyashita H, Kretsinger RH, Matsushima N. Super Secondary Structure Consisting of a Polyproline II Helix and a β-Turn in Leucine Rich Repeats in Bacterial Type III Secretion System Effectors. Protein J 2019; 37:223-236. [PMID: 29651716 PMCID: PMC5976695 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-018-9767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leucine rich repeats (LRRs) are present in over 100,000 proteins from viruses to eukaryotes. The LRRs are 20–30 residues long and occur in tandem. LRRs form parallel stacks of short β-strands and then assume a super helical arrangement called a solenoid structure. Individual LRRs are separated into highly conserved segment (HCS) with the consensus of LxxLxLxxNxL and variable segment (VS). Eight classes have been recognized. Bacterial LRRs are short and characterized by two prolines in the VS; the consensus is xxLPxLPxx with Nine residues (N-subtype) and xxLPxxLPxx with Ten residues (T-subtype). Bacterial LRRs are contained in type III secretion system effectors such as YopM, IpaH3/9.8, SspH1/2, and SlrP from bacteria. Some LRRs in decorin, fribromodulin, TLR8/9, and FLRT2/3 from vertebrate also contain the motifs. In order to understand structural features of bacterial LRRs, we performed both secondary structures assignments using four programs—DSSP-PPII, PROSS, SEGNO, and XTLSSTR—and HELFIT analyses (calculating helix axis, pitch, radius, residues per turn, and handedness), based on the atomic coordinates of their crystal structures. The N-subtype VS adopts a left handed polyproline II helix (PPII) with four, five or six residues and a type I β-turn at the C-terminal side. Thus, the N-subtype is characterized by a super secondary structure consisting of a PPII and a β-turn. In contrast, the T-subtype VS prefers two separate PPIIs with two or three and two residues. The HELFIT analysis indicates that the type I β-turn is a right handed helix. The HELFIT analysis determines three unit vectors of the helix axes of PPII (P), β-turn (B), and LRR domain (A). Three structural parameters using these three helix axes are suggested to characterize the super secondary structure and the LRR domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashdavaa Batkhishig
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Department of Information and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia.,Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mongolian National University of Education, Ulaanbaatar, 210648, Mongolia
| | - Khurelbaatar Bilguun
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Department of Information and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia.,Institute of Physics and Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Enkhtaivan avenue 54B, Ulaanbaatar, 210651, Mongolia
| | - Purevjav Enkhbayar
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Department of Information and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia.
| | - Hiroki Miyashita
- Hokubu Rinsho Co., Ltd, Sapporo, 060-0061, Japan.,Institute of Tandem Repeats, Sapporo, 004-0882, Japan
| | | | - Norio Matsushima
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Department of Information and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia. .,Institute of Tandem Repeats, Sapporo, 004-0882, Japan. .,Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of Erbin protein and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2/receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases (NOD2/RICK) in GTS-21 activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. METHODS Experiments were randomly divided into four groups: normal control (NC) group, muramyl dipeptide (MDP) group, 10 μg/mL MDP, GTS-21 (GTS) group, 10 μg/mL MDP plus 50 μg/mL GTS-21 (α7 nAChRs agonist), Erbin shRNA interference (sh-Erbin) group: sh-Erbin RNA plus 10 μg/mL MDP and 50 μg/mL GTS-21. We extract specimens at the point of 1, 6, and 24 h after stimulation of MDP in Raw264.7 macrophages. RESULTS After stimulation of MDP, the NLR2 mRNA, RICK and Erbin protein, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity, the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and HMGB1 were significantly increased in MDP group (P <0.05). The expression peak of TNF-α is at 1 h. The peak of HMGB1 is at 24 h. Compared with MDP group, the NLR2 mRNA, RICK, NF-κB, TNF-α, and HMGB1 were significantly decreased, but the Erbin was increased in GTS group (P <0.05). Compared with GTS group, the NLR2 mRNA, RICK, NF-κB, TNF-α, and HMGB1 increase in sh-Erbin group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION GTS-21 could significantly inhibit MDP-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines responses via activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, and the Erbin might be the key negative regulatory protein in NLR2/RICK signal transduction.
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Kong X, Yuan Z, Cheng J. The function of NOD-like receptors in central nervous system diseases. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1565-1573. [PMID: 28029680 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are critical cytoplasmic pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that play an important role in the host innate immune response and immunity homeostasis. There is a growing body of evidence that NLRs are involved in a wide range of inflammatory diseases, including cancer, metabolic diseases, and autoimmune disorders. Recent studies have indicated that the proteins of the NLR family are linked with the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), and psychological diseases. In this review, we mainly focus on the role of NLRs and the underlying signaling pathways in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxi Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
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